REVIEWS: Education or Dialogue with the Shades… Several comments on the Margin of the Educational Files “Poles Rescuing the Jews during the World War

OMÓWIENIA: Edukacja czy dialog z cieniami… Kilka uwag na marginesie „Tek edukacyjnych” Polacy ratujący Żydów w latach II wojny światowej

Author(s): Ewa Koźmińska-Frejlak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2009

Keywords: Polish-Jewish relations during the war; the Polish Righteous Among the Nations; Holocaust education

A critical review of educational files prepared by the Institute of National Remembrance. The author points out that the proposed educational material regarding the Polish Righteous Among the Nations does not provide exhaustive knowledge of Poles rescuing the Jews. The editors of the educational package were motivated by vague and non-substantial criteria of selection of the text used. Most of them contain numerous errors. The value of the lesson plans and the competent article by Grzegorz Berendt’s prepared for the package is undisputed.

POINTS OF VIEW: Pope Pius XII and the Jews. Why Should He Be Beatified?

PUNKTY WIDZENIA: Papież Pius XII i Żydzi. Dlaczego powinien zostać beatyfikowany?

Author(s): Vincent Lapomarda SJ / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2009

Keywords: Pius XII; the Holocaust; relations between the Catholic Church and Judaism

Contemporary interpretations of the pontificate of Pius XII (1939–1958) are divided into those that condemn the Pope for his silence and inactivity during the Holocaust, and those that defend him for his help to the Jews. These divided opinions are illustrated by the summary of the Pope’s activity during the Holocaust, which we can find at the Yad Vashem exhibition of 2005. It is the most controversial issue in the relations of the Holy See and the State of Israel, especially that it is an obstacle in Pius XII’s canonization process. In this article, seven Yad Vashem theses concerning the Pope’s role during the Holocaust, are analyzed in order to establish to what extent they are justified or unjustified doubts concerning the canonization of Eugenio Pacelli (1876–1958).

BOOK REVIEWS

RECENZJE

Author(s): Sławomir Buryła,Grzegorz Krzywiec,Boaz Cohen,Aleksandra Namysło,Jan Grabowski,Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov,Mirosław Filipowicz,Robert Kuwałek,Marta Janczewska,Adam Szostkiewicz,Joanna Podolska,Agnieszka Haska,Dariusz Libionka,Audrey Kichlewski,Katarzyna Stańczak-Wiślicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2009

Keywords: BOOK REVIEWS

Susan Zucotti, Pius XII i Holocaust we Włoszech [Mirosław Filipowicz] ...................... 483 Michael Phayer, Pius XII, Holocaust and the Cold War [Dariusz Libionka] ................ 487 Kevin P. Spicer, Hitler’s Priests. Catholic Clergy and National Socialism [Grzegorz Krzywiec] ........................................................................................ 495 Mordecai Paldiel, Church & Holocaust: Unholy Teaching, Good Samaritans and Reconciliation [Agnieszka Haska] ..................................................................... 500 Carla Tonini, Czas nienawiści i czas troski. Zofia Kossak-Szczucka – antysemitka, która ratowała Żydów [Katarzyna Stańczak-Wiślicz] .......................................... 503 Nechama Tec, Daniel w jaskini lwa. Życie Oswalda Rufeisena [Sławomir Buryła] ....... 508 Nachum Bogner, At the Mercy of Strangers: The rescue of Jewish Children with Assumed Identities in Poland [Boaz Cohen] ........................................................ 512 Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Martin Cüppers, Półksiężyc i swastyka. III Rzesza a świat arabski [Jan Grabowski] ................................................................................... 518 David Cesarini, Eichmann: jego życie i zbrodnie [Adam Szostkiewicz] ...................... 521 Patrick Desbois, Porteur de mémoires: Sur les traces de la Shoah par balles [Audrey Kichlewski] ........................................................................................ 524 Samuel Kassow, Who will write our history? Emanuel Ringelblum, the Warsaw Ghetto and Oyneg Shabes Archive [Joanna Nalewajko-Kulikov] ........................................... 529 Elżbieta Rączy, Pomoc Polaków dla ludności żydowskiej na Rzeszowszczyźnie 1939–1945 [Robert Kuwałek] ............................................................................. 533 Jan Andrzej Młynarczyk, Sebastian Piątkowski, Cena poświęcenia. Zbrodnie na Polakach za pomoc udzielaną Żydom w rejonie Ciepielowa [Aleksandra Namysło] .... 539 Szmul Rozensztajn, Notatnik [Joanna Podolska] .................................................... 542 Perec Opoczyński, Reportaże z getta warszawskiego [Marta Janczewska] .................. 548

RESEARCH OVERVIEW: Research on Starvation in the Warsaw Ghetto – Ethical Problems

Z WARSZTATÓW BADAWCZYCH: Badania nad głodem w getcie warszawskim – problemy etyczne

Author(s): Marta Janczewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2009

Keywords: Holocaust; the Warsaw Ghetto; starvation; doctors in the ghetto; scientific research in the Warsaw Ghetto; ethical problem

Research team of physicians and lab technicians under Izrael Milejkowski’s direction undertook the effort to carry out a series of clinical and biochemical experiments on patients dying of starvation in the Warsaw ghetto so as to receive the fullest possible picture of hunger disease. The research was carried out according to all the rigors of strict scientific discipline, and the authors during their work on academic articles, published it after the war entitled: „Starvation disease: hunger research carried out in the Warsaw ghetto in 1942,” according to their own words, they “supplemented the gap in accordance with the progress of knowledge.” The article is devoted to the reflections over ethical dilemmas of the research team, who were forced in their work to perform numerous medical treatments of experimental nature on extremely exhausted patients. The ill, according to Dr Fajgenblat’s words,“demonstrated negativism toward the research and treatment, which extremely hindered the work, and sometimes even frustrated it.” The article attempts to look at the monumental research work of the Warsaw ghetto doctors as a special kind of response of the medical profession to the feeling of helplessness to the dying patients. The article analyzes the situation of Warsaw ghetto doctors, who undertook the research without support of any outer authority, which could settle their possible ethical dilemmas (Polish deontological codes, European discussions on the conditions of the admissibility of medical research on patients, etc.).

In memoriam – Marek Edelman

In memoriam – Marek Edelman

Author(s): Marek Edelman / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2009

Keywords: Marek Edelman

Marek Edelman

STUDIES: Before „He Came from the Hereafter” His Name Was Winer. The Family and Underground Circle of Szlamek, a Refugee from Kulmhof

STUDIA: Zanim „przybył z zaświatów”, nazywał się Winer. Krąg rodzinny i konspiracyjny Szlamka, uciekiniera z ośrodka zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem

Author(s): Przemysław Nowicki / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 5/2009

Keywords: “Szlamek’s” genealogy,; Kulmhof/ Chełmno nad Nerem; “Szlamek’s” testimony (“Grojanowski Report”); “Oneg Shabbat”

Presentation of the first interdisciplinary research on Szlamek (Szlama Winer), his family and his social (underground) circle. Collation of the existing knowledge about the author of the testimony on the Holocaust in Wartheland (“Szlamek’s testimony”, the “Grojanowski Report”) in the context of its importance for the Warsaw ghetto underground and the Polish Underground State, but the refugee’s genealogy well-documented in sources. The author has examined and analyzed the existing information on the compulsory gravedigger in the extermination center at Kulmhof, and compared the extant literature with archive research results, which makes it possible to broaden our knowledge of the most enigmatic conspirators of the Holocaust era as well as his closest relations. The historical and biographical investigations undertaken here and, consequently, verified, methodologically prepared historical data are to eliminate not only the spelling of the witnesses’ name accumulated and notoriously repeated errors in Holocaust historiography, but they are to serve as a supplement to the existing biographical entry, barely outlined on the basis of a surviving testimony and a fragment of the Warsaw–Zamość correspondence kept in the “Ringleblum Archive”.

Immigration Attitudes: Post-Communist Estonia in the Context of Europe

Immigration Attitudes: Post-Communist Estonia in the Context of Europe

Author(s): Annu Masso / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: immigration; Europe; Estonia; imigracija; Europa; Estija

The present paper concentrates on subjective factors of immigration (e.g. attitudes and individual intercultural communication readiness) rather than on objective factors (e.g. economic grounds of immigration).

Verbal Behaviour of Japanese Students in Conversational Lithuanian

Verbal Behaviour of Japanese Students in Conversational Lithuanian

Author(s): Laura Čubajevaitė / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: behaviour; conversation; students; Japan; Lithuania; bendravimas; studentai; Japonija; Lietuva

The paper discussed three communicative strategies that are most frequently used by Japanese students in conversational Lithuanian. These include code switching, repetitions and pausing. It has been noticed that the interviewed switch languages when it is necessary to fill in lexical gaps. As for the pedagogical perspective, Skiba claims that “when code switching is to compensate for a language difficulty it may be viewed as interference and when it is used as a socio-linguistic tool it should not” (Skiba, http:// iteslj.org/Articles/Skiba-CodeSwitching.html.) Repetitions are used in cases of the lack of linguistic competence and the students’ involvement in the conversation. According to Roebuck and Wagner, shadowing, which is one of the repetition forms, helps learners to participate in what has been said and in this way allows them to get involved more actively into the conversation (Roebuck and Wagner, 2004). This enables even novice learners to collaborate in the conversation and learn more at the same time (Roebuck and Wagner, 2004). Pauses help students to think and compensate the time deficit. Thus it is evident that even beginner level students are able to produce and collaborate in conversations with the help of the above-mentioned communicative strategies. As for foreign language learning, it could be concluded that these strategies are helpful and could be taught to be used consciously in the foreign language classroom to achieve more effective and easier learning. In addition, it might be beneficial to conduct further research in order to determine as to how students’ application of communicative strategies changes while improving the acquisition of foreign language skills.

The Policy of the Russian Diaspora in the Context of Estonia: Participation of the Diaspora in the Formation of the Political Strategy

Rusų diasporos politika Estijos kontekste: diasporos dalyvavimas politinės strategijos formavimo procese

Author(s): Aistė Žemaitytė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: immigration; minorities; Russian Federation; Estonia; imigracija; mažumos; Rusijos federacija; Estija

Nuo 1991 m. Estijoje rusakalbių tema plačiai diskutavo ne tik socialinių mokslų atstovai, bet ir politikai. Kad ir kaip būtų, pagrindiniai politiniai debatai ir mokslinių tyrinėjimų dėmesys yra sutelkti į Estijos vidaus politiką ir mažumų tarpusavio santykius su Estijos valstybe. Valstybės programoje, pavadintoje Integracija į Estijos visuomenę 2000–2007 m., rusakalbių gyventojų skaičius yra laikomas vidaus politikos veiksniu1. Jau dabar aišku, jog rusakalbių bendruomenė gali būti vertinama platesniame tarptautinių santykių kontekste. Rusijos Federacija, rusakalbių tėvynė, kuria ypatingus santykius su išsisklaidžiusiais po kitas šalis savo žmonėmis (diaspora). Rusijos Federacija, ieškodama palankiausio modelio santykiams su tėvynainiais, gyvenančiais užsienyje, parengė pradinę struktūrą bendrauti su diaspora, formuluoja ir įgyvendina diasporai palankius politinius planus.

Emigration of Latvian Women: Causes and Effects

Emigration of Latvian Women: Causes and Effects

Author(s): Lana Janmere,Linda Michailova / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: immigration; women; European Union; imigracija; moterys; Europos Sąjunga; Latvia

Short-term emigration is mainly related to the employment problems in Latvia. Inadequately low salaries, unemployment, and spread of illegal employment cause high poverty risk for many families. Inability to support themselves and to support their family makes women go to foreign countries to do unskilled work and to earn a sufficient salary by Latvian standards. Short-term migration with a view to earn money becomes regular (during summer, 6 months a year, etc.) for most women. Young women (usu. students) go to foreign countries for other purposes as well (e.g. to learn a language or to gain experience) but women who have a family have the only motive, i.e. to earn money.

National and Ethnic Minorities in Poland According to the Census of 2002 and its Influence on the Polish Legislation Concerning Minorities

National and Ethnic Minorities in Poland According to the Census of 2002 and its Influence on the Polish Legislation Concerning Minorities

Author(s): Marcin Gońda / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: immigration; minorities; Poland; imigracija; mažumos; Lenkija

The present article focuses on two important issues. First, the paper concentrates on the national structure of the Polish society in the light of the results of the census of 2002. Another issue that will be addressed here is the influence that the census had on the legislation concerning minorities. Implementation of The National and Ethnic Minorities and Regional Language Act has stirred up many controversies. However, it seems that the Act is a compromise between the position of minorities and the majority. It confirmed the position of the “old” minorities and created a system protecting their rights. However, there are groups (e.g. Silesians or Kashubs) who aspired to achieve the minority status but they were not recognized as such. Their demands where based on the outcome of the 2002 national census in which both communities proved to be among the most numerous ones. They tried to use the absence of a precise definition of a national/ethnic minority. Since the Act was put into practice in 2005, they lost their hopes. Nevertheless, the issue of Silesians and Kashubs proved that the phenomenon of ethnic identity is still alive. On the other hand, it was a sign of new times; the Polish country is no longer nationally homogenous. Awareness of this problem is especially important when the Polish society faces such new challenges as mass immigration.

Tourist Image of Lithuania in Japan: The Context of Global Tourism

Lietuvos turistinis įvaizdis Japonijoje. Globalizuoto turizmo kontekstas

Author(s): Aurelijus Zykas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: tourism; Japan; Lithuania; turizmas; Japonija; Lietuva

Pasaulinė kelionių ir turizmo taryba (WTTC) vadina turizmą didžiausia pramonės šaka ir esminiu XXI a. ekonomikos ir įdarbinimo varikliu (Chavez 2000). Tad neatsitiktinai daugybė šalių, taip pat ir Lietuva, laiko turizmą prioritetine veiklos sritimi (Lietuvos turizmo rinkodara 2003). Veiksniai, lemiantys turizmo vystymąsi, yra ne tik gamtos ištekliai, kultūros paminklai, infrastruktūra ar kvalifikuoti turizmo darbuotojai, bet ir turistinis šalies įvaizdis.

The Role of the NGO in the Welfare State: Finland and Lithuania

NVO vaidmuo gerovės valstybėje: Suomija ir Lietuva

Author(s): Rasa Senikaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: NGO; Welfare State; Finland; Lithuania; NVO; gerovės valstybė; Suomija; Lietuva

Dalyvauti NVO veikloje suomius skatina įvairios priežastys, ne tik naudos sau siekimas. Anot G. Jakobo, yra išskiriami penki aspektai, dėl kurių piliečiai įsitraukia į savanorišką veiklą. Visų pirma žmones dalyvauti organizacijose skatina tai, kad jie turės galimybę gerai praleisti laisvalaikį ir užsiimti kokia nors naudinga veikla. Antra, savanorystė gali padėti žmogui atrasti tą sritį, kurioje jis norėtų vėliau dirbti arba tobulinti tuos įgūdžius, kurių jam reikės kopiant karjeros laiptais. Trečia paskata susijusi su dalyvavimu NVO yra ta, kad žmonės siekia atrasti save (Pohjola 2000, 49), t. y. siekia atrasti savo vietą visuomenėje. Ketvirtu atveju, žmonės suvokia svarbiausias savo gyvenimo vertybes dalyvaudami NVO veikloje. Penktasis žmonių tipas dalyvauja NVO siekdamas realizuoti save ir įprasminti savo veiklą kitų akivaizdoje. Šio tipo žmonės NVO dalyvauja nežymiai ir nedaug. Nors yra skiriami šie dalyvavimo NVO motyvai, tačiau dažnai jie yra glaudžiai susiję. Suomiai dalyvauja NVO tiek siekdami padėti kitiems, tiek ieškodami savo tapatybės.

Aesthetical Principles of Medieval China

Viduramžių Kinijos estetikos principai

Author(s): Aurelijus Zykas / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: aesthetics; middle ages; China; estetika; viduramžiai; Kinija

Kinijos viduramžiais šiame darbe laikomas periodas, apimantis 265– 907 m. laikotarpį ir pagal kinų tradicinę chronologiją tapatinamas su Pietų ir Šiaurės (nanbei) Sui ir Tang dinastijomis. Nagrinėjamasis laikmetis pasižymi persipinančiomis vietinėmis ir ateinančiomis tradicijomis, gyvybe ir sparčiu, vitališku gyvenimu. Čia mes sutinkame beveik visas kada nors Kinijoje egzistavusias filosofines ir religines sistemas, kurios gyvuoja tolerantiškai ir visiškai neprieštarauja viena kitai.

Rejected Ostentation: “Refined Poverty” and its Perfection in the Tea Way Architecture

Rejected Ostentation: “Refined Poverty” and its Perfection in the Tea Way Architecture

Author(s): Greta Grendaitė / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: ostentation; poverty; architecture; prabanga; skurdas; arcitektūra

A sense of naturalism and plainness in the Taian architecture is genuine: nothing has been intentionally aged to create the timeworn-looking effect; the details, ex. planking of the nijiriguchi, are naturally weathered by time, thus looking old, thus even more venerable. Hereby a rustic manner of wabi aesthetics gets in exertion. Involving the “chazen-ichimi” concept, it also gives a sense to the major aspect of the Zen Buddhism tradition to simplify our lives, to get rid of the desire for possessions, thus leading the tea practitioner’s contemplation to an insight of what is “mu no basho”. Hence there is no wonder why the Taian has been reworked into a part of the Zen temple. If it has been said that the spiritual content meant more to Rikyu than a simple form, we may oppose to such an approach of the Japanese art historians now, concluding that the grand master respected the form equally, and the simple form gained spiritual content.

Transnational Threats for Japanese Security after the Cold War

Transnacionalinės grėsmės Japonijos saugumui po Šaltojo karo

Author(s): Justina Razumaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: threats; security; Cold War; Japan; grėsmės; saugumas; Šaltasis karas; Japonija

Po Šaltojo karo Japonija skiria karinę ir nekarinę grėsmę šalies saugumui. Be karinės grėsms susiduria su transnacionaline: tarptautiniu organizuotu nusikalstamumu, tarptautiniu terorizmu, tarptautine migracija, transnacionalinėmis epidemijomis ir ekologine grėsme. Akivaizdu, kad Japonija, priešingai nei kitos Azijos valstybės, pripažino transnacionalinės grėsmės įtaką tiek šalies tarptautiniam, tiek vidiniam saugumui. Šalis jau dabar skiria daug pastangų kovoti su grėsme. Labiausiai pabrėžiama tarptautinio terorizmo grėsmė, kurią kelia tiek už šalies ribų egzistuojančios, tiek šalies viduje esančios nusikaltamos, teroristinės grupuotės. Kovai su šia grėsme Japonija turi suformulavusi aiškius tikslus, veiksmų planus, kovos priemones. Ji siekia ne tik užtikrinti vidaus, išorės saugumą, bet ir didinti savo įtaką regione bei pasaulyje.

Features of the Japanese Foreign Policy Nowadays: Some Aspects of Political Culture and Home Policy

Dabartinės Japonijos užsienio politikos specififika. Politinės kultūros ir vidaus politikos aspektai

Author(s): Ieva Kudirkaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: foreign policy; political culture; Japan; užsienio politika; politinė kultūra; Japonija

Šiame straipsnyje žvelgiama į Japonijos politinės kultūros ir vidaus veiksnių poveikį jos užsienio politikos formavimui. Atsakymo apie neįprastą Japonijos užsienio politikos pastovumą bei aukštą nuosaikumo laipsnį kardinaliai keičiantis tarptautinės sistemos struktūrai bandoma ieškoti įsišaknijusioje kultūroje, tradicijose ir istoriniuose pasakojimuose. Analizuojant Japonijos užsienio politikos elgesio modelį politikos, saugumo ir ekonomikos dimensijoje bei užsienio politikos vykdymą naudojant tyliąją diplomatiją, pateikiamos pagrindinės užsienio bei Japonijos tyrinėtojų siūlomos Japonijos užsienio politikos alternatyvos.

Characteristics of Latvian Migration Policy after Entering into the European Union

Characteristics of Latvian Migration Policy after Entering into the European Union

Author(s): Dina Bite,Krista Garkalne / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: immigration; European Union; imigracija; Europos Sąjunga; Latvia

Global migration trends depend on two important considerations, namely, the wish of inhabitants of the developing countries to improve their standard of living by finding better conditions of life, and the demand for workforce as well as the ageing population and decreasing number of inhabitants in the developed countries. This problem also starts to become topical in Latvia. In the near future it is necessary to carry out surveys on the demographic and economic development in Latvia, especially in relation to the EU, in order to develop an appropriate long-term policy.

LILIES

KRINOVI

Author(s): Mak Dizdar / Language(s): Bosnian / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: Bosnian poetry

BOSNIA AFTER DAYTON

BOSNIA AFTER DAYTON

Author(s): Rusmir Mahmutćehajić / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2006

Keywords: Dayton Peace Accords; Bosnian politics; Bosnian culture