Keywords: museum; gallery; unorganized visitors
The paper focuses on the ways of the education which are carried out without the active presence of the museum´s lector.It´s about the education of unorganized groups of children visitors, with the help of variable materials, didactical instruments, e.g. the self-servised work lists, the interactive educational aids, or the short educational films. The article ilustrates the topic on the examples of mediation of the permanent and also the short term expositions of the Olomouc Museum of Art in the year 2011.
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Keywords: museum Blovice; open depository; collection´s accessing; guided tour
Started September 28, 2011 the third guided tour at the castle settlement in Blovice is the depository, containing initially textiles, porcelain, ceramics and glass items. The depository will be open especially for professionals. It will serve also for students who will be working with ethnographic material for their Bachelor's, Master's and doctoral theses. We will enable researchers to address not only the historical documentary and visual material, but also direct three-dimensional objects that are only limited exhibited, e.g. household textiles, clothing, household utility, etc. This project enriches not only individual researchers but also the general public interested in history, especially in the region South Pilsen.
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Keywords: Hronský Beňadik; Abbey; properties; 1075; 1209
A monastery in present-day Hronský Beňadik was one of wealthy ecclesiastical institutions in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Hungarian King Géza I (1074 – 1077) was the founder of the monastery. The paper is focused on the abbey estates which are recorded in the founding charter dated 1075 and the charter of Pope Innocent III (1198 – 1216) dated 1209. Both charters mention 25 settlements and "terra Sugolgi" with the St. Martin's Chapel in Dvory nad Žitavou. Some estates are recorded only in one of the charters.
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Keywords: historical geography; landscape; serfs; conscriptions from the age of Maria Terezia
We know relatively little about the perception of contemporary historical landscape by serfs. From the 18th century we have the conscriptions from the age of Maria Terezia where is, inter alia, information about local historical landscape. Data for the conscriptions were reported by the serfs (reeves and jurats), so we can see in it their perception of the landscape, too. Author in this paper analyses information about different landscape components, for example selected settlements of the Zvolen County. From the perspective of historic-geographical research, data of historical land use (area of arable land, meadows, pasture lands, vineyards), availability of firewood and building wood or quality of roads have special notice value. Mentions of local mills, pubs or mine and metallurgical industry are interesting for historical topography. Information about damages caused by torrential rain, floods or severe winter and a lot of snow is worth as well. Stated information can be founded mainly in the 4th point of questionnaires made for Teresian register needs.
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Keywords: human capital; social capital; intelectual capital; Polish economy
The paper focuses on the issues regarding the development and accumulation of human capital in Poland in 1998-2012, which have been analysed in respect of the formation of social capital resources. The project aims to verify a hypothesis assuming that Poland is characterized by an insufficient synergy in the development of these two types of capital. It has been presumed that this inconsistency reduces the benefits flowing from human capital accumulation processes and may create a significant barrier to achieving a higher level of development. These speculations have been presented in a broader view on the factors which „mobilize” the human capital to function – from the perspective of the components comprising the intellectual capital. In order to illustrate the position of Poland and the challenges facing the country, the analysis has been formed in an international context. The comparative analyses also use the data provided by various social surveys, such as e.g. the European Social Value, the World Values Survey, the Social Diagnosis, the World Economic Forum’s reports, the results of the research by C. Yeh-Yun Lin and L. Edvinsson (conducted among the group of 40 countries in 1995-2008) as well as the author’s own research work.The confrontation of the paths of the development of human capital and social capital in Poland in 1998-2012 reveals a positive upward trend for these two types of capital. Such harmony towards the development may largely be attributed to the positive influence of human capital on social capital. Low social capital resources make it difficult for such a relationship to occur the other way round. However, this could hardly be called the integration of development processes, since the fundamental problem concerns the differential development dynamics of these two types of capital (higher for human capital, lower for social capital), as well as extremely low social capital resources in Poland at the beginning of the transformation. This indicates that differences in human and social capital may continue to increase in the future. The insufficient integration of the development of human and social capital seems as a severe limitation of the innovativeness and the effective use of human capital in action.
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Keywords: small and medium-sized enterprises; building relationships; market participants; the Lubuskie Voivodeship
Political changes that were initiated in Poland in the last decade of the 20th century brought new challenges to small and medium-sized enterprises. Changes began to take shape in the perception of the function and role of enterprises in an environment in which they had to act. A relationship was recognized between establishing a lasting cooperation with entities functioning in the market and the achievement of greater benefits, not only in financial but also non-financial terms. The main objective of the study was to identify the relationship created by the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Lubuskie Voivodeship with market participants, to determine the desired courses of action in terms of the enterprises’ construction, and to demonstrate the impact of these relationships on the socio-economic dimension of enterprises. The study adopted the idea that changes in the market, including rapidly growing competition, and what goes along with it, a transformation in consumer behavior, suggest the need for the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises to be active in shaping relations with the environment, contributing to the achievement of benefits in the socio-economic dimension, becoming a key success factor, and as a consequence, contributing to the survival and development of enterprises in the market. The study shows that small and medium-sized enterprises concentrate not only on achieving profits, but also on building lasting relationships with suppliers, customers, clients and other enterprises functioning in the market. It has been found that effective functioning, including the survival and development, is achieved by maintaining positive relationships with the participants of the market game. In this study we have used the analysis of the literature, the Central Statistical Office statistical data and survey results supported by categorized direct interviews with the representatives of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Lubuskie Voivodeship.
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Keywords: innovation; education; qualifications
The study objective was to research the impact of workers’ education and qualifications upon changes in the innovation level of economies.The professional literature often claims that knowledge translates into innovation. Higher levels of employees’ education generate more innovative ideas, which increases the general level of innovation.The spatial scope of analysis included the European Union countries during the 2004-2012 period. The paper consists of three parts. The first part explains the importance of human capital for the economy, and especially for its competitiveness and innovation. The second part presents a comparative analysis of the structure of employees in terms of the level of education and qualifications, in particular European Union states. The third part attempts to clarify the effect of the level of education of employees on the innovation of economy. The analysis has demonstrated that the level of innovation is determined by the level of both education and qualification of employees. From the point of view of the innovativeness of economy not only the post-level qualifications but also specialization is important. The qualification specialization is the type of necessary knowledge or skills of using specific devices and tools or materials or produced goods and services. The European Union countries considered to be the innovation leaders are characterized by a high proportion of highly qualified employees. Moreover, the percentage of specialists in employment is also very high. However, there is a group of countries where, despite the high proportion of specialists, innovation remains low. It seems it is due to the low „quality” employment specialists. From the point of view of innovation the participation of high-skilled workers in the total employment in the economy seems to be more important than the participation of professionals. This is due to the nature of today’s innovations that require the cooperation of employees from different disciplines and within multidisciplinary teams.
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Keywords: crowdsourcing; economy of networks; business networks; crowdfunding; social lending; microtasking; grid computing; outsourcing
Crowdsourcing is a practice of obtaining goods and services form the large groups of people or companies (crowd) whose identity is not important for the whole process. Additionally the commitment of each participant does not need to be big. The paper describes the essence of the crowdsourcing idea and analyzes types of crowdsourcing models. Examples of sourcing different goods and values (information, digital goods, money, services, ideas, technical resources) are also discussed. In the final part the paper deals with the rules of running a crowdsourcing platform and also with the possibilty to use that model in international business environment.
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For a very long historical period the Polish society had lived in an isolated centre of Europe which was divided ideologically, economically and intellectually. The level of life in West Europe made up for people an unattainable ceiling. The historical changes appeared in a sudden way, which made the political conditioning blocking the unity of the continent fell into ruin. As the result of it the new proposals were opened for the society, and first of all new tasks – the integration of old continent. For major part of society coming together those not always consenting two cultures means that the earlier acquired, assimilated ways of life lost the effectiveness, becoming harmful in new reality or they meet with the negative function, while the new cultural rules appear to them as strange and imposed by force. The level of social consciousness, intensity of commitment in social-economical-political life depends on the level of education, also maneuvering the economic, social and cultural base so that it can bring the complex level of satisfaction in every separate treatment.
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Saint Hilary was eminent bishop in Poitiers in Gallic town in the fourth century. Through exegetic and theological works he passed to history of the early Christian literature and the theology as the distinguished theologian among Latin Church Father between Tertulian and St. Augustine. In these writings he speaks very much about the place and role of the punishment in the life of the man. The author analyses in the article these fragments of Hilary's writings, which treat about the Christian punishment. This analysis brings on the author to definite conclusions. The man underta- kes the penitential attitude already during the baptism. He makes up his mind on rupture with the sin and to enter on the way of the virtue, and in the baptism he receives the remission of sins. One can say that this is the first punishment in the life of Christian – paenitentia prima . Christian for imper- fect and inclined to the sin the nature, can undertake the second punishment, to obtain the remission of sins after the baptism. Hilary writes in his writings nothing about the penitentiary practice of the Church in the fourth century. He represents however deep theological interpretation on of the pun- ishment of Christian for sins committed after the baptism. This punishment is based on the con- fession of sins – confessio peccatorum . The confession of sins should be a permanent attitude of Christian until his death. As long as the man possesses the free will perhaps to do penance and to confess its own sins. In the Hilary's opinion confessio peccatorum should be preceded a deep medi- tation over own peccability and a recognition of own wrong-doings as sinful. Only this makes possible the authentic frankness of confession. The authentic sorrow and the sincere will of the permanent struggle with the sinful nature should accompany in confessing of sins. The punishment should make for the conversion. The bishop of Poitiers accents in the Christian punishment these elements which to today we qualify as necessary conditions of the good sacramental confession. Hilary doesn’t admit none routine in the penitential practice of the Christian life.
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St John Bosco living in the nineteenth century in Italy in his own educational houses wished to bring up good Christians and honest citizens. The article presenting the use of St. John Bosco’s Preventive System in inspiring and helping educators to introduce patriotic and civil issues to the young, shows how to use the system to introduce the values in contemporary Poland. The article shows the crisis of patriotic attitudes among young Poles. As a remedy for the problem the author proposes St. John Bosco’s educational system stressing its main goal – “forming good Christians and honest citizen”.
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The article is divided into three parts. First part: “Return to the origin is a way to renew the Eucharistic celebration” brings up an issue of understanding every celebration as an active, real, complete, and spiritual participation whole community of ancient Church. The second part: “Lost characteristic feature of the Eucharist – participatio ” presents Eucharis- tic celebration in the light of the ecclesiology in which pastoral activity was reserved only for the clergy and laity was passive. Priests were responsible for leading the laity to salvation through lit- urgy which was perceived by the laity as misterium tremendum . The participation of the laity in the celebration was restricted to popular piety. Whereas priests quietly celebrated Roman Canon, the laity was saying rosary, litanies and singing spiritual songs in national languages. The third part: “The Eucharist – source and summit of ecclesial life” tells us about influence of the Second Vatican Council on proper understanding of the Eucharistic celebration as sacramental sacrifice: thanksgiving, memorial and presence.
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The life of Card. August Hlond, determined by the needs or the sings of time, became for him an individual school of independence and ability to live in the new and unexpected conditions. The skills and experience gained in this school appeared to be very helpful in fulfilling his ministry. It was not easy to conduct the pastoral service especially during the years right after regaining the independence by Poland, while the creation of the new country was taking place and next under two totalitarian regimes – nazi and communist. Although during these times his ministry took various forms and was carried out in the various places, such as Katowice, Wiedeń, Vatican, Warsaw, Piekary Śląskie or Lourdes, it was always inspired by the Marian piety of the Mother of Redeemer. Even though pastoral activity of the Primate Card. A. Hlond is bound up with Mary, yet it is still oriented to God in the Holy Trinity. Since Hi is above everything. Marian inspirations of Card. Hlond’s ministry are a meaningful testimony of Primate’s faith; the faith which indicates to a con- temporary man the source of Christian hope that lays in God rich in mercy as well as the way of its implementation in which God also participates. The promise has been already fulfilled in Mary – the Mother of Christ. The Church in its pilgrimage to God has been still awaiting the fulfillment of this promise. Through Mary who is a model of Church, a man can find his true and right way to God. Since God does not redeem us without us and against our will. God expects our collaboration.
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There is Church’s duty and constant task to take care of celebration of the Eucharist. The main celebrant is the first person, who is responsible for the celebration and should use all his skills to do it well. There is necessity to avoid any liturgical transgressions and abuses. The article shows the responsibility of the celebrant for proper preparation and conduction of Eucharistic celebration. The pastor is especially responsible for it. Preparing of Eucharistic celebra- tion is presented on three stages: further, closer and immediate preparation. Article presents also functions of priests during the Eucharist. The last discussed issue concerns the liturgical abuses, which are classified by the Instruction as: heavy offences, serious abuses, abuses, and liturgical neglects. Fulfilling the sacred service, priests should make an examination of conscience about truth and faithfulness of their celebrations acted in the Christ’ and Church’s name. Every preside should ask himself very seriously: do I respect rights of the laity during the celebration? Every priest should remember that he is servant of saint Liturgy.
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Dans le cadre de l'intégration européenne, il est nécessaire de s'intéresser au problème de l'aspect culturel de cette intégration. Il faut insister sur le fait que l'Europe contemporaine ne peut pas se limiter uniquement aux problèmes politiques, économiques ou sociaux, mais qu'elle devrait se construire avant tout sur le plan culturel. Car c'est la culture qui constitue pour l'homme l'espace privilégié de son existence, son développement, et de la réalisation finale de sa subjectivité. Dans la dynamique de ses processus d'intégration, l'Europe ne peut pas perdre de vue l'homme. Ainsi donc, si l'Europe voulait-elle être familiale par rapport à la personne humaine, elle ne pourrait pas perdre sa culture qui apparaît comme la base la plus profonde de son union.
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The Pope and the young. The Pope’s presence among young people and his commitment to them became a phenomenon during his pontificate. The life and problems of the young were always present in the Pontiff’s teachings. He gave ample evidence of his concern for the youths of his time. The words he addressed to the young on the 22nd of September 1978: “You are the future of the world, you are the hope of the Church, you are my hope”, echoed throughout his ministry and pilgrimages all over the world. To make the young of today’s world open to the Christ’s Good News was of paramount importance for John Paul II. He kept encouraging the young to follow Christ and His ways, because He – the Lord – is the true Way, and no threat, but a chance for them to really grow to become fully human. The issue of human freedom was yet another problem raised by John Paul II in his meetings with the young. He was convinced that freedom is undoubtedly a great gift to humanity, and especially to young generations, since it determines the human dignity. Misused freedom inevitably leads to anarchy and excessive criticism. John Paul II encouraged to freedom that is based on responsible. The above mentioned principles John Paul II taught to the young with a great deal of courage and involvement. Young people listened to them because they knew that the Pope was authentic, of deep faith and care for the young and their future.
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The aim of the article is to show, that an attitude towards nature called anthropocentrism has its origins in the primitive magic rituals or religions. Human’s perception of his place in the Uni- verse had been changing throughout the history and firstly man probably was far from belief in his own dignity in the nature. But even though, roots of an anthropocentrism were present very early, and the most clearly in man’s beliefs according to his destiny and sense of existence. First of all, the middle eastern ancient anthropogonies show us an heterogeneous image of the man. On the one hand man is weak, mortal being, on the other hand he differs from the rest of the world and is exceptional somehow. This is connected with man’s perception of the reality in which feeling of being in the centre of the happening is natural. And consequently, the ancient inhabitants of the Middle East believed that they lived in the centre of the Universe (geocentrism). Next characteristic of the ancient religions is that gods and human beings were very alike. Fur- thermore, people despite their respect to nature could be very proud and they acted as if they had any power over the weather conditions. Moreover, they interpreted severe disasters as some kind of punishment for their sins. Such an attitude suggests that from the beginning of their history people were very anthropocentric.
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The history the Icon of the Kazan Mother of God is very complex. The miraculous picture was found in 1579 by a girl, who experienced a vision. The icon, known as the „Liberatrix and Protec- tress of Holy Mother Russia”, is one of the most important historical and religious symbols for Russian people. The picture was lost in the early XX century from the Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan in Moscow, most likely it was stolen and transported to Western Europe. The Kazanskaya spent some time in Fatima, before it was taken to the USA. Finally in 1994 the icon was delivered as a gift from American catholics to pope John Paul II. He recognized the picture as the holy icon of Kazan and kept it in his personal apartments. Since then the Holy Father wanted to present the Mos- cow Patriarchate, the legitimate owner, with the sacred picture. However, the Vatican wished to return the icon to Moscow during a papal visit in Russia. The patriarch Aleksij II of Moscow and all-Rus found it impossible to meet the Pope and therefore, had no claim to the Kazan icon. As a result the situation reached impasse. The matter reappeared in 2000 due to an audience with the Pope given to the mayor of Kazan, Kamil Iskhakov, who wanted to restore the holy icon to the capital of the Tatarstan Republic. The Vatican and the Moscow Patriarchate opened a discussion over the return of the icon. Representa- tives of Russian Orthodox Church had doubts about the authenticity of the icon held in the Vatican. For that reason a joint Russian-Vatican commission, appointed to verify the object, after a precise analysis in April 2003 reached a conclusion, that the icon was an 18th-century copy. At the same time, an information appeared about Pope’s plans of pilgrimage to Mongolia. Fur- thermore, the press reported, that the Pope might make a brief stopover in Kazan on his way to Ulan Bator to return the icon personally. The representatives of Moscow Patriarchate strongly opposed the visit. In result, the Vatican abandoned the idea of the trip and declared the forthcoming return of the miraculous icon, without the Pope’s trip. The holy picture was returned to Russian Orthodox Church by a Vatican delegation on August 28, 2004. „This sacred icon appears as a symbol of unity” – wrote the Holy Father in a letter to His Holiness Aleksij II. The Patriarch thanked the Pope for making „the first step toward restoring brotherly relations”. The solemn exchange of gestures might be another step forward in the dialogue between the Roman-Catholic and Russian Orthodox Church.
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It is generally accepted that John Bowlby’s attachment theory is the first scientific attempt to apply the ethological model to explain problems regarding mental development of a human being, especially in the first years of his or her life. Actually, the origin of the attachment theory was in- spired not only by studies on experiences of infants and children separated from their parents but also by results of ethological studies on animal instinct behaviors, especially of birds and mammals. In the present paper, firstly, the context which originated the attachment theory is outlined. Subsequently, main elements of that theory are presented, such as: phylogenesis and organization of functioning of the attachment system, continuity of attachment across the human life, internal working models of attachment, behavioral systems related to attachment, connection between disturbed development of attachment and mental disorders. Finally, functioning of attachment in human life from infancy to adolescence and adulthood are described.
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