Suggestions for the changes within the Polish law of filiation (for consideration of the legislator)

Sugestie zmian w obrębie polskiego prawa filiacyjnego (pod rozwagę ustawodawcy)

Author(s): Jerzy Strzebinczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: determining motherhood; paternity of the child; the consanguinity; the affinity

The publication takes up the issue of the status of the Polish filiation law with an indication of potential controversial issues associated with this legal regulation. First, an attempt to assess the current rules of consanguinity and affinity is made. Despite the amendment of the Family and Guardianship Code, not all ambiguity in this regard has been removed. There are still doubts in determining the number of births that are essential to the formation of a consanguinity relationship or taken into consideration when determining the degree of affinity. Then the subject of determining motherhood was taken up, which in the opinion of the author will require refinement in relation to at least some techniques of artificial support for natural human procreation. The last part of the publication refers to doubts concerning the current way of regulating paternity of the child which lead to de lege ferenda conclusions in this regard.

The dilemmas of the amendment of the family and guardianship code from 17 June 2004 on the example of art. 361 f.g.c. The case aspects

Dylematy nowelizacji kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego z 17 czerwca 2004 roku na przykładzie art. 361 k.r.o. aspekty procesowe

Author(s): Piotr Osowy,Janusz Gajda / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: Family and Guardianship Code; management of the common property of the spouses; the objection of the spouse; acts in connection with legal proceedings

Issues related to the management of the common property of the spouses are the subject of this paper. This article presents a standpoint, according to which actions in connections with legal proceedings are, inter alia, examples of the above mentioned management activities. Based on this assumption, the authors have analyzed some aspects connected to the issues regulated by Art. 361 of Family and Guardianship Code, which regulates the objection of a spouse to an activity of the common property management, intended by the other spouse. Therefore, the paper discusses such issues as: the recipient and the form of the objection to the intended action before the court, the consequences of such an action in spite of the objection, as well as issues related to the protection of third parties. Highlighting numerous doubts occurring in connection with the interpretation of Art. 361 of the Family and Guardianship Code, the need for a renewed discussion on the shape of the legal regulations concerning matrimonial property regimes has been indicated.

Some remarks on separation with equalization of accrued gains

Kilka uwag o rozdzielności majątkowej z wyrównaniem dorobków

Author(s): Anna Stępień-Sporek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: separation of assets with equalization of accrued gains; marital property regime; spouses

Separation of assets with equalization of accrued gains was introduced to the Family and Guardianship Code in 2005. However the regime is not popular. The reason for the lack of popularity is the fact that the provisions regarding the regime are not comprehensive and are a source of many doubts. In this article the current regulation has been discussed. Furthermore foreign solutions concerning this model of regime have been presented. The final part of the article shows the directions of amendments which could make the regime more attractive.

Administering of real estate belonging to the common property and serving a spouse to practice or earning activity

Zarząd nieruchomością należącą do majątku wspólnego i służącą małżonkowi do wykonywania zawodu lub prowadzenia działalności zarobkowej

Author(s): Anna Urbańska-Łukaszewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: spouses; common property; real estate; earning activity; administering of common property

This paper concerns the administering of real estate belonging to the common property, which is used for only one spouse to the profession or earning activity. Objects of the property serving spouse to practice or business earning spouse manages itself. Spouse must, however, obtain the consent of the other spouse for activities related to the property listed in art. 37 k.r.o. when the property belongs to the common property.

Unborn child as a close family member

Dziecko poczęte jako najbliższy członek rodziny

Author(s): Joanna Haberko / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: concept child; family; prenatal injury

The text refers to the issue of the legal relationship between the family members especially: the concept child and his parents. The author analyzes the acceptability of the use of family structures involving parental authority in the relation to the child conceived. The subject of discussion is the question of whether one can treat a child conceived as a close family member both in terms of claiming compensation for his death before birth and with no relation to prenatal injury. It is analyzed the judgment of the Supreme Court, in the light of the provision of art. 446 § 4 of the Civil Code which allows to recognize of the unborn child as a family member and justify demanding compensation from the perpetrator of the damage to the family members.

Definition of exercising the management of joint matrimonial property and legal actions leading to the acquisition of assets to that property

Definicja wykonywania zarządu majątkiem wspólnym małżonków a czynność prawna prowadząca do nabycia przedmiotu majątkowego do tego majątku

Author(s): Anita Lutkiewicz-Rucińska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: definition; joint matrimonial property; acquisition; management

The paper analyses the provision of Article 36 section 2 sentence 2 of the Family and Guardianship Code, which provides that „The exercise of management covers actions regarding items of joint property, including actions aimed at preserving that property”. This provision is the source of serious interpretation problems in the doctrine. In particular, the disputable issue is, if this provision establishes a legal statutory definition, and if it is so, what kind of definition it is: exhaustive or not. Another problem is whether the above mentioned provision includes the legal actions leading to the acquisition of assets to the joint atrimonial property. According to the Author’s opinion, the second sentence of Article 36 Section 2 of the Family and Guardianship Code establishes a legal statutory definition and this definition is exhaustive. The Author also argues that in principle the definition doesn’t include legal actions leading to the acquisition of assets to the joint matrimonial property. In the Author’s opinion, intention of the legislator who established above mentioned definition was not to construct it in a way excluding from its scope the legal actions leading to the acquisition of assets to that property. For that reason, for this category of legal actions the application of provisions on the management of joint matrimonial property is admissible by analogy.

The division of the common property of the spouses, which includes also the right to a billet

Podział majątku wspólnego małżonków, w skład którego wchodzi prawo do kwatery żołnierskiej

Author(s): Grzegorz Jędrejek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: family law; common property of the spouses; a billet; a divorce

The aim of the article is to present problematic aspects of a division of the property of the spouses, which includes also the right to a billet. The article consists of three parts, which discuss the following aspects: legal affiliation to a billet to spouses’ property, quartering of ex-spouses according to the art. 41a of the Accommodation of Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland Act from the 22nd of June 1995, settlement of divorced spouses regarding the affiliation to common property and the right to a billet. Concise conclusions are presented at the end of the article.

The revisions and interpretations of the matrimonial property law is there a need for amendments to the regulations?

Nowelizacje i interpretacje małżeńskiego prawa majątkowego – czy potrzebne są zmiany przepisów?

Author(s): Mirosław Nazar / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: The Family and Guardianship Code; amendments; interpretations; shares in commercial companies; liability for obligations; separate property regime with compensation for gained possessions

The findings of the present paper mainly concern the amendments to the provisions of the Family and Guardianship Code on the matrimonial property relations between spouses, as enforced by the act of 2004. The article discusses the course of works on the amendments conducted by the Law Codification Commission, the Sejm and the Senate. With reference to the critical appraisals of the amendments of 2004 and the proposals for changes in the regulations on property relations between spouses, restraint is needed as regards further amendments to the Family and Guardianship Code. While making use of the so-far achievements of the science of law and accounting for the judicial decisions, it is particularly advisable to continue the comprehensive interpretation of the regulations in force. What may, however, be considered are the amendments to the Family and Guardianship Code and the Code of Commercial Companies in order to ensure sufficient uniformity of both codes’ regulations on the acquisition and exercise of the rights attached to the shares in commercial companies. Changes are also needed in the regulations on the liability of spouses for obligations that are not a consequence of a legal action. Moreover, it is considered necessary to remove ambiguities and to correct the defects in the regulations on the regime of separate property with compensation for gained possessions.

Matrimonial property law – critical comments

Małżeńskie prawo majątkowe – uwagi krytyczne

Author(s): Tadeusz Smyczyński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: family law; matrimonial property regimes; management of joint matrimonial property

The article discusses the effects of significant amendments to matrimonial property law, which took effect in 2004. Amendments to legal provisions adopted in the era of real socialism and lack of business freedom of citizens in the free market were necessary, especially as far as the managing of joint matrimonial property components by each of the spouses is concerned. The author criticises some legal solutions, including without limitation, the lack of regulations governing the property management effects in the case of the effective opposition of the other spouse (article 361of the Family and Custody Code). Similarly, the author sees the need to change solutions regulating expansion of the spouses’ liability under the joint matrimonial property regime for liabilities which were contracted without the other spouse’s consent and for liabilities not arising from an act in law (e.g. alimony, compensation resulting from tort, unjust enrichment, etc.). As regards the above, the author is of the opinion that article 41.2 of the Family and Custody Code should be changed. Furthermore, the author is strongly against the standpoint that under the applicable law, it is possible to have the contractual matrimonial property regime of the spouses expanded and simultaneously limited with respect to specific components. The existing provision regulating the contractual regime selection allows only for the selection of one of the regimes specified in article 47.1 of the Family and Custody Code. Here the property agreement effectiveness towards creditors matters since only that type of the agreement should be known to them (article 471of the Family and Custody Code).The demand for the free selection of the property regime by the spouses e.g. a mixed or combined one, could be fulfilled provided that other provisions regulating that issue are harmonised. The author could agree with the standpoint urging for more comprehensive and detailed regulations on the separate matrimonial property regime with levelling of gained property. It would be beneficial to protecting the basic conditions of the family existence and to protecting an economically weaker spouse

The role of genetic truth in the decision of the parties concerned to determine the origin of a child from a father as a result of acknowledgement in

Rola prawdy genetycznej w decyzji zainteresowanych osób o ustaleniu pochodzenia dziecka od ojca wskutek uznania w świetle orzecznictwa sądów powszechn

Author(s): Elżbieta Holewińska-Łapińska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: paternity; acknowledgement of a child; acknowledgement of paternity; attestation of untruth

The article presents the state of knowledge of mothers, children and men, who acknowledged their extramarital children (acknowledgement of paternity after June 2013), about the origin of the child from the man acknowledging paternity at the time of making declarations necessary for the acknowledgement. The article is based on an analysis of relevant court records. It also points to the causes of making ill-will declarations revealed in the course of court proceedings. The study constituting the basis for the conclusions referred to covered the records of all cases in which the effectiveness of the acknowledgement of the child and the acknowledgement of paternity was questioned, closed with a decision on the merits of the case. In light of the amendment of 6 November 2008, the acknowledgement of paternity is ‘an act of knowledge’ of persons having the conviction of being parents of the child, ineffective, where the child does not proceed from the man who acknowledged paternity. The study revealed that conscious acknowledgement of children not being their own had place and still has place both before and after the amendment. The question of possible criminal liability for such actions as well as possible application in the majority of cases of Art. 272 of the criminal code is also considered.

Central registration and information on business and the National Court Register-effective records of marital property agreements? The voice in the di

Centralna ewidencja informacji o działalności gospodarczej i Krajowy Rejestr Sądowy - skuteczne rejestry umów majątkowych małżeńskich? Głos w dyskusj

Author(s): Anna Urbańska-Łukaszewicz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: marriage; marital property agreements; register of property contracts; Central Registration and Information on Business; National Court Register; the effectiveness of prenup

In Poland, there are no registry to which spouses would enter marital property agreements. Partially fulfills this role Central Registration and Information on Business and National Court Register. The registers do not cause the effectiveness of marital property agreements. The spouse could not enter to them the kind of marital property agreement and to Central Registration and Information on Business also the fact of concluding the contract.

The contractual change of the nature of the limited property rights encumbering the immovable property that is part of the community property

Umowna zmiana treści ograniczonych praw rzeczowych obciążających nieruchomość należącą do majątku wspólnego małżonków

Author(s): Magdalena Deneka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 06 (2)/2014

Keywords: a contract changing the nature of the limited property right; the management of the community property; a legal transaction resulting in the encumbrance of the immovable property

The nature of the limited property right that encumbers the immovable property which is part of the joint property of spouses who remain under the regime of the community property (statutory or contractual), may be changed by means of a contract. As the conclusion of the indicated contract requires the consent of the owner of the thing (Art. 248, paragraph 1 of the Civil Code), it is essential to establish whether the spouses may perform the above legal transaction individually, independently of each other. The findings arrived at in the present article became a ground for concluding that a contract that changes the nature of the limited property right that encumbers the immovable property which is part of the joint property of spouses, is a manifestation of the management of this property (Art. 36, paragraph 2, second sentence of the Family and Guardianship Code). The present article discusses the conditions of its validity and efficiency, including the rule of the individual management of the community property established under Art. 36, paragraph 2, first sentence of the Family and Guardianship Code, as well as the exceptions to this rule as stipulated by the act.

“Eine mächtige Bewegung auf den Dörfern”: Mechanismen der politischen Mobilisierung der rumänischen Legionärsbewegung im ländlichen Raum (1933-1937)

“Un puternic curent” la sate: mecanismele mobilizării politice ale mişcării legionare în lumea rurală 1933-1937

Author(s): Oliver Jens Schmitt / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Legionary Movement; Social History; Rural History

“Un puternic curent” la sate: mecanismele mobilizării politice ale mişcării legionare în lumea rurală 1933-1937. O primă schiţă a unei istorii sociale a Gărzii de Fier Der Aufsatz unterzeichnet Mobilisierungsmechanismen der Legionärsbewegung im ländlichen Raum (1933-1937) und möchte damit einen Beitrag zur Sozialgeschichte einer der wichtigsten politischen Massenbewegungen der rumänischen Geschichte leisten. Methodisch steht dabei die Abkehr von einer überwiegend auf die intellektuellen Kreise Bukarests zentrierten Forschungsdebatte im Vordergrund. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt der Analyse von Forme ländlicher Soziabilität (Märkte, kirchliche Feiern, Reigentänze), die von den Legionären zur Mobilisierung in dörflichen Gesellschaften verwendet wurden.

Restitutio. Inventoring the Romanian Royal Family Wealth. The First Measures of the New Regime (I)

Restitutio. Inventarierea averii familiei regale române. Primele măsuri ale noului regim (I)

Author(s): Mirela Tîrnă / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Romanian Royal House; King Mihai of Romania; Communist Romania

Rumänische Schulbibliotheke in Biharer Gespannschaft (19.Jhd.-Anfang des 20ten Jhts)

Biblioteci şcolare româneşti din Bihor (secolul al XIX-lea şi începutul secolului al XX-lea) (I)

Author(s): Mihai Georgită,Radu Milian / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: School Libraries; Perish Libraries; 19th Century; Bihor County; Moral Education; Culturalization; Books; Textbooks

Eine grosse Bedeutung für die Schulerziehung der rumänischen Jungen hatte der Buchsverkehr im schülerischen Milieu. Zuerst lässt sich es bemerken, dass der Buchsverkehr ziemlich beschränkt war, besonders in der dörflichen Umgebung. Die zwei rumänischen Kirchen (bzw. orthodoxe und griechisch-katholische) suchten durch alle Mitteln auf, kirchliche Bücher vorwiegend ihren Gemeindemitglidern zu verbreiten. Sowohl die wirtschaftlichen Schwierigkeiten als auch die hohe Analphabetismus-Quote unter Rumänen bewogen nur eine Minderheit der Geistlichkeit und des Lehrkörpers die von der kirchlichen Hiererchie beharrlich empfohlenen Bücher zu bestellen. Deswegen suchten die zwei rumänischen Bistümer andere Mitteln für das Buchsdiffusion auf, insbesondere dasjenige in der rumänischen Sprache, das als ein kulturelles Fortschrittsmittel betrachtet wurde, wenn sich das ungarische Nationalismus immer erbitterter manifestiert hat. Derart tritt ins Dasein die Idee manch parochialer und schulerischer Bibliotheke. Die ersten Statuten der Organisierung der parochialen und schulerischen Bibliotheke sind in 1882 abgefasst worden. Bis zum Ende des 19then Jahrhunderts wurden Bibliotheke in der Mehrheit der orthodoxen und griechisch-katholischen Pfarrgemeinden begründet. Der Buchsbestand dieser Bibliotheke hat trotz der wirtschaftlichen Schwierigkeiten und der politischen Begrenzungen konstant zugenommen. Die Anzahl und die Vielfältigkeit der von diesen Bibliotheken besessenen Bücher waren ein entscheindender Faktor zur kulturelle Emanzipierung des rumänischen Volks.

Reviews. Bibliographical Notes

Reviews. Bibliographical Notes

Author(s): Arcadie M. Bodale,Mirela Tîrnă,Monica Negru / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2011

Les fonds des Coopératives Agricoles de Production appartenant au Service du Département d’Arad des Archives Nationales

Cooperativele Agricole de Producţie în lumina fondurilor deţinute de Serviciul Judeţean Arad al Arhivelor Naţionale

Author(s): Antoniu Martin,Lucian Constantin Petraş / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Arad County; Communism; History of the Archives; Collectivization; Socialist Agriculture

Cette étude présente des aspects de la transformation socialiste de l’agriculture roumaine, et offre une perspective sur contenu des fonds d’archives créés par les Coopératives Agricoles de Production dans le département d’Arad à partir de 1949. La métamorphose socialiste du village a parcouru une longue période, plus d’une décennie, période dans laquelle les villageois ont été convaincus d’inscrire leurs terres dans les coopératives agricoles. Cette action a été accomplie au printemps de l’année 1962, marquant d’une manière propagandiste la victoire totale de la révolution agraire socialiste. L’étude met en évidence la richesse d’informations à caractère agricole contenues dans ces documents, sources précieuses pour connaître les habitants du milieu rural et, également, pour d’autres aspects de l’agriculture roumaine dans le régime communiste. Dans le contexte actuel, quand aucune de ces sociétés ne fonctionnent plus, les extraits des fonds des archives appartenant aux coopératives agricoles acquièrent une importance historique particulière: ils représentent des preuves de la fondation et du fonctionnement de ces créations appartenant à une époque révolue.

The Proselitism in the Uniat Protopopiat of Bistra (1850-1900)

Prozelitismul în cadrul Protopopiatului Unit al Bistrei (1850-1900)

Author(s): Elena Mușat / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Greek-Catholic Church in the 19th Century; Proselitism; Protopopiat of Bistra

The article brings into discussion the policy promoted by the Romanian churches in Transylvania – Greek-Catholic and Orthodox – in order to entice new followers by using the proselitism with all its implications. The study focuses upon the Greek-Catholic Protopopiat of Bistra in the second half of the 19th century. However, the facts are available for each Romanian rural community segregated from the confessional viewpoint, whose parishioners were disputed by the priests and enticed by various means to join one of the two confessions. In the absence of an elementary religious education that would have been supported the people to understand the real doctrinary differences in which the religious ceremonial was not quite different between the two rites, the reasons for which the people chose their confession were many times of material nature. The rivalry between the local vicars – Orthodox and Uniat –, which had the enticement of new parishioners as main goal, generated instability and even conflicts that deteriorated the human relationship and affected the community life.

The Story of the Burglar Kids. Photos from the State Security’s Files: The Case of the Coral Temple (September 20, 1963)

Povestea copiilor spărgători. Fotografii din dosarele Securităţii: cazul Templului Coral (20 septembrie 1963)

Author(s): Anca Tudorancea (Ciuciu) / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Rabbi Moses Rosen; Choral Temple; Romanian Jewry Emigration during Communism; Anti-Semitism

The fact that the devastation from 1963 of the Choral Temple – the most important Jewish temple in Bucharest – took place before the celebration in the temple of Rosh Hashanah, Jewish New Year 5723, an event which all the community must participate in, makes us think that this was a message of intimidation intended not only for Chief Rabbi Moses Rosen, who became too vocal in his last visits in America and Israel, but also for Romanian Jewish community whose members were thinking to emigrate into the Free World. Images of the investigation from 1963 are very close to the images of the devastation during the Legionary pogrom on January 21-23, 1941 (including the desecration of the Holly Scrolls, prayer books and destruction of the religious symbols), an event still very present in the memory of the parishioners, as the surveillance documents states. For many it was a strong signal to emigrate from a place where religious Jews were no longer desirable. The phenomenon of children robbers, a generalized official explanation about the cases of vandalism of synagogues, indicates the lack of consequences and of interest to investigate them.

Restitutio. "The Diary of my Life" - Stefan Moldovan on the 1848-1849 Revolution in Transylvania

Restitutio. “Dioariul vieții mele” – însemnările lui Ștefan Moldovan despre revoluția de la 1848-1849 din Transilvania

Author(s): Maria Vertan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Transylvania; 1848; Romanian National Guard; Romanian National Committee; Prefectura Cetatea de Baltă Prefect’s Office; Mediaş Prefect’s Office