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Keywords: Cotton; financial profitability Banikoara.
Cotton farms are characterized by a production function system. This article aims to identify the determinants of financial profitability of different production systems. The analysis of data collected from 120 heads of cotton farms from the Municipality of Banikoara (northern Benin) show that the following factors determine the operating system in the study area: the proportion of debt in the capital to finance the crop and cultivation technique adopted. Moreover, these data show that coaching enjoyed operators from extension agents Communal Agricultural Promotion Center (CeCPA), leverage, net average labor productivity, animal traction and youth leader operations have a positive impact on the financial profitability of cotton farms in Banikoara.
More...Keywords: Economic growth; econometrics; regression; Malawi.
Economic growth is an important index among the macroeconomic variables. It plays an integral role in the economic development of a country and the general improvement of living standards. It is therefore important to understand the factors which drive economic growth in an economy. The research reported here analyzed the determinants of economic growth in Malawi. Regression analysis was applied to secondary data from the International Monetary Fund, for the period 1971 to 2003. Economic growth was also positively correlated with the exchange rate, population growth, and foreign direct investment. Statistically, it was population growth, exchange rate and domestic credit which were significantly related to economic growth. It was of interest to observe that there was a negative relationship between economic growth and private investment.
More...Keywords: domestic sugar prices; households; producers’ welfare; CGE.
This paper studies the effects of the increase on sugar price in Indonesia. The understanding of sugar price policy is of great interest since the Indonesian government would try to increase the domestic production in order to fulfill the domestic demand by its policy. The CGE (computable general equilibrium) was designed to evaluate the sugar price policy and its effects. The study shows that the increased of the domestic sugar price by 10-30% will increase the producer welfare as well as the output, the export and import of other sectors but it would reduce the real income of households, firms and government. This study proved that the rise of sugar price more than 20% would have the worst effects to the consumers. So, the government should maintain the domestic sugar price in order to protect the producers and the consumers wisely.
More...Keywords: goodwill; disclosures; intangible assets; IFRS.
Goodwill is an increasingly important asset in the structure of total assets in modern companies. Since studies have shown that disclosures about goodwill are often not compliant with the rules in accounting standards, the research aims to analyze the characteristics of goodwill accounting from the perspective of a post-transition country. The analysis includes Slovene publicly quoted companies that report under IFRS and is based on data from the period 2007-2011. The results show that goodwill is on average less important in comparison with traditionally developed market economies. The content analysis of disclosures in annual reports provides evidence about strengths and weaknesses of goodwill disclosures in analyzed annual reports.
More...Keywords: Horia Roman Patapievici;
Interview with Dan Stanca.
More...Keywords: stock exchange; price fluctuations; circuit breakers; trading fees
Abrupt changes of prices at the stock exchange lead to its instability and a threat to the whole social and economic system of the country. However, the current methods of preventing such changes, the most popular of which is to stop exchange trading, do not solve them, but even more often exacerbate the problem. This paper proposes a new tool of smoothing fluctuations in securities’ prices based on a modification of the calculation rules for trading fees at the stock exchange.
More...Keywords: V. I. Dal’; story telling; narration; composition
The article is concerned with two stories written by V. I. Dal’ – “All round narrative” and “Another all round narrative”, which constitute the so-called “uncollected” cycle of the author’s works. The composition structure of both works (closed-in-composition with expletive novellas narrated by different characters) provides for multiple background and versatile genres of narration. Participants of the “narratives” turn to a number of folklore genres: legends, remembrances, happenings, fairy tales about animals, popular fairy tales. The story telling in “all round narratives” is characterized by literary speech (due to well-educated characters) aimed to transfer folklore and popular plots. It is contrasted by the vernacular of a “commoner” – Kadnikov’s dialogue of the watchman. All in all, the manner of narration is dictated not as much by the stylistic means inherent to free speech (so characteristic of Dal’s fairy tales), but by the description of the narrative setting and presence of the active listeners.
More...Keywords: historical regional anthroponymics; non-calendar names; anthropozoonymics; linguistic interference; motive of naming
Karelia is a complicated ethnic zone and, therefore, the Slavic, Baltic-Finnish, and Lappish anhtropozoonymics, an important unit of onomastics of the pre-national period, are revealed in multiple documents of the XV–XVII centuries written in Russian and Swedish. The hierarchy of animals (domestic and wild) that reflects their importance in the world picture of ancient times is presented in the zoonimic “paradigm”. Congruent elements – the evidence of onomastic and cultural universals – are revealed by comparison of the naming systems in multilingual onomastics. Thus, the Slavic onomastics reflects most fully the interference processes on onomastic and appellative levels, and gives an idea of the features charactering relationships of the Russians and the Baltic-Finns on the territory of Karelia. The influence of scribes (copyists), as the bearers of Christian believes, is shown through correct reflection of this phenomenon. The studied period in onomastic system is the time of development and establishment of new orientations of choosing motives for naming. It is necessary to foresee the expansion of motivational ranks in Slavic and Baltic-Finnish anthropozoonymics: from the most ancient, reflecting mythological consciousness that ranks anthroponyms with the non-calendar personal names, to figurative, giving assessment to the denotat and transferring naming into the onomastic category of nicknames. Thus, anhtropozoonymic onomastics reflects ethno-linguistic processes in the regional picture of the world and dynamics of motivation paradigm.
More...Keywords: WWII; war propaganda; image of enemy
Evolution of the image of Finnish army commander-in-chief Baron Carl Mannerheim is described in the article. Reasons for the active use of the image by the Soviet propagandists during 1941–1942 and subsequent gradual erosion of the image over the 1943–1944 are clarified. As all images of the enemy leaders it consisted of two main parts. The first one was to inspire hatred in the Red Army soldiers, and the second one – to “lower” its significance in such a way that the soldiers would not lose the will to resist. Both components of the image were built primarily on class principles, which created the foundation for all other features of the image. When the need to oppose ordinary Finns with their government ceased to be valuable, the image of the Finish army commander-in- chief began to lose its sharpness. Negative characteristics originally used to describe only Mannerheim became applicable to the rest of the Finns. As a result, he no longer was identified as a separate person. His image merged with general image of the enemy. Later, as Finland withdrew from the war under the leadership of Mannerheim, his image was largely forgotten by Soviet propagandists and removed from their agenda.
More...Keywords: archives; diplomatic archives; Archive of the October Revolution (AOR); archival documents photocopying; Scandinavian historians; “Northern society”; International Congress of historians; copyright; adjustment of border disputes
The paper deals with the analysis of mutual activities of the Soviet diplomatic mission, Soviet archives administration, and Scandinavian scientific committee “Northern society” in the area of international scientific communication development and archival information exchange during the second half of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s. On the basis of documents found in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF) and in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AFPRF) the author considers the issues of arrangement of Scandinavian scientists’ work in Soviet archival institutions; studies the practice of archival documents’ photocopying realized within the frames of the Soviet-Scandinavian Agreement; researches the problem of diplomatic adjustment of border disputes conducted with the aid of archival documents found by Scandinavian historians. The paper summarizes grounds for termination of the Agreement with the Northern Society in February, 1932 and for freezing Soviet archival policy based on the open principal in regard to foreign researchers.
More...Keywords: Dostoevsky; literary debut; Poor Folk; Double; criticism; literary name
The article provides an answer to the question of when the literary name of Dostoevsky was mentioned in the Russian press for the first time: from this point of view the following questions are considered: the circumstances of the publications of his translation of Balzac’s novel entitled Eugénie Grandet (1844), the development of his acquaintance with Belinsky in the summer of 1845, the announcements about the issue of almanac Scoffer (Zuboskal) and novel Poor Folk (1846). A comparative analysis of the memoir sources that describe conditions of the first writer’s meeting with V.G. Belinsky (Dostoevsky’s A Writer’s Diary for 1877, P.V. Annenkov’s recollections, biographical reminiscences in an incomplete work by N.A. Nekrasov) is presented. V.G. Belinsky in his review of Peter Shtaver’s verses, expressed his assertions regarding the aims of poetry and the poet’s role. The critic’s statements reiterate his words addressed to Dostoevsky with regard to his first novel. However, Dostoevsky’s name and the title of his novel are not mentioned in the review. The literary name of Dostoevsky was referred to in the press for the first time in December 1845. Nevertheless, this reference was concerned not with his novel Poor Folk, but with his novella The Double.
More...Keywords: Fyodor Dostoevsky; unpublished autograph; Epoch magazine; Sergey Koloshin; Mikhail Pogodin
The archive of Mikhail Pogodin, a Russian historian, publisher and journalist, deposited in the Russian State Library, contains an unpublished autograph of Dostoevsky. This is a text written by Dostoyevsky upon a note by Pogodin, which was received by the editorial board of the Epoch magazine in the second half (most probably in December) of 1864. Sergey Koloshin (1825–1868), a journalist and critic living at that time in Italy, was invited to contribute to the magazine upon recommendation of Ivan Aksakov and Mikhail Pogodin. In total, two of his articles were published in Epoch. In September-October of 1864 Dostoyevsky tried to get a censor’s permit to publish Koloshin’s article on the Polish question. His other materials were not accepted for publication. On Pogodin’s request, the editorial board returned the turned-down articles to Koloshin. In his response Dostoyevsky informed Pogodin that only one article written by Koloshin, the one about Jesuits (7 pages), was published after June 1864 and that the fixed fee for the article was 15 rubbles “in accordance with the genre of the article”. The payment was settled on February 25, 1865. Dostoyevsky’s response uncovers dramatic circumstances of Koloshin’s collaboration with the Epoch magazine. The name of Koloshin is mentioned 13 times over the period of six months in the writer’s notebooks for 1864–1865. From all editorial correspondence, only letters written by Koloshin to Mikhail and Fyodor Dostoyevsky have survived. Their answer letters to Koloshin were not found. What happened to the archive of the Russian man of letters who died in Florence on November 27 / December 9, 1868? Dostoevsky’s letters to Koloshin may still be waiting to be found.
More...Keywords: Kizhy island; idyll; literary topography; representation of space
The article examines specific features representing Kizhi Island in the Russian prose of the 1970’s. This ‘‘idyllic’’ mode of Kizhi Island’s representation is implemented through the poetization and idealization of this specific geographic location by means of fairy tale, mythological or pastoral motifs and lyrical digressions, which create the image of “the Eden of the North”. In this article, we analyze the works of V. Pulkin, I. Strelkova, and A. Zhitinsky as examples of the established idyllic pattern in depicting Kizhi Island. Literary sources demonstrate that in the 1970’s this idyllic approach became the dominant and mandatory literary tool used by all the authors describing the island ‘‘by default’’. This can be explained by some specific characteristics of the geographic area itself, such as the perfect balance between nature and culture, which was embedded in the world famous architectural ensemble of Kizhi Island; or the isolated location of the island, which distinguishes it from surrounding environment.
More...Keywords: manuscript; autograph; textual criticism; layer-by-layer analysis of the manuscript
The problem of the manuscript layer-by-layer analysis is relevant in connection with the establishment of the text of the work (the monument). Establishment of the text is, so to say, the apex of the text’s comprehension as a literary monument. It can be understood as an invariant arising in the process of evolution and creative plan selection, choice of themes, ideas, and elements of poetics. In the process of the text’s critical analysis the author’s original text is established, errors are eliminated, losses occurred in the process of reissue are revealed. Creative history and the history of the text, understanding of the author’s intention in all its connotations of the drama are restored. Layer-by-layer analysis of the manuscript helps to reveal peculiarities of the author’s work on the text. In modern textual criticism, the method of layer-by-layer analysis is practically not developed. On the example of the manuscript written by Isaac Shmelev “The Inexhaustible Chalice” (SRDM RSL 387.8.22.) we show the change in the writer’s creative work.
More...Keywords: textual criticism; Optina Pustyn; Ambrose; monkhood; epistolary heritage; Ivan Shmelev; Veydengammer
Stored in the archives of the Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library (Fund 213. Carton 55. Item 22) letters written by Ambrose Grenkov to Victor Alekseevich Veydengammer and Daria Ivanovna Koroleva, the prototypes of Shmelev’s novel “Ways of Heaven”, are of great scientific interest not only as an epistolary heritage of the Optina Pustyn of the XIX century, but also from the standpoint of literary criticism. Correspondence of the Elder Ambrose of Optina Pustyn with Victor Veydengammer and Daria Koroleva is an object of scientific research. The letters have not been previously published. The study revealed that the Elder Grenkov Ambrose was a spiritual father of the prototypes Victor Veydengammera and Daria Queen described in Smelev’s novel “Ways of Heaven”. The Elder Grenkov Ambrose, in his turn, referred his spiritual children to the Elder Ioseiph Litovkina.
More...Keywords: environmental law; Finland; history
Three periods of the environmental law development in Finland could be identified: the first is the Swedish governance; the next is the period of dependence upon Russian Empire with the beginning of self-government and discussions about the force and the status of local normative acts; and the last is a modern period characterized by internal political independence conditioned by joining the European Union and active participation in the world policy. In recent times, Finnish researchers are becoming more and more concerned about EU growing influence on domestic legislation of the country.
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