CEEOL - Search Result

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS EQUIPPED WITH IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN ROMANIA

Author(s): Carmelia Mariana Dragomir Bălănică / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: irrigation system; agricultural area; long-term challenges; economic development;

In recent decades, it has become more and more necessary to set up new irrigation systems in areas affected by drought to repair and maintain current equipment in good condition in order to reduce the vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climatic conditions in the context of increasingly obvious global warming. The main purpose of this article is a long-term analysis, 26 years, of the area of land developed with irrigation works and irrigated agricultural area by land use category by region. The data are collected annually by the National Institute of Statistics. The average for the analysed period for the three categories of agricultural land compared are total developed surface – 3,162,759 hectares, developed agricultural surface – 3,062,034 hectares, and arable land – 2,898,772 hectares. The regions with the largest areas arranged for irrigation are South- East, South-Muntenia and South-West Oltenia. The advantages of the rehabilitation and expansion of the irrigation infrastructure in Romania will have a series of significant economic effects on the economic development of farms and a better competitiveness of farmers, but also a greater degree of security for the agricultural sector to face long-term challenges generated by climate change and ensuring food stability and security.

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EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR MEASURING FOOD FRESHNESS

Author(s): Laurențiu Marius Baicu,Mihaela Andrei,Veronica Filimon / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: microcontroller; food quality; Arduino; embedded;

Due to technological advancement and pollution, food quality is decreasing every day. Nowadays, some foods are highly processed. Excessive use of chemicals like preservatives, colourings, and flavours as additives in various foods can create big problems by accumulating them in the body. This uncontrolled use of additives can affect the health of consumers. In this case, the development of an electronic system that can measure the level or volume of additives added to food products and determine the degree of alteration of a food is absolutely necessary to ensure food safety. This paper proposes an embedded solution for food quality and freshness testing. Using a microcontroller and different sensors such as a gas sensor, pH sensor and moisture sensor, different values were measured in different food products. The measured values indicate important characteristics about the deterioration level of the tested food products. Based on the experimental testing of different thresholds, the developed system can provide the necessary information to decide whether a food product can be consumed or not, thus avoiding the commercialisation of dangerous food.

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SUSTAINABLE BIO-BASED COMPOSITES: PROGRESS AND CHALLENGES

Author(s): Alina-Mihaela CEOROMILA / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: biomedical applications; wound dressings; drug delivery systems; antimicrobial properties;

This paper explores BC-based materials for biomedical applications like wound dressings and drug delivery systems. Optimizing culture conditions can enhance BC production efficiency, while technological advancements in particle incorporation help overcome its limitations. These innovations improve BC’s physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, opening new possibilities for specialized applications.

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NEW MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Geanina Marcela Podaru / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: environmental policies; climate change adaptation; sustainable construction; pollution reduction; innovative technologies;

The new environmental policies promote an integrated approach to enhance quality of life and social well-being by reducing pollution and its harmful effects. Effective environmental protection requires forward-thinking solutions, including climate change adaptation and reducing fossil fuel dependence. However, local initiatives may conflict with national or regional policies. The construction sector is advancing with innovative, efficient, and sustainable technologies that improve quality of life while minimizing costs and environmental impact. Sustainable construction is essential for the industry's long-term development.

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FREE ASSESSMENT OF EVIDENCE IN THE CRIMINAL TRIAL OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Author(s): Dinu Ostavciuc,Tudor Osoianu / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: penal trial; free assessment of the evidence; inner conviction;

The article in reference analyses the principle of free assessment of evidence in the criminal process of the Republic of Moldova. The free evaluation of the evidence excludes the possibility of conferring a pre-established probative power on a piece of evidence. The criminal investigation bodies, the prosecutor, and the court are dealing with the evaluation of each piece of evidence as a result of the joint examination and verification of all the evidence administered. The free assessment of evidence does not imply arbitrariness but the freedom to assess evidence reasonably and impartially. The respective research analyses the opinion of some doctrinaires on the matter, the national judicial practice, and that of the European Court of Human Rights in relation to the provisions of art. 27 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. The authors identify the existing problem and come up with revelations, practical recommendations, and proposals to amend and supplement the criminal procedural law.

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GLEANINGS FROM THE CRIMINAL SUBCULTURE. INVESTIGATIVE ASPECTS

Author(s): Alexandru Pareniuc,Nicolae Gulceac / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: special investigation activity; criminal slang; crime fighting; criminal investigations; criminal world; investigative officer; special investigative process; criminal subculture;

The article includes a brief analysis of the criminal subculture through the lens of special investigative activity. Knowing the negative image of the associations of the criminal world, we will more easily be able to penetrate the secrets of crime, we will better understand its development laws, the causes of its viability, and the factors (causes and conditions that favor it). The conclusions, with which the authors intervene through the modest research, will complete the arsenal of investigative ideas of the investigating officers in carrying out the tasks, stages, and phases of the special investigation process.

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LEGAL MECHANISMS OF REHABILITATION AND COMPENSATION OF THE VICTIMS OF CRIMES

Author(s): Andrei Nastas,Andrei Ungureanu / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Criminal justice; Universal Declaration of Human Rights; rehabilitation of crime victims; legal protection of crime victims; human rights; protective measures;

The study is generally dedicated to the research of national and international doctrine regarding the legal mechanisms for the rehabilitation and compensation of crime victims. Either way, the protection of crime victims, especially the protection and rehabilitation of victims of violent crimes, is a concern of European bodies and European states, including the Republic of Moldova. The interest in the given subject starts from reasons of social solidarity, and the goal that is pursued in this sense aims at removing or, at least, minimizing the negative consequences in the lives of people who had the misfortune of becoming victims of these acts. It is generally recognized that the intervention of criminal justice alone is not sufficient to remove the consequences of the commission of the crime. At the global level, the subject of the rehabilitation of crime victims has materialized in a series of international acts adopted over time, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948, the UN Convention on the Elimination of All forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW), the UN Convention against Transboundary Organized Crime (UNTOC), known as the Palermo Convention, etc. At the national level, the subject of the rehabilitation of crime victims was driven by the international and European context.

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THE LEGAL REGULATION AND STATUS OF MERCENARIES

Author(s): Iurie Odagiu,Vasili Beda / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: mercenary; mercenary activity; international law; national security; international relations; legal regulation; armed conflict;

This study focuses on the legal status of mercenaries carried with an emphasis on the historical development of the activity and use of mercenaries phenomenon in the international law context. For this purpose, the main approaches of different researchers to the issue in question were analyzed, and the international normative acts which legally regulate the activity of mercenaries were studied. At the same time, in the framework of the research, the problem of using mercenaries as a method of affecting human rights and preventing the realization of people’s right to self-determination is addressed. The actuality of the specified problem is also underlined by the fact that the geostrategic problems are becoming increasingly pronounced, specifically under the influence of the conflict factor in the Black Sea region generated by the invasion of Russian military structures in Ukraine. Generalizing the whole spectrum of mentioned risks, through our investigation, we can find that the tempo of the development of the mercenary phenomenon in contemporary world at the moment offers this scourge possibilities to obtain some forms of legalization, eroding the lines of demarcation of legal actions and increasingly placing the problem of mercenary activity in the „grey zone” of modern legislations, thus advancing the risks to national and community security to an ever higher level.

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MONEY LAUNDERING OFFENCES IN THE CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF ROMANIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA – A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Author(s): Radion Cojocaru,Andrei Nastas,Daniela Șoimu / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: money laundering; criminalisation; transnational crime; prevention; combat; international cooperation; legal framework; comparative study;

The effective prevention and combat of money laundering constitute a consistent priority for the world’s states, an activity based both on the adoption of international or regional standards and the implementation of their own national preventive systems. Literally, the international and European concern aims to identify solutions to enhance transborder cooperation regarding the suppression of money laundering. In the context of this research, through the comparative method of studying law, the legislation of Romania and the existing legislation of the Republic of Moldova in the field of money laundering prevention were analysed. Besides the cognitive understanding of the phenomenon, such a study provides the opportunity for the Republic of Moldova to adopt positive experiences from Romania’s reference legislation, which is based on rich European experience and best practices in the field of preventing this transnational phenomenon.

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THE PRINCIPLES OF COMBATING AND PREVENTING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

Author(s): Andrei Ungureanu,Sergiu Cernomoreț / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Domestic violence; victim; state policies; legislator’s obligations; proportionality; legality; prosecution of perpetrators; due process; judicial review;

The study is generally devoted to researching the principles of combating and preventing domestic violence. The Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention) advocates three fundamental principles that impose legal obligations on State Parties. Compliance with these basic principles ensures the honouring of obligations (obligations of means and results) assumed by the state in relation to victims of domestic violence. Honouring these obligations and respecting these fundamental principles are aimed at preventing domestic violence, protecting the victims of all acts of violence and bringing the perpetrators of the act of domestic violence to justice. Respecting the rights of the author of violence requires compliance with several legal guarantees when drafting and issuing a procedural legal act. Even if the essential objective remains to establish a mechanism that effectively guarantees the safety of the victim or the person at risk, certain essential principles of law such as proportionality, legality, guarantees of a fair trial and judicial review cannot be neglected. National legal provisions must satisfy the requirements of clarity and predictability, including in national policies on combating domestic violence. The principles of policies to combat and prevent domestic violence reconfirm the rights granted to the victim of domestic violence regarding respect for his/her personality, dignity and private life, information regarding the exercise of his/her rights, special protection, counselling, rehabilitation, social reintegration services, free medical assistance, under legal conditions.

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THE PECULIARITIES OF THE “CONTROL ACQUISITION” SPECIAL INVESTIGATIVE MEASURE ACCORDING TO THE LEGISLATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Author(s): Alexandru Cicală,Andrei Nastas / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: investigative measures; investigation criminal activity; control acquisition; trafficking;

As part of our scientific approach, we propose to analyse the content of the special investigation measure “Control acquisition” through the prism of the legislation of the Republic of Moldova, taking into consideration the opinions of researchers in the field from the country and abroad. Utilizing special investigative measures, some serious, particularly serious, or exceptionally serious crimes can be successfully investigated, as well as the information necessary to identify the causes and conditions that determine their commission, a fact that considerably eases the prevention activity. According to the provisions of art. 1323 of the Criminal Procedural Code of the Republic of Moldova, the acquisition of control represents the purchase of services or goods in free, limited, or prohibited circulation for the performance of technical-scientific findings or judicial expertise or the investigation of a crime or the identification of the perpetrators.

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HARMONISATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA LAW IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE CONSTITUTIONAL BLOCK AND THE INTERNATIONAL TREATIES

Author(s): Vladlen Cojocaru / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: constitutional block; international treaties; Constitutional Court; presidential election; legal culture;

The importance and topicality of the present topic lie in the report of the daily situation, namely the election of the President by the people. The Law on the election of the President of the Republic of Moldova was declared unconstitutional and revived the provisions of the Electoral Code regarding the election of the President by direct vote by the citizens. Also, the Constitutional Court does not interpret uniformly, its interpretations being erroneous. Taking into account that the Republic of Moldova is a relatively young state, its legal culture is in the process of being developed, and the Constitutional Court, as a body that carries out constitutional jurisdiction, has control of the constitutionality of normative acts and the annulment of legal norms that contravene the Constitution, as well as the interpretation the Constitution. In this study, two concepts that have been permanent in the evolution process are discussed - the constitutional block and the international treaty. Considering the topicality and importance of the theme proposed for research, the main purpose of the work consists of the complex research of the importance of the block of constitutionality on international treaties, as well as the constitution of the French Republic and the Republic of Moldova. Obviously, the content of this work, for clear reasons, could not aim to address all the legal aspects that are required to be invoked in the context of the existence of the constitutional block in France, after which it was also established in other states that were facing such problems but focused on the essential legal and doctrinal aspects identified in the relevant specialist sources. The comparative study includes the identification of the best practices in ensuring other forms of exercising and resolving disputes, arguing the recommendation of a system for the Republic of Moldova, differentiating and comparing national and international normative acts.

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NON-FISCAL TAXES IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA: THEIR ROLE AND IMPACT IN TERMS OF REVENUES TO THE NATIONAL PUBLIC BUDGET

Author(s): Nadejda Berghe / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: non-fiscal tax; fee; services; budget revenues; special funds; payers; tax obligations;

“Parafiscal” charges are charges levied by public or private agencies on the production and marketing of agricultural products with a view to financing activities for the benefit of the sector as a whole. The characteristic of parafiscal taxes is the fact that they are - like taxes - mandatory (being established by law) and are tracked and collected through the tax administrations. While the taxes are being collected with the dual purpose of imposing a certain conduct in the social-economic environment and being able to cover the general and common needs of society, parafiscal taxes are collected exclusively for the purpose of ensuring complementary incomes at the disposal of the legal beneficiaries of these funds and only from natural and/or legal persons who are expressly covered by the normative acts by which those taxes were established. On the one hand, the multitude of parafiscal taxes implies a high cost for payers. On the other hand, the economic agents must make serious efforts to be up to date with these taxes and tariffs and, moreover, they must give time to their administration, as the state budget obtained from these taxes is significant.

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INVESTMENT INCOME - REGULATIONS IN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL TAX LEGISLATION

Author(s): Corina Bulgac / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: income; investments; tax code; dividends; shares; bonds;

The use of financial instruments contributes to additional revenue that can be used for the social and economic development of tax-payers in the long term. The globalisation of economic processes and the deepening of international economic and financial cooperation have led to the diversification of income earned and increased visibility of our country in terms of investment. The Republic of Moldova can be considered an attractive area for foreign investors while, at the same time, remaining a favourable area for domestic investors due to its geographical location, fiscal, political, and social regulations, as well as the existence of a qualified and cheap labour force. The subject of the paper focuses on examining aspects of tax law on financial income from investment activities in national and international practice. A number of methods were used in the research, including statistical, analytical, comparative analysis, content analysis, graphical illustration, etc. In conclusion, as a result of the analysis, it was possible to identify the challenges faced by Moldovan taxpayers who obtain financial income from placement activities in order to ensure an increasing level of income, presenting the advantages and disadvantages.

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INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS WITH AN INFERIOR HIERARCHICAL NATURE

Author(s): Victoria Arhiliuc,Nicolae Coșleț / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: International Organizations; Collective security; World system; geographical area;

International organizations occupy an important place in the world system, are in large numbers [1], are classified into various typologies, and have a wide range of research and analysis. In this context, a special place is occupied by international security organizations in which a certain hierarchy is highlighted. The prominent position is on international collective security organizations of major importance, such as the United Nations, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, which have a well-defined status that includes a stated purpose in the field of collective security, a wide space for the manifestation of competence, and a considerable number of participating members. At the same time, there are international security organizations of an inferior hierarchical nature or security organizations of secondary importance [2]. Although such organizations have a stated purpose in the field of security and cover a considerable geographical area, they do not occupy a decisive place in the world system, do not refer to the category of collective security organizations themselves, have a lower hierarchical character in relation to the concept of Collective Security, having an important role mainly in the regional level. This category includes: The Organization of American States (OAS), The African Union (AU), The League of Arab States (LAS), The Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), etc. [3].

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PRINCIPLES GOVERNING PUBLIC SERVICE

Author(s): Mihai Crețu / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: public service; public interest; public authority; public administration; public activity; general interest; administrative law; public function; civil servant; competencies; attributions; continuity;

In this article, we set out to carry out an analysis of the notion of „principles of public service” both in doctrinal terms and in terms of normative regulation. We also made a small foray into the evolution of the legal institution and the notion of public service principles. Particular attention was paid to the definition and enumeration of the principles of public service in both the legislation of the Republic of Moldova and Romania, and also the role that this institution has within the branch of administrative law.

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THE LEGAL REGIME FOR THE TAXATION OF BUSINESS PROFITS IN THE LIGHT OF THE OECD1 MODEL CONVENTION ON INCOME AND CAPITAL TAXES

Author(s): Alexandru Armeanic,Anatolie Cananău / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: insolvency; bankruptcy; restructuring; special administration; systemic crisis; insolvency regime; guarantee fund; liquidation; moratorium; creditor;

The OECD Model Convention on Income and on Capital Taxes deals in Article 7 with the tax treatment of profits of enterprises from economic activities, with the exception of those from shipping and aviation (set out in Article 8). The research also carried out a correlative analysis of other articles of the Convention, given the importance, as an interpretative component, of the application of the provisions of Article 5 (on permanent establishment) with those of Article 7 (profits of enterprises). The correct application of Article 7 is conditional on a proper understanding of the concept of permanent establishment, and numerous arguments are put forward in support of this assertion. This is apparent from the very structure of the first paragraph of Article 7, which lays down the rule for taxation of profits from business activities by the State of residence. There is an exception in this case: where the taxable person carries on business activities using a permanent establishment situated in the source State, the right of taxation accrues to the source State, but only in respect of those profits which arise from activities carried on in the permanent establishment. In other words - the source State will not be able to tax profits arising from business carried on in the territory or to the extent that they do not arise from activities carried on at the permanent establishment.

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THE THEME OF CHRISTMAS IN THE LITERARY-ARTISTIC TEXT. ARTISTIC VISIONS AND EDUCATIONAL MEANINGS

Author(s): Polina Taburceanu / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: literary-artistic text; customs; traditions; Christmas; carol; educational values;

The theme of calendar traditions was and remains current due to the contemporary, lively character of the respective popular creations. The varied and rich calendar creations continue to reflect, in an artistic way, work, living, morals, beliefs, the struggle for freedom of the people, and the better, happier life. Popular creations have always contributed, along with other artistic works, to the education of young people in the spirit of respect and love for the working man, his daily life, full of content, beautiful, useful, created and developed throughout history. Christmas, the customs of this holiday are described in the works of Mihai Eminescu, Ion Creangă, George Coșbuc, Octavian Goga, Lucian Blaga, Mihail Sadoveanu, etc.

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WORDS AND SENSIBILITY: EXPRESSING EMOTION THROUGH LANGUAGE

Author(s): Alexandra Monica Toma / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: language and emotion; linguistic relativity; Conceptual Act Theory; bilingualism; emotion discourse;

This paper explores the relationship between language and emotion, navigating the diverse paradigms and theories that tackle the subtle connections between words and affect. Scrutinising the contested terrain of universal experiences versus cultural diversity, the literature review establishes that, while language is not foundational for emotion perception, it significantly modulates and nuances emotional experiences, providing access to a broader emotional repertoire. Descending into the rabbit hole of linguistic relativity, the Conceptual Act Theory (CAT) emerges as a middle ground, acknowledging language’s crucial role in constructing cognitive processes, particularly emotions. Focusing on bilingualism and second-language learning, the study reveals the research on the key factors shaping the expression and conceptualisation of emotions: language proficiency, sociocultural competence, context, personality, and gender. This analysis contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between language and emotion, paving the way for further exploration of emotion discourse across diverse linguistic and cultural landscapes.

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MEDIATING CULTURES: TRANSLATING ORWELL’S ENGLAND YOUR ENGLAND INTO ROMANIAN

Author(s): Mihaela Alina Ifrim / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: cultural translation; literary translation; culture; globalisation;

Human experiences have always been shaped by language and culture; thus, when it comes to translations, it is difficult to understand and transfer/transmit experiences that take place within different systems of filters than our own reference system. Cultural translation, which encompasses a multitude of meanings (as it may be seen as questioning the traditional parameters of translation, as referring to practices of literary translation that mediate cultural differences or attempting to render an extensive cultural background or to simply represent, via translation, another culture) raises complex technical issues in terms of dialect, literary allusions and/or culturally specific items. Such is the case of Orwell’s essay England Your England. This paper sets forth to investigate the mediation of the cultural elements within the translation process of the text from English into Romanian.

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