-

Die Aufklärung des Volkes durch und über Wissenschaft

Author(s): Dieter Simon / Language(s): German / Issue: 19/1999

Keywords: Aufklärung des Volkes ; Aufklärung; Wissenschaft

Im Dezember 1999, als allenthalben die bevorstehende Millenniumswende Betrachtungen über Aufstieg und Niedergang hervortrieb wie ein warmer Frühlingshauch die ersten Blüten, diagnostizierte auch Michael Gibbons, der Generalsekretär der Association of Commonwealth Universities, einen .Untergang: den Untergang des bislang gültigen Gesellschaftsvertrags zwischen den Naturwissenschaften und der Allgemeinheit. Dieser social contract sei zusammengebrochen und müsse jetzt durch einen neuen Pakt ersetzt werden.

-

Mesomnesie - Plädoyer für ein mittleres Erinnern

Author(s): Timothy Garton Ash / Language(s): German / Issue: 22/2002

Keywords: Mesomnesie ; schwierigen Vergangenheit ; Apartheidregime

Wie soll man mit einer schwierigen Vergangenheit umgehen? Überall auf der Welt stehen Länder vor diesem Problem - Ostdeutschland und Polen nach dem Kommunismus, Südafrika nach dem Apartheidregime, Ruanda nach dem Völkermord, lateinamerikanische Staaten, die eine Militärdiktatur hinter sich haben, oder Serbien nach Milosevic. Inzwischen gibt es eine umfangreiche Literatur zu diesem Thema.1

To love God. John Paul II (1920-2005)

Gott zu lieben. Johannes Paul II (1920-2005)

Author(s): Krzysztof Michalski / Language(s): German / Issue: 29/2005

Keywords: John Paul II; Karol Woityła;

»Liebst du mich?«, fragte Christus, nach dem Evangelium des heiligen Johannes, im Fortgehen seinen Schüler Simon Petrus. »Liebst du mich?«, sagte Kardinal Wojtyła in der römischen Kirche des heiligen Stanislaus während der Messe für den eben verstorbenen Johannes Paul I, »das ist die einzige Frage, in deren Licht wir jedes Pontifikat und jede menschliche Angelegenheit betrachten müssen.« Ein paar Tage später wurde Kardinal Wojtyla zu Johannes Paul II gewählt. Wenn wir also seiner Aufforderung Folge leisten wollen, dann müssen wir auch sein Pontifikat im Licht dieser Frage betrachten. Nur: Was bedeutet das, »Gott zu lieben«?

The Orange Revolution

Die Orange Revolution

Author(s): Timothy Garton Ash,Timothy Snyder / Language(s): German / Issue: 29/2005

Keywords: Orange Revolution; Majdan; Ukranian emancipation:

Im vergangenen Herbst prägte sich die Ukraine zum ersten Mal in ihrer Geschichte im politischen Bewusstsein der Weltöffentlichkeit ein. In einer Volksbewegung, die als »Orange Revolution« bekannt wurde, versammelten sich auf dem Unabhängigkeitsplatz in Kiew bei frostigen Temperaturen große Menschenmassen, die orangefarbene Schals trugen, und forderten eine faire Präsidentschaftswahl. Sie haben gesiegt. Unter ihrem neuen Präsidenten Viktor Juschtschenko kann die Ukraine Kurs auf die von ihm und seinen Mitstreitern erhoffte funktionierende Demokratie und Marktwirtschaft auf rechtsstaatlicher Basis und auf eine Mitgliedschaft in der Europäischen Union nehmen.

Re: Birth of Ukraine

Re: Birth of Ukraine

Author(s): Yaroslav Hrytsak / Language(s): German / Issue: 29/2005

Keywords: Ukraine ; Ukrainian emancipation; Orange Revolution;

Gegen Mittag des 21. November 2004, es war Sonntag, brachte jemand auf die 49. Straße Eastside eine Bandura, und die Wähler, die da vor dem ukrainischen Konsulat in New York standen, stimmten ein Lied an. Eine ältere angelsächsische Lady, von der Sorte, die, hat sie einmal ein bestimmtes Alter erreicht, beinahe ewig lebt, ging über die Straße, blieb stehen und fragte, was da los sei. Wir antworteten: »Ukrainian elections«. Sie warf erst einen Blick auf uns, dann auf die Sänger, überlegte ein paar Sekunden und sagte dann: »No, I don't think so.« Und ging auf den nächsten Polizisten zu, um den zu befragen.

The Origin of Modern Ukraine - The Western Dimension

Die Entstehung der modernen Ukraine - die westliche Dimension

Author(s): Roman Szporluk / Language(s): German / Issue: 29/2005

Keywords: Modern Ukraine; History of Ukraine:

In den kommenden Jahren werden sich die politischen Beobachter mit Sicherheit der Frage widmen (und über sie streiten), welcher Stellenwert der »Orangen Revolution« für die postkommunistische Politik und Gesellschaft der Ukraine - und weit über sie hinaus - zukommt. Geleitet von ihrer jeweiligen Sicht auf »2004«, werden die Historiker die Geschichte der Ukraine neu interpretieren und schreiben. Damit bleiben sie einer bewährten akademischen Tradition treu: »1917« hat, wie man weiß, ganze Gelehrtengenerationen in Russland und im Westen dazu animiert, in der russischen Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts nach den Ursprüngen der bolschewistischen Revolution zu suchen - und sie zu finden.

The Kicevo Miscellany with “The Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle”

Кичевский сборник с „Болгарской апокрифической летописью“

Author(s): Anatolij Turilov / Language(s): Russian,Old Bulgarian / Issue: 4/1995

This article examines the early 17th century Serbian manuscript which contains the single copy of the Bulgarian historical-eschatologic treatise of the 11th century, the so-called “Bulgarian Apocryphal Chronicle” (State Historical Museum, Chludov, 123). After its publication by Serbian scholar L. Stojanović in 1890 all the efforts of other scientists to find this codex were in vain. So the author scrutinizes the dating and contents of the manuscript (with its detailed description), together with the circumstances of its creation and existence (especially at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century when its owner was the famous figure man of the beginning of national rendscence in Macedonia Kiril Peichinovich). Besides that the cause for the codex to be considered as lost is revealed.

Translation Peculiarities of the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel According to Manuscript F.I.461 of the Russian National Library, Saint-Petersburg

Преводачески особености в Книга на пророк Иезекиил по ръкопис F.I.461 от Руската национална библиотека

Author(s): Lora Taseva,Maria Yovčeva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/1995

The article examines the earliest extant Slavonic copy of the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel in the manuscript F. I. 461 of the Russian National Library in Saint-Petersburg. The main attention is focused on the Slavonic language means of transferring specific Greek constructions and on the choice of lexical variants. The comparison of this text with translations of biblical books, mainly of the prophets and of the New Testament, indicate a close connection of the examined version with those liturgical and nonliturgical texts translated or revised in Preslav.

Traces of Translation Done by Methodius in the Biblical Book of Genesis

Следи от Методиев превод на библейската книга Битие

Author(s): Tatyana Slavova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/1995

The article studies the text of the biblical book of Genesis through five South Slavonic and two Russian full copies deriving from a common ancient protograph. The ancient nature of the latter is attested by the preserved Glagolithic traces as well as by the numerous phonetic mistakes made in the translation from Greek into Slavonic. Traces of the same protograph can also be observed in the non-liturgical books of Genesis in the Croatian breviaries and missals. The liturgical part of these manuscripts has been taken directly from the Prophetologion, while the non-liturgical part seems to be quite close in lexical terms to the Prophetologion translated by Cyril and Methodius. When examined as a complicated process all this allows us to come up with the hypothesis that the above-mentioned copies have retained traces of an old translation done by Methodius of the non-liturgical part of the biblical book of Genesis.

Наименованието оирканиа в Светославовия изборник от 1073 година

Наименованието оирканиа в Светославовия изборник от 1073 година

Author(s): Krassimira Kostova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/1995

The denominations оирканиа and о оиркане in Svyatoslav Izbornik of 1073 on the basis of the denominations Dat. PI. парѳомъ, мидомъ, перьсомъ, вахътомъ, маргомъ can be connected with the ancient East-Iranian country Ύρκανία, Hyrcana Organa. Information on the country Ύρκανία is provided in the works of Xenophon, Herodotus, Strabo, Plinius Secundus, Claudius Ptolemaeus, in the Old Iranian book Avesta, in the works of the Arab geographers, in the historical chronicles of the medieval missionaries and others. The name Όργανα in the Greek sources can be explained as eponym (a name Όργανα is not found in the List of the Proto-Bulgarian khans). An assumption is made that the name' Οργανα also denotes the country which was ruled by the ruler Οργανα as Bulgarius in some chronicles is the name of Asparuh, the ruler о Bulgaria.а

The Ideological Context of the Frescoes of the “Forty Holy Martyrs” Church in Veliko Turnovo

Към идейно-съдържателния контекст на стенописите от църквата „Св. Четиридесет мъченици“ във Велико Търново

Author(s): Biserka Penkova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/1995

The article examines the fragments of paintings on the eastern wall of the westernmost annex (the so-called mausoleum) of the "Holy Forty Martyrs" Church in Veliko Turnovo. The state of the preserved fragments and the ideological programme which links them indicate that they were not placed on an open facade, as is accepted in the existing literature but were part of the ornamentation of a more or less open external narthex. The leading Eucharistic idea in the iconographic programme of the wall-paintings is considered in connection with the service practice in the western parts of the Byzantine monasterial shrines of that time. The frescoes of the Turnovo church are some of the earliest preserved examples in Byzantine art of such a wide representation of the monastic themes in narthex wall decoration. A new interpretation is given in the article of the fresco in the lunette over a door as illustration of "The Vision of Procles" from the Life of John Chrysostom.

The Murals of the First Painted Layer in “St. George” Church in Sofia

Стенописите от първия стенописен слой в църквата „Св. Георги“ в София

Author(s): Irina Kandarasheva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/1995

In the church-rotunda of St. George in Sofia, which originally was a late Roman building, there are three layers of fragmentary preserved medieval mural paintings. The subject of this article is the most ancient among these frescoes, consisting of a frieze of sixteen prophets located between the eight windows of the drum. Only three figures of this frieze survived. The most interesting is the upper frieze situated in the space between the drum and the summit of the dome, including fragmets of eight flying angels. The painting of these figures is of remarkable quality, as one can see in the only surviving head from the fireze. This article situates the oldest medieval layer of frescoes, mainly the angel frieze, in the iconographical and stylistic context of the middle-Byzantine monumental painting. On the bases of iconographical analogies it is proposed that in the dome an image of the half-length Pantocrator was situated. The unique character of the angel fieze can be explained by a scheme transitional from the dome composition of the Ascension of Christ to the iconographical program of Pantocrator, which became popular in Byzantium in the period after the Iconoclasm. Certain liturgical indications connect this type with a symbolic image of the Second Coming of God. The stylistic analysis allows to date the first layer of frescoes in the church of St. George at Sofia to the first half of the 11th century.

Otnovo za bronzovata sedmolacha rozeta ot Pliska

Отново за бронзовата седмолъча розета от Плиска

Author(s): Dimitar Ovcharov / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/1995

Novo izdanie na glagolicheski missal

Ново издание на глаголически мисал

Author(s): Margaret Dimitrova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/1995

Cenen izvor za istorijata na russkia i balgarskia ezik

Ценен извор за историята на руския и българския език

Author(s): Veselka Zheljazkova / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/1995

Lidia Petrovna Zhukovskaja

Лидия Петровна Жуковска

Author(s): Leshek Moshinski / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 4/1995

Pension fund participants and fund managing company shareholder relations in Lithuania second pillar pension funds.

Pension fund participants and fund managing company shareholder relations in Lithuania second pillar pension funds.

Author(s): Artūras Balkevičius,Mindaugas Strumskis / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Keywords: Pension fund; Pension fund management; Corporate governance;

Results achieved by the pension fund depend on how well they are managed or more specifically – on whether all decisions taken by the management are in favour of the fund participants. The goal of this paper is to examine how to harmonize interests of second pillar pension fund participants and fund managing company shareholders. An interview with executives of all pension funds managing companies was performed twice – in 2011 and 2016. The answers allow to make conclusions about possible conflict of interest in pension fund management and measures taken by the companies and the state to minimize the risk. A survey of 507 pension fund participants was performed in order to obtain information on participants’ attitude and expectations. Despite the fact that most of participants are dissatisfied with the pension fund performance results, they would not agree to allocate additional resources to hire more competent managers. To protect the interests of pension fund participants the stability of the pension accumulation system as a whole must be ensured. Also it is important to promote mutual confidence of all interested parties, to provide participants with easily understandable information, reflecting real performance results.

Improvement of customs statistics in Georgia.

Improvement of customs statistics in Georgia.

Author(s): Nino Abesadze,Meri Daushvili / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Keywords: Statistics; Customs; Method; Registration; Problems;

Purpose of the article: Purpose of the present article is to identify drawbacks in the field of customs statistics of Georgia and to formulate concrete steps for their correction. Methodology/methods: The methods of induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, statistical observation and grouping have been used in the research process. The aim of the scientific work is to determine the principles for improving the statistical registration of commodity at the customs in Georgia. Results: Countries of origin are not yet completely reflected in the cargo-customs declaration at the Georgian customs; the field “means of transport at the border” in the cargo-customs declaration is not filled in; data on estimated market value of the means of transport in the databases of Service Agency of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia is not complete; detailed coding of imported vehicles is carried out incorrectly; the simplified customs declarations are not completely filled in with reference to countries, 11-digit item coding and value. In terms of registration, certain problems are caused by the fact that a sender and a country of final destination are not always filled out in the declaration. Problems exist in producing foreign trade price indices, the issue being that he information on foreign trade statistics is classified according to the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System while price indices are calculated according to the classification of types of economic activity on the 4-digit level; in filling in declarations there are frequent errors related to registration of commodity code, weight and additional units of measurement. Conclusions: Empirical data related to production of Foreign Trade Statistics are characterized with certain errors, as a part of foreign trade operations remains unregistered. It means that registered value of exports and imports does not fully correspond to the value of actual flows.

Migration aspirations & decisions: A comparative study of Turkey and Ukraine.

Migration aspirations & decisions: A comparative study of Turkey and Ukraine.

Author(s): Wadim Strielkowski,Yuriy Bilan / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Keywords: International migration; EU enlargement; Intellectual economies; Turkey; Ukraine; European Union;

Our paper analyses the intellectual perspectives of international migration based on its biases and underdeveloped aspects. We employ the empirical data from the survey questionnaire conducted in Turkey and Ukraine within the framework of the EU-funded EUMAGINE project with over 8.000 respondents. The aim of the research was to determine how Europe is perceived from outside the EU, and how these perceptions affect migration aspirations and decisions of potential migrants. We assess the impact of demographic, structural and socio-cultural determinants of migration expectations, and draw the prospects for future studies on non-economic determinants of external migration. Our main findings show that potential migrants can be divided into two streams of “euro-optimists” and “euro-pessimists” depending on such factors as social background, human and intellectual characteristics as well as other factors.

Comparative analysis of bureaux de change and official exchange rates volatility in Nigeria.

Comparative analysis of bureaux de change and official exchange rates volatility in Nigeria.

Author(s): Emenike Kalu O. / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2016

Keywords: Volatility comparison; Exchange rates; Cureaux de change; GARCH models; Nigeria;

Exchange rates stability is an important monetary policy target. Hence monetary authorities aim at avoiding wide diver- gence between the official exchange rate and parallel exchange rates in most developing economies. This paper employs GARCH (1,1) and GJR-GARCH (1,1) models to estimate and compare volatilities of official, interbank, and bureaux de change markets Naira/US$ exchange rates for the January 1995–December 2014 period. The results of the study show that the volatilities of interbank and bureaux de change exchange rates in the previous periods influence current volatility of ex- change rates. The results also show evidence of volatility clustering in the interbank market and bureaux de change Naira/US$ exchange rates. Sum of the ARCH and GARCH coefficients indicates evidence of volatility persistence in the exchange rates returns series. Comparative analysis between the exchange rates volatilities shows that the magnitude of impact of volatil- ity shocks on current volatility as well as volatility clustering are greater in bureaux de change than in other exchange rates in Nigeria. The asymmetric parameter indicates that exchange rates depreciation tends to produce higher volatility in the immediate future than appreciation of the same magnitude in both the interbank and bureaux de change markets in Nigeria.