Keywords: loan translation; calque; cross-linguistic influence; language contact; translation; second language learning; bilingual processing;
This article provides a review of loan translations as a language contact phenomenon from the perspectives of contact linguistics, second language acquisition (SLA) research and translation studies (TS). We discuss both similarities and differences in the ways in which loan translations are conceptualized across these three disciplines. The discussion highlights a common cognitive basis underlying bilingual language use, SLA and translation, while at the same time the prevailing attitudes to loan translations in these disciplines reveal differing underlying ideologies. This study is a contribution towards broadening the scope of language contact studies to cover related disciplines that examine similar phenomena.
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The contemporary trans-border world has drastically changed our understanding of communication and socialization. Language environments have expanded into the virtual spheres and the major share of communication is performed on the Web. In terms of mobility and, in the first place, transnationalism, this means the substitution of traditional places of socialising (e.g. community evenings, cultural and club activity in native language, etc.), or, at the same time, participating in internet environments. Similarly, the main communication places of Estonian-speakers in Finland are the numerous virtual networks, of which there exist a couple dozen on Facebook, with the biggest comprising approx. 30,000 members. According to Statistics Finland, there are 48,087 people in Finland whose mother tongue is Estonian. In comparison, shortly aft er Estonia gained its independence this figure was 1,394; by the new millennium it had risen to 10,176, climbing further to 28,493 by 2009. The size of the Estonian-speaking population in Finland was impacted by Estonia’s entry into the European Union in 2004 and the state of the Estonian labour market. The present article concerns itself with code-switching functions in written communication in a Facebook group produced by Estonian-speakers in Finland. Th e data include postings of the group members during the period June 2015 to April 2016. The data are comprised of 421 texts. Th e group surveyed includes young adults, most of whom speak Estonian as their mother tongue, and many also speak Russian or Finnish. Although the background of the group studied is largely heterogeneous, they are, however, united. The multiple faces of Estonian-Finnish code-switching seen by their shared experiences in recent years and a common language and cultural background. Their initial contacts with the Finnish language mainly occurred in adulthood; therefore, their Finnish language skills are asymmetric. Based on the results of this study on code-switching in written communication, one may make the following conclusions: The use of Finnish in conversations include functionality, references to the conversation’s context, being speaker’s identity marker and, furthermore, a marker of intragroup boundaries. In multi-language communication situations, code-switching acts as a device which carries, transfers, produces and reproduces meaning. At the same time, code-switching means speaking in many voices, whereby the different speakers’ cultural-language experiences converge. In the case of the respondents one may say that their code-switching is an accepted mode of linguistic behaviour, and the use of code-switching is a norm, even in situations where the speaker(s) in question has/have only minimal knowledge of Finnish. On the other hand, there is a noticeable variation in the written communication of the informants, and the use of the Finnish language is one means for the group members to position themselves and demonstrate their status. It may also be viewed as an apparatus of power, as well as a means to distinguish themselves from the Estonian-speakers who reside on the other side of the Gulf of Finland).
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Keywords: Romani linguistics; language contact; language change; Estonian Romani; Latvian Romani;
The Estonian Lotfitka dialect is a Romani dialect whose speakers have migrated from Latvia to Estonia. This article provides an overview of the recent and current contact languages of the Estonian Lotfitka dialect – Latvian, Russian and Estonian – and draws attention to some of the contact-induced language changes. To provide a comprehensive insight into the intensity and scope of borrowing I have applied Thomason and Kaufman’s borrowing scale to categorize the contact languages. The relevant features behind the contact-induced changes that appear in Estonian Lotfitka dialect are listed.
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This paper examines the code-switching of verbs in the speech of two children bilingual in Estonian and English (aged 3 to 7). Verbs typically have lower rates of code-switching than nouns, due to their central role in argument structure, lower semantic specificity, and greater morphological complexity. The data examined here show various types of morphological mixing, and include examples which violate the prediction from the literature that only finite verbs bear inflectional morphology from the other language, suggesting that children do not adhere to the same constraints as adults when code-switching.
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Keywords: multiplicity distribution; heavy ion collisions; quark gluon plasma (QGP) formation;
In the present articles an attempt has been made for the determination of multiplicity distributions of the secondary charged particles produced in the central region of relativistic heavy ion collisions. Due to sophisticated measurement in the nuclear emulsion experiment only some particles having special criteria could be selected as central collision events with consenting accuracy.
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Keywords: creation ex nihilo; unifying ‘spirit’; Deus odiosus; rationes seminales; God’s Particle; preexisting matter; omnipresence;
The link between seen and unseen, matter and spirit, flesh and soul was always presumed, but never clarified enough, leaving room for debates and mostly controversies between the scientific domains and theologies of a different type; how could God, who is immaterial, have created the material world? Therefore, the logic of obtaining a result on this concern (would be) is first to see how religions have always seen the ratio between divinity and matter/universe. In this part, the idea of a world personality is implied by many, so that nature itself was transformed into a person ; others have seen within the universe/the world a Spirit ruling all, connecting all and bending all to God’s commands. In a way or another, every culture has gifted the universe/nature with the capability of ruling all, seeing everything and controlling, even determining facts by connecting all together with a Great Spirit. What is this Great Spirit of all and where it resides? With the analogy of human body in relation to his Spirit we will try to figure out a place or vehicle for the Spirit to dwell the body, and the Great Spirit the matter. The Christianity names this linkage between God and matter as ‘the (un)created grace of God’, which indwells matter and helps the Creator move and transform things. Is there any scientific argument to sustain such assertion? Can we argue somehow that God’s voice makes matter vibrate from within the way it can recombine primer elements into giant stars to the human body? If so, what should be the ratio between theology and science on this issue and with these assertions? How could God command to matter to bring things and beings out of it and what were the material leverages that was supposed to be operated to accomplish His will? However, if we can assume that God resides in the universe – as a whole, His body, or as in its very fabric – can we also figure out how is this even possible, without transforming our explanation into a pantheistic and immanent exclusive one? Through these ‘divine leverages within matter’ theory, there is no need for questioning evolutionism, creationism, pantheism, deism and many other cosmological hypotheses any longer.
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Keywords: multiplicity distribution; heavy ion collisions; quark gluon plasma (QGP) formation;
An attempt has been made for the study of multiparticle production due to the collisions of 28Si and 12C projectiles with nuclear emulsion nuclei (target) at an energy of 4.5A GeV/c. Here we have studied the integral multiplicity distribution; total multiplicity charged distributions and our findings had been found in good agreement with the other works in the field of experimental high energy physics. Moreover, finally, we discussed the multiplicity correlations in terms of on Charge/Projectile (Q/Zbeam).
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Keywords: war; priests; front; Romanians; army; trenches; propaganda;
Unlike the World War II which brought a series of ideologies, such as Nazism and communism as reasons of outbreak, the World War I used religious themes in its propagandistic message, namely the idea to defend the homeland and faith. Religion was present in the propaganda promoted on the fronts of the Great War, and the military clergy – Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox – supported it. The military clergy have morally supported the soldiers in the trenches, most of them coming from the peasantry and labor still attached to the Christian values. This study is trying to present the efforts of the Romanian military priests enrolled in the Austro-Hungarian and Romanian armies for spiritually helping the Romanian militaries.
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Keywords: funerary monument; funerary marking; dogmas; social indicator; identity; cemetery; necropolis;
Religion and society are landmarks for the human existence, the culture from an anthropological perspective and the history as we know it. With its monuments, the funerary space plays the role of reflecting the identity of the interred people, an identity that cannot deny a certain type of relation with religion and society. From the state of belonging to repudiation or to reinterpretations and laicization, the cemetery is a witness of our existence. The cemetery is an architectural space that is born and never dies, a timeless space, a space of the overlays and memory.
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Keywords: science; theology; attitude; surrational; platonism; machine; self-reference;
The Holy Eucharist is the Secret of our union and bringing up in Christ until we resemble Him. The receiving of this Holy Eucharist is not conditioned by time or by certain holidays, but by the moral worthiness of the one who receives it, worthiness that is won through inner purification of thoughts and unclean desires, through the deliverance from lusts and meanness, through sincere confession and true repentance. The Church’s discipline connected to the Communion with the Holy Secrets imposes, thus, a cleaning of the heart and a limitless endeavourment for moral improvement, before and after the receiving of the Holy Eucharist, in order to make as fruitful as possible inside us the honest and precious gem of Christ. Thus, not the rare and not the frequent receiving of the Eucharist help us achieve salvation, but the preparation of the soul with which we welcome Christ, The One that comes down into the secret of our souls in order to clean the sin within us and to live forever with Him.
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Keywords: Adam and Eve; Creation vs. Evolution; Biblical Flood; Paleolithic; Mesolithic; Neolithic; Homo sapiens; Ancient Civilizations; Apocrypha; Lost Books of the Bible; The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha;
Inherent in the Creation (“Intelligent Design”) versus the Theory of Evolution (“natural selection”) War, is the scientific belief in the millennia-long “evolution” of humankind, versus the Christian belief in the creation of the Biblical Adam and Eve circa 7,700 B.C. This article shows that there is no such thing as an “evolution” of Earth’s life forms. Over the course of millions of years, God created then, re-designed all Earth’s life forms in successive stages, which accounts for the non-linear progression of said forms and particularly of humanoids. Integrating Mitochondria DNA and archaeological evidence with Judeo-Christian and extra-Biblical texts, shows that after God created then re-designed pre-Adamic humans, He created the Biblical Adam and Eve circa 9,700 years ago during the Mesolithic Period as prototypes for present-day man. Moreover, archaeological evidence, plus Judeo-Christian and extra-Biblical texts suggest that Eve and Adam co-existed with Homo sapiens during the Mesolithic/Neolithic Periods.
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Keywords: national identification; legitimization;public policy; quality of government; public goods;
This article studies the relationship between various dimensions of the legitimization of a political system and national identification. The analysis presented here assumes that the emotional attitudes that link people to their place of residence are conditional. The way the state performs its functions should determine how, and to what extent, such attitudes prevail. The hypothesis suggests that a positive evaluation of government policy enhances identification with the state. An empirical study using data from fourteen post-communist countries provides the basis for accepting a considerable part of the hypothesis. People’s evaluation of social policy, of democracy as a system, and their confidence in public institutions, are of central importance for identification. A separate analysis for Poland shows how perceptions of citizens’ equality before the law have a significant impact on national identification.
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Keywords: classical categories of political and legal thought; qualitative research; individual; society; political power.;
This article establishes how ordinary people understand classical categories of political thought. By interpreting qualitative data, we show how contemporary Polish society conceives such fundamental concepts of political philosophy as ‘the individual,’ ‘society,’ and ‘the state.’ Finally, we point out the implications of our findings for political science and political sociology, especially in regard to popular political culture.
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Keywords: public sphere; pathogenesis; intelligentsia; masses; the 1905 Revolution
In this paper we analyze the nascent years of the Polish public sphere during the years before and after the 1905 Revolution. We assert that it was a moment of clash between, on the one hand, the intelligentsia and its de facto bourgeois vision of politics, and on the other a rising proletarian counter-public. The popular unrest initiated a massive upsurge of workers into the process of mass politics. As we argue, this situation shocked the elites, attached to their utopian vision of the Polish people, “enlightened” from above by the intelligentsia. Consequently, their reaction was ambivalent, if not reluctant. The intelligentsia’s attitude was growingly tainted with a conservative fear of the masses, which inhibited the development of plebeian constituencies and forms of political articulation. This posed a cornerstone for the future layering of the public sphere, leading to what we call its pathogenesis. It produced outcomes lasting for years, as well as a general contempt towards democratic demands resulting in the impossibility of collective bargaining about popular economic interests.
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Keywords: gender; dicursive practices; Roman Catholic Church; social institution; agency
In this article I analyze discursive practices that serve to reproduce models of femininity and that are adopted by lay women employed in central Church organizations, including in diocesan chanceries and ecclesiastical courts. The key discursive practice is dissociation, which excludes women from various institutional orders of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, keeping them in their place in the hierarchy, and sanctioning non-normative gender models.Drawing on integration theories of gender and new institutionalism in sociology, I depart in this article from individualist and identity views of gender. I consider this category as a social institution, that is, as the social rules, both formal and informal, that restrict and liberate human action and are reproduced and transformed in social practices as a result of human agency.My article is based on 31 in-depth interviews which I conducted with lay women working in administrative and evangelizing organizations of the Church in Poland.
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Keywords: practice theory; money; household; financial arrangement; household order
Based on ethnographic research in 28 young middle-class households in Warsaw, this paper examines the money practices of couples living together, including how they set rules for budgeting, spending, and saving money. Drawing from practice theory and working with evidence gathered among young Poles, the paper shows how the couples jointly create a financial arrangement and then ground it in daily practices, transform it, and adjust it to changing circumstances. As the partners share a practical understanding and the rules are intelligible to each of them, this arrangement reflects the current order in the given household. By reconstructing the explicit or tacit beliefs as to why certain money practices are appropriate, desirable, acceptable, or completely inadmissible, this paper argues that everyday money practices are moral in nature and that a financial arrangement requires moral justification.
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Keywords: rationalization; emotions; anti-consumption; consumerism; minimalism; blogosphere
In this paper, we focus on consumption practices reflected on blogs of Polish minimalists. We analyzed 16 top blogs of the minimalists present in the Polish blogosphere. The objective of the minimalists is to consume less and live simple life without the excess of material objects. We studied the instructions of everyday conduct which the minimalists give on their blogs, as well as the meanings they assign to their practices: their personal stories of becoming a minimalist and statements of their values. The authors belong to one generation—their childhood took place in the times of the shortage economy in the 1980s. This influenced the whole trajectory of their lives and their consumer choices.To interpret their practices we use the categories of rationalization of Max Weber and modern hedonism of Colin Campbell. It appears that minimalists strive for reaching certain emotional states, e.g. peace and wellbeing they imagine, in line with the theory of modern hedonism. A path to those emotional states consists of rationalization of all the temporary, impulse-based pleasures and control over emotions involved in consumption.
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Keywords: in vitro fertilization; infertility; sin; NaPro technology; medical conscience clause; moral appraisals
This article presents an analysis of the views and opinions of secondary school students in Kalisz and university students in Poznań in regard to in vitro fertilization and its use by infertile couples. The basis for the analysis is sociological research conducted in the years 2007 and 2011 among 456 secondary school students and 426 university students.
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Keywords: Actor-Network Theory (ANT); Polish Popular Music; Record Production; Sound Recording
When recorded Polish popular music between 1960 and 1989 is compared to music from the USA and Western Europe, there is a striking difference in the sound of the productions. A positivist narration of these differences might characterize them as being more ‘advanced’: of using newer technologies and the techniques that grew out of them. This article aims to look deeper into these musical and sonic differences and to explore how economic and technological factors affected these differences through a variety of social mechanisms. While a particular set of working practices and value judgments about those practices can be seen to have been maintained by these factors, the article will also look at how that caused a different set of musical and sonic developments.By employing Actor Network Theory underpinned by the ecological approach to perception and embodied cognition, the way that occupational and social roles evolved in Poland’s music industry during this period will be examined. Although the lack of availability of new recording and instrument technologies was important, it will also be seen that by channeling musical creativity in different directions when the new technological options weren’t open, Polish popular music developed differently rather than simply belatedly.
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