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Pathways to independence: How autonomy develops with identity

Cesty k nezávislosti: Jak se vyvíjí autonomie s identitou

Author(s): Stanislav Ježek,Petr Macek,Ondřej Bouša / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Independence; autonomy; identity; decision-making; life goals; developmental psychology;

Dospělost je v mnoha ohledech spjata se schopností samostatně se rozhodovat, spolehnout se na sebe a svůj úsudek, s přijetím zodpovědnosti za své chování, rozhodnutí, postoje a přesvědčení. Trochu nadneseně řečeno, být dospělý znamená přijmout autorství vlastních činů, činit důležitá rozhodnutí, z nichž některá mají celoživotní dopad, a přijímat zodpovědnosti a závazky, které z nich vyplývají. Z jiného úhlu pohledu to také znamená uvažovat o sobě samém a o svém životě v dlouhodobější perspektivě, mít své osobní plány a cíle — co považuji ve svém životě za důležité a k čemu chci směřovat. Z pohledu vývojové psychologie se tu propojují dvě ústřední témata (či vývojové úkoly), které vstup do dospělosti definují: téma autonomie a identity.

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Parents and their (non)adult children: What do relationships and life look like in families during their twenties?

Rodiče a jejich (ne)dospělé děti: Jak vypadají vztahy a život v rodinách s dvacátníky?

Author(s): Petr Macek,Lucie Lomičová,Lenka Lacinová,Ivana Dvořáková,Tomotaka Umemura / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Family; parents; immature children; family relationship; twenties; young people; role-model;

Vztahy s rodiči a vztahy v rodině mají pro mladé lidi nepochybně zásadní vliv na cestu do jejich vlastní dospělosti. Jedná se přitom jak o aktuální vztahy v období vynořující se dospělosti, tak rovněž o dlouhodobou zkušenost z předchozího vývoje. Rodiče bývají obvykle těmi nej bližšími lidmi, od nichž se už od prvních let života dítě bezděčně i záměrně učí, jak se dospělý člověk chová, jaké na sebe bere role, za co si bere zodpovědnost, jaké normy a hodnoty jsou v jeho životě důležité, co činí dospělého šťastným a spokojeným či naopak nešťastným a zklamaným. Přes zjevnou důležitost rodičů se jim jejich dospívající děti na cestě do dospělosti na určitou dobu pocitově a mentálně spíše vzdalují, ve snaze nalézt a naplnit svou novou identitu jako dospělého člověka. Tento proces vnějšího a vnitřního odpoutávání od rodičů však neznamená ztrátu vztahů, respektive snížení hodnoty či kvality vztahů s nimi.

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Public Sector Reform: Which Way are We Headed? An Overview of Recent Literature and Research

Author(s): Juraj Nemec,Michiel de Vries / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Public sector reforms; New Public Management; public sector internal and external working; Neo-Weberian state;

This paper investigates recent literature and research on public sector reform and aims to answer the question to what degree public administration systems and reformsare still influenced by recommendations flowing from the NPM tradition. This paper distinguishes two dimensions of NPM: the internal and external workings of government. Whereas American scholars such as Osborne and Gaebler wanted primarily to improve the way government works vis-à-vis society, which would in their view only be possible if the public sector would withdraw and leave service delivery to the private sector, European scholars like Hood emphasized the meaning of NPM as a set of recommendations in order to make the public sector better organized and managed internally.

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Decentralized Punishments in Fighting Corruption: Experimental Evidence from Czech Republic

Author(s): Jiří Špalek,Zuzana Berná / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Experiment; corruption; punishment;

The paper presents possibilities and limits of introducing experimental methods in measuring propensity to engage in and punish corrupt behavior. We are inspired by results of the multicultural experiments run to date. Our experiment is inspired by Cameron et al (2009), which took place in Australia, Indonesia, India and Singapore. It takes a form of a simple sequential game in which three players are involved. The decision of each player has an impact on the behavior and profit of the other players. Results of the experiment are in line with results of replicated experiment. We found several differences between the behavior of the Czech and Slovak participants. Particularly, the Czechs seem to be less tolerant to corruption behavior they witness.

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Impact of Structures Based on Mutual Cover-up on the Course of Public Sector Reforms in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Radim Valenčík,Michal Blahout / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Game theory; contextual games; public sector; reforms; structures based on mutual cover-up;

While implementing reforms in the above areas, individual countries are confronted not only with conflicts of interest between various interest groups but also with attempts at misusing the reforms for the benefit of private lobbies. This is where science should tackle the important task of developing and using appropriate instruments to conduct a theoretical analysis of the issue. Certain private entities successfully influenced the legislative process. Powerful interest groups were able to enforce their objectives at all levels of the legislative process.

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Measurement of Performance of Municipal Waste Management System in the Czech Republic

Author(s): JIŘÍ HŘEBÍČEK,JIŘÍ KALINA,František PILIAR / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Waste management; integrated waste management system (IWMS); municipal waste management system (MWMS); performance indicators; mathematical processing;

The developed methodology for measurement of the performance of a municipal waste management system (MWMS) is introduced in the paper. It aims to measure an efficiency of regional integrated waste management system (IWMS) for municipalities. The set of standard indicators of Waste Management Plan of the Czech Republic for 2003–2013 (WMP) was extended by specific developed indicators, directly evaluating individual elements and effects of the regional IWMS. The paper introduces and shortly describes thirty nine certified indicators for the measurement of the performance of MWMS. They are divided into three groups and the methods of their determination were introduced on samples of chosen indicators.

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Evaluating the Performance of Clusters with Focus on Czech Stone Cluster

Author(s): Petra MAREŠOVÁ / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Cluster; performance; case study; Czech Stone cluster;

One of the fundamental objectives of the European Union is to increase the competitiveness of all Member States and regions. Support from European funds is also focused on the establishment and development of clusters. Even in the Czech Republic, in recent years many groups were established many groups which call themselves clusters. Indeed, given the fact that this phenomenon is still quite new in the conditions of the Czech Republic, it is necessary to pay attention to different methods and measurements of the clusters performance, respectively whether these groups actually have a positive impact on the competitiveness of the region in which it occurs.

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Politically Appointed Positions in Slovak Local State Administration Changes and Tendencies

Author(s): Miroslav Beblavý,Darina ONDRUŠOVÁ / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Politically appointed top positions; changes in legal framework; local state administration; Slovakia;

This paper focuses on changes over time in number of politically appointed top positions in Slovak local state administration. Political appointments to top positions contrary to advertised competition can be seen as one of the most important dimensions of politicisation (see Peters and Pierre, 2004). In Slovakia, several dramatic changes have occured in local state administration since 1993, e.g. integration in 1996, fragmentation in 2004.

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Management by Objectives in the Czech Public Administration

Author(s): Jana DRAHOŠOVÁ,Jiří Novosák,Oldřich HÁJEK,Milan Půček / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: New Public Management; performance management; Balanced Scorecard (BSC); management by objectives (MbO); Smart Administration;

Various forms of New Public Management (only NPM hereafter) have been implemented in the Czech public administration so far. Not surprisingly, a number of authors, such as Ochrana, Němec, Potůček, Rektořík, Široký, Rumpel, Půček, Špaček and others, described the methods and case studies related to NPM. The paper describes approach to the performance management in terms of NPM. There are many factors which contribute to the implementation process of the performance management related to NPM. These factors include, among others, (1) the Law on Financial Control, (2) the Regulation no. 415/2008 on Goal Oriented Budgeting, (3) the Strategy on Smart Administration Implementation, and (4) the government order has enabled to implement the principles of competence management since 2011.

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System Dynamics as Method for Evaluation of Development Activities of Municipalities

Author(s): Martin Sobotka / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Municipality; development; factors of development; system dynamics;

The paper deals with the classification of main factors of municipal development. The impacts of mentioned factors on the development of municipalities are not unified. In real the factors influence the incidence of other factors. The solution for evaluation of impacts of development activities may be the method of system dynamics. The ability to search many mutual relations and feedbacks is the main contribution of this method. This method uses for capture of these situations the Figureical display of the model in form of stock and flow Figures and causal loops Figures. It is possible to simulate the created model after substitution of mathematical equations which capture the relation among partial magnitudes. The interception of development of municipality is the solution of this method.

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An Approach to the Analysis of Current Municipal Waste Expenditures Efficiency Based on the Determination of „Minimal Value“

Author(s): Michal Struk,Jana Soukopová / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Municipal waste; expenditures; efficiency;

The paper presents results of research into municipal waste treatment expenditures efficiency in the Czech Republic. In this paper we construct a method for current municipal waste expenditures efficiency analysis which, based on inputted variables, calculates “minimal value” of expenditures per municipal waste ton that municipality should spend.

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Approaches to E-Government Evaluation: Potential and Limitations

Author(s): David Špaček / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: E-government evaluation; e-government management; public management;

E-government has been considered as important instrument for innovations in public administration. As such it represents a specific object of research of which evaluation has become a separated part that has brought discussions about rationality, efficiency and quality of electronic public services. The paper discusses potential and limitations of up-to-now approaches to e-government evaluation (methodologies of economic analyses approaches to e-service quality, international statistic measurement framework and frameworks of international e-government benchmarking) and outlines how they can be combined in order to improve e-government evaluation.

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Budget Transparency and Fiscal Performance: Does Transparency Matter?

Author(s): Jakub Haas,Lucie SEDMIHRADSKÁ / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Budget transparency; fiscal performance; Open Budget Index;

Existing published research of the relationship between budget transparency and fiscal performance confirms the expectations that higher budget transparency is associated with smaller budget deficits and lower public debt. However, our previous research did not bring such clear results and raised a fundamental question: Why should greater transparency improve fiscal performance? The objective of the proposed paper is to evaluate the relationship between budget transparency and fiscal performance.

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Variability of VAT Rates

Author(s): Tereza ŠINKYŘÍKOVÁ / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Variability; standard rate; reduced rate; value added tax; tax harmonization;

Value added tax is harmonized; tax collection mechanism, tax base, the functioning principle, tax rates issues, everything is regulated by Directives, issued by the European Commission, where the most relevant is the Directive 2006/112/ES which regulates minimum rates, not rate brackets, so the differences in tax rates between Member States still persist.

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New Conditions of Municipal Financial Management

Author(s): Petr TOMÁNEK / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Municipality; tax assignment; criterion; population;

Within the frame of municipal financial management in the Czech Republic, there has been perceived an issue of sharing taxes by municipalities for a long time. There are significant differences in tax revenues between small and large municipalities. These differences should be reduced by the oncoming change of the Act on Budgetary Allocation of Taxes. The prepared change of rules and criteria of tax assignment creates new conditions of municipal financial management. These are not only expressed by the new rules but it is also necessary to monitor the wider context of proposed changes which can be presented, for example, by the change of structure of municipal revenues etc.

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Effect of Changes in Taxes and Benefits on Redistribution in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Jan Pavel,Leoš Vitek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Czech Republic; redistribution; social benefits; tax reforms;

The Czech Republic has over the past decade carried out two waves of tax and benefit reforms. The first one took place in 2005–2006 during the left-wing government and the second one has been carried out in 2008 by the right-wing government. Using EU-SILC data for selected types of households, the paper assesses changes in the distribution of gross incomes and effects of the changes in taxes and benefits on the distribution of incomes after taxes and a provision of social benefits. The analysis is performed using Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients. The results show that the tax system changes the distribution of incomes significantly less than benefit systems.

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Public and Private Pensions: A Competitive Approach

Author(s): Jaroslav Vostatek / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Old-age pensions; public pensions; private pensions; defined contribution products;

The paper concentrates on the first, second and third pension pillars according to the World Bank classification – in these pillars there are products which may compete in the effectiveness. No attention is paid to the zero, solidarity pillar. The neoliberal approaches justified in the first period the full privatization of public pensions beyond the solidarity pillar and later the transition to a half privatization under the catchword of diversification. The neoliberal theory has lead to a development of the NDC and FDC social insurance products, which are, as for the effects for clients, directly comparableto the private FDC products. Under comparable conditions the basic and supplementary social insurances are more favourable than mandatory private insurance and subsidized voluntary private insurance.

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Development of Social Insurance Revenues in the Czech Republic

Author(s): Ondřej Bayer / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Social security; personal income tax; regression analysis;

The paper analyses income development from social security insurance premia in the Czech Republic from the perspective of a macroeconomic modelling, and discusses its development with respect to the development of personal income taxes. The presumption is that premia development should follow the development of revenues from the personal income tax. The main method chosen for the analysis is a formation of regression models, by use of which are identified the main explanatory macro indicators; another applied method is the Figureical analysis of monitored variables.

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Financial Affordability of Housing in the Czech Republic (1991-2009) with Focus on Social Inequalities

Author(s): Petr Sunega,Tomáš Katrňák,Tomáš Dvořák / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Financial affordability of housing; social inequalities; rental housing sector; housing finance;

The aim is to analyze the issue of financial affordability of housing in the Czech Republic. First, focus will be the development in financial affordability of rental housing from 1991 to 2009. The analysis focuses not only on general trends in household expenditures, but also on housing expenditures of various social groups. When analyzing the burden of housing expenditures of different social groups, we claim it is essential to adopt a differentiated approach and reflect that different social groups may in different ways react to increasing housing expenditures. The key question is whether there has been (and to what extent) a shift in financial affordability of housing among different household types.

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Institutional Opportunities for Supporting Roma Children in the Czech Educational System

Author(s): Laura Fónadová,Markéta Páleníková / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Disadvantages of the Roma; educational system; social barriers; social inequalities;

Various researches and studies show that Roma population in the Czech Republic faces systematic disadvantages in several areas. The most serious disadvantage is the one in the labor market. One of the main reasons leading to this situation is the low educational level Roma people attain. The causes that lay behind the specifically low qualification of the Roma are the access to various levels of education and the process of passing through the whole educational system.

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