CEEOL - Search Result

GULAG and the Female Phenomenon

GULAG a ženský fenomén

Author(s): Peter Juščák / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: female phenomenon;personal testimonies;labour camps GULAG

The study Gulag and the female phenomenon shows the position of women in labour camps of the GULAG system after the Second World War. These women were taken from the territory of former Czechoslovakia during the movement of the front across this territory. The paper is based on personal testimonies of living women, their relatives or offspring. The author also quotes the written testimonies of other sufferers, who were meeting with women in the camp. The study is also based on the literature related to labour camps GULAG. The author points out that the Communist regime distinguished only minimally between the position of woman and man in labour camp. For this reason, the position of the woman in the labour camp was much more difficult.

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Forced Labour of Hungarians in the Soviet Union and Plans on Czechoslovak Nation State

"Malenkij robot" a plány o československom národnom štáte

Author(s): Attila Simon / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: malenkij robot;forced labour;Southern Slovakia;repatriacja;nation state building

This study details how forced labour of Hungarians in the Soviet Union - also referred to as "málenkij robot" meaning "little work" in Russian - affected Hungarians in Slovakia. The author provides a short introduction to the historiography of the subject and outlines the history of abductions, but the study's core rests with the examination of what was the attitude of the Czechoslovak government toward the repatriation of Hungarians abducted from the territory of the then northern Hungary, currently southern Slovakia. The author observes that the Prague government pursued a selective repatriation policy and it made every effort to prelude their return to their homeland. That means the abducted Hungarian population of southern Slovakia became victim of the autocratic Soviet power and, at the same time, of the ambitions to build a Czechoslovak nation state.

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Notes to the Issue of War Prisoners in Context of Exchange of Population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary

Poznámky k problematike vojnových zajatcov v súvislosti s výmenou obyvateľstva medzi Československom a Mašdarskom

Author(s): Štefan Šutaj,Barbara Kacerová / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: war prisoners;exchange of population;Czechoslovak-Hungarian Mixed Commission

The question of war prisoners on the negotiations about population exchange, while in Agreement of Czechoclovak-Hungarian population exchange it was not mentioned. The interest of the Czechoslovak authorities was focused mainly on Slovaks who, as members of the Hungarian army, were in Soviet prison camps. The Czechoslovak-Hungarian Mixed Commission was one of the realization instrument of population exchange and it made decisions about its mechanism realization. The Mixed Commission for population exchange and it made decisions about its mechanism realization. The Mixed Commission for population exchange was dealing with the war prisoners issues in proposal for a decision of Mixed Commission from October 3, 1947. In the proposal was specified conditions for registration and resettlement war prisoners and their family members. The rise of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia in 1948 created conditions for changes in Czechoslovak-Hungarian relations, what was reflected also in the solution of Hungarian war prisoner's issue. The Czechoslovak-Hungarian Mixed Commission accepted in October 1948 decision no. 56 about resettlement of war prisoners, associating and exclusion and backward resettlement, in which was setting out the conditions for resettlement of war prisoners and their family members. Thanks to accepting the decision there were created formal conditions for the repatriation of war prisoners from USSR in the context of population exchange.

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Abduction of Civilian Population from Hungary in the years 1944-1945

Hromadné deportácie civilného obyvateľstva z Maďarska v rokoch 1944-1945

Author(s): Béni L. Balogh / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: history of Hungary;málenkij robot;forced labour;Soviet Union;

In the late 1944 and the beginning of 1945, a mass abduction of innocent civilian population was committed by the Soviet troops entering Hungary. These unsuspecting people were transported to the Soviet Union as prisoners of war or internees. Although we do not have exact data on their number, historians' estimates put the number of abducted civilians between 100-110 thousand and 170-180 thousand. In the background of abductions there was mainly the extreme labour shortage in the Soviet Union, but there were another three reasons, or rather justifications: supplementation of the number of prisoners of war, intention of ethnic cleansing (on territories outside the Trianon borders, so first of all in Transcarpathia), and the German minority. Until the second half of the 1980s, it was even prohibited to implicitly refer to atrocities committed by the Red Army. After the regime change, a systemic exploration of sources had begun in the Hungarian archives, and ever since more and more local history books, monographs and documents collections are published on the issue.

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Deportations of Hungarian Civilian Population from Transcarpathia

Odvlečenie maďarského obyvateľstva z územia Podkarpatskej Rusi

Author(s): Erzsébet Molnár D. / Language(s): Slovak / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Soviet occupation;deportations;Transcarpathia;málenkij robot

At the end of the World War II took place the most tragic events of the Transcarpathian Hungarians. According to the Doctrine of Collective Guilt the consequences of the lost World War for ten thousands of people belonging to these ethnics there were deportations and forced labour. The Soviet will to punish the Hungarian and German nations was also obvious in the case of Transcarpathia, as Stalin decided to attach this territory to the Soviet Union. According to professional opinions the biggest ethnical clean up in the territory of Hungary at the time took place in Transcarpathia in order to annex the area to the Soviet Union smoothly. Systematic, ruthless imposition of the Soviet regime began in Transcarpathia in October 1944, when the soldiers of the Soviet Army, exactly the 4th Ukrainian Front appeared in the region. The aim of the paper is to present the main aspects of the deportations of Hungarian civilian population from Trasncarpathia.

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Covid-19 pandemic from a natural science perspective

Pandémie de Covid-19 dans une perspective des sciences de la nature

Author(s): Aneta Afelt / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; pandemic; coronavirus; socio-ecosystem niche; Anthropocene; epidemiological risk

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the third human coronavirus detected in the 21st century. It was only a few weeks between the first cases of atypical severe respiratory disease in Wuhan, China (late 2019), and the identification of the virus, its genetic structure and the development of a PCR test (January 2020). What processes and mechanisms at the interface between nature and human activities are responsible for the emergence of the new coronavirus? How was it possible that the virus has spread among humans so quickly? Is the spread of the virus limited to the human population only? How do Anthropocene conditions favor pathogens such as SARS CoV-2? From a scientific point of view, the emergence of a new coronavirus is not surprising.

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How to design expert discourse during the Covid-19 pandemic

Comment concevoir le discours expert lors de la pandémie de Covid-19

Author(s): Alicja Jaworska / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: expert; discourse; science; legitimacy; trust; pandemic

This chapter aims to provide some elements of the definition of expert discourse during the Covid-19 pandemic from the point of view of the French school of discourse analysis. The expert discourse would be one of the elements in the construction of this media event (Moirand 2007); it would be the one that comes from the legitimate expert or the one that results from the expertise activity. But at the same time, it is subordinated to the conditions of media communication (Charaudeau 2005; Garric, Léglise 2012). The fragments of expert discourse are chosen by the media not to transmit knowledge, but to construct content corresponding to different aims. The figure of expert, whose legitimacy comes from social relations of authority, from the distinction between what is scientific and what is ordinary, as well as his credibility are built in discourse.

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Facing the Covid-19 infodemic: fact-checkers vs fake news in France and Poland

Face à l’infodémie sur la Covid-19: fact-checkeurs vs fake news en France et en Pologne

Author(s): Szymon Łucyk / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: fake news; infodemic; media; fact-checking; pandemic; Poland

Since the beginning of 2020, on a daily basis thousands of information on Covid-19 are broadcast, including a large number of fake news, especially in social media. How do the traditional media (radio, television, newspapers) react to the “infodemic”? Are the journalists well prepared to this invasion? Are they able to effectively defend the scientific knowledge? Firstly, the distinction must be made between fake news (as a “fabricated” information) and simply inaccurate or exaggerated news. Secondly, some exemples of fake news in France are given, as well as different ways of fighting with them, such as: the developement of the factchecking sections and websites on the initiative of the high-quality media (AFP, Le Monde, Liberation and others). Finally, the focus is on the growing activity of new fact-checkers in Poland like the websites demagog.org.pl, OKO. Press or Fake Hunter PAP.

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The presence of the pandemic in the women's press in Poland in 2020

La présence de la pandémie dans la presse féminine en Pologne en 2020

Author(s): Natalia Walkowiak / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: pandemic; women’s press; qualitative analysis; journalistic genre; politics; experts advices

The pandemic has changed people’s everyday life. According to research carried out by CBOS in January 2021, over 65% of Polish society is afraid of infection. It is therefore not surprising that the topic of coronavirus has also completely dominated the media discourse. In her research, the author focused on the image of pandemic in the Polish women’s magazines. This segment is an important element of media system in Poland and accounts for approximately 20% of the entire magazine market. The aim of the research was to show how women’s magazines communicate the issue of pandemic. For the study, the author has chosen two titles, which are the sales leaders in their segments: «Twój Styl» (luxury magazines) and «Kobieta i Życie» (guidance magazines).

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Daily life in the time of the pandemic – presentation of the study

La vie quotidienne au temps de la pandémie – présentation de l’étude

Author(s): Małgorzata Kubacka,Agnieszka Stamm,Piotr Luczys / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Covid-19; pandemic; everyday life; Poland; collective memory; social image

The aim of the chapter is to present the research project “Everyday life during a pandemic” initiated by a team of sociologists from the University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznań. The paper consists of two main parts. In the first one, we briefly recall Polish research on the issues of everyday life during the pandemic. In the second one, the applied methodological perspective and research assumptions are presented along with the discussion on the main results of our research carried out on the everyday life of Poles during the pandemic.

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They need someone to watch them

Ils ont besoin de quelqu’un qui les regarde

Author(s): Afrodyta Weselak / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: theater; artistic activities; closing of theaters; digitization of national and European heritage; theater and social media; pandemic

Pandemic 2020 caused the shuttering of theaters. The article provides a historical overview of theater closures in previous centuries and presents new behaviors among actors. It describes the tendency to present performances online even if the theater's identity is to play with an audience. Social media has been used in the process, but the problem of digitizing European heritage was discussed years before the pandemic, also by the European Commission.

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The Visegrád Group: prospects and dynamics in the Covid-19 health crisis

Le Groupe de Visegrád: perspectives et dynamiques dans la crise sanitaire de la Covid-19

Author(s): Maxime Belin / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Visegrad Group; geopolitics; rule of law; populism; Central Europe; sanitary crise

The great crises of the past have had the endogenous characteristic of allowing major geopolitical changes: will the Covid-19 crisis be an exception? This chapter will focus on demonstrating that, despite the uncertainty, the countries of the Visegrad group adopt two attitudes by constraint or opportunism. States are innovating in the adoption of policies while relying on geopolitical achievements to reassure themselves.

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Poland's geopolitics in the face of the Covid pandemic: time for consolidation or a fight for survival?

La géopolitique de la Pologne face à la pandémie de Covid: le temps de la consolidation ou un combat pour la survie?

Author(s): Kinga Torbicka / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Poland; geopolitics; Central Europe; Covid-19; region; security

Poland, like the rest of the world affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, passed the first wave in 2020 and started the second wave, which turned out to be much more severe and dangerous. The political crisis as a consequence of the sanitary crisis influenced the internal situation of the country and its position on the international arena. In the region of Central Europe, Poland plays an important role as a co-founder and member of many economic, political and social initiatives. Will Poland manage to play the role of the leader of the entire region by reconstructing a new regional order in the post-Covid era in the new geopolitical world structure that is being shaped right before our eyes?

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Health crisis: an ironic opportunity for Victor Orbán and Jarosław Kaczyński

Crise sanitaire: une ironique opportunité pour Victor Orbán et Jarosław Kaczyński

Author(s): Guirec Joubert / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Poland; Hungary; Covid-19; democracy; authoritarian regime; rule

Since their parties accessed to power, Orbán and Kaczyński both had a very clear agenda. They want to protect the sovereignty of their countries, to reaffirm the values they believe in, and to stay as independent as possible from the European Union, even if they still accept European expenditures.. Because the Covid-19 unexpectedly put our societies in danger, it required a quick and efficient political answer to avoid its spread across the populations. This chaotic and scary situation is the perfect opportunity for both men to justify and legitimate their political agenda. The virus spreads easily across the globe, they always wanted to keep control on their borders. The situation is always evolving so it requires an efficient answer, they always wanted to have the entire power without listening their opponents.

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Polish populism and the Covid-19 pandemic: representation of the crisis in right-wing weeklies

Le populisme polonais et la pandémie de Covid-19: représentation de la crise dans les hebdomadaires de droite

Author(s): Elodie Thevenin,Agnieszka Sadecka / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Covid-19; populism; Poland; populist discourse; right-wing press; media

The Covid-19 pandemic presents a great challenge worldwide on how to manage a global health crisis. While some governments have been more successful than others in trying to cope with the crisis, several politicians presented conflicting arguments in regard the spread of coronavirus. Between the implementation of harsh sanitary measures to the mistrust of scientific data and conspiracy theory, but also criticism against European and international organisations, the Polish public had witnessed different reactions from politicians vis-à-vis the use of science throughout the crisis. This chapter focuses on the representation of the Covid-19 pandemic in a selection of Polish weekly magazines close to the right-wing populist political coalition in power, United Right. We aim at investigating the construction of the Polish populist discourse on the Covid-19 crisis, focusing on how the crisis is represented, how the people – as the main recipient of populist discourse – is addressed, and finally how science is used.

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Covid-19 from best to worst: management Czech style crisis

Covid-19 du meilleur au pire: la gestion de crise à la tchèque

Author(s): Zuzana Kotherová,Michel Perottino / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Czech Republic; Covid-19; Czech healthcare system; public health; Czech government; pandemic

This paper maps the Covid-19 pandemic evolution in the Czech Republic: from the “best in Covid” in spring 2020 through three heavy epidemic waves during autumn and winter 2020 to one of the most hit countries in the world in the spring season 2021 in terms of deads. The aim of this contribution is to let the reader understand better this Czech anomaly by studying two possible factors of this negative balance: the state of the art of the Czech healthcare system before the pandemic and political management of the crisis. The results of our article show that the Czech healthcare system seems to be financially stable and relatively well prepared for the potential crisis in terms of personal, technical, and medical capacities – even if situation in the public health is far from ideal. On the contrary, the competence of the Czech government in managing the Covid-19 pandemics remains controversial – for this reason, the pros and cons of the political management of the crises are discussed.

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Geopolitics of vaccination

Géopolitique de la vaccination

Author(s): Florent Parmentier / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Covid-19; pandemic; vaccination; geopolitics; Visegrad Group; European Union

The chapter demonstrates the geopolitics of vaccination. First, we start by understanding how vaccination has become a geopolitical issue. Next, we consider the emergence of a European health actor during the crisis, through the pooling of vaccines, of which the countries of the Visegrad group have been witnesses and actors. Finally, we analyze the arrival of the Sputnik V vaccine in the context of a vaccine shortage, allowing us to test the relations of the States of the Visegrad group with Russia.

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The Covid-19 pandemic, a discursive tool at the service of geopolitical objectives of the Three Seas Initiative

La pandémie de Covid-19, un outil discursif au service des objectifs géopolitiques de l’Initiative des Trois Mers

Author(s): Sami Ramdani / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Covid-19; pandemic; Three Seas Initiative; International Monetary Fund; North-South Gas Corridor; Poland

The Three Seas Initiative (3SI) is a platform for political cooperation created in 2016 that brings together twelve Central and Eastern European countries. The objective of this organization is to address the gap in economic development with Western Europe and to strengthen regional resilience against actors such as Russia and China through the development of infrastructure in the sectors of energy, telecommunications and transport. In September 2020, the 3SI’s development policy was encouraged by a report from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which sees it as a solution for reviving the European economy following the Covid-19 pandemic. Consequently, the pandemic becomes an argument for the 3SI to attract capital to the projects it carries. However, the projects supported by the 3SI are not only structured by economic objectives but also by strategic objectives. We will illustrate the geopolitical dimension of the 3SI with a case study: the North-South Gas Corridor.

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The economic consequences of the current crisis

Les conséquences économiques de la crise actuelle

Author(s): Katarzyna Żukrowska / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Covid-19; pandemic; Poland; Polish economy; Central Europe; globalization

The chapter presents a certain classification of the consequences of the pandemic observed in the Polish economy. The analysis aimed to answer the following questions: (1) what can change as a result of the pandemic, and what will not? (2) what scenarios from an economist’s point of view can we draw for Poland for the coming months? (3) how will relations with the countries of Central Europe develop? Covid-19 and the solutions applied to curb the pandemic have a strong impact on the acceleration of certain inevitable changes in the economic sphere or in the technologies and organizational solutions used. This problem constitutes an area of analysis in its own right and leads to the presentation of scenarios for the future.

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Innovation policy in the face of the pandemic

Politique d’innovation face à la pandémie

Author(s): Joanna Czerna-Grygiel / Language(s): French / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Covid-19; pandemic; innovation policy; Poland; European Union; technology

The main reason of taking a look at the subject is an analysis of dependence between the development of the pandemic of Covid-19 and the innovation policy in Poland. It is also an attempt to estimate the efficiency of this policy in comparison to the founder countries of the European Union. There will be discussed questions such as the essentials of the recent innovation policy, its instruments, the innovation policy conducted before and during the pandemic and recent challenges of this policy both in Poland and in some chosen countries of the EU. The subject of this chapter inclines toward undertaking the problem of the innovation policy, as an analysis of the policy of the state in the area of innovation at the time of the access of Poland to the EU until the time when first Covid-19 infections appeared and during the development of the pandemic.

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