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Buildings made of unburnt bricks in Berounska and Hořovick

Stavby z nepálených cihel na Berounsku a Hořovicku

Author(s): Helena Mevaldová / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Berounsko; Hořovicko; buildings made of unburnt bricks; occurrence; names of unburnt bricks;

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when the quantity of buildings made of unburnt bricks was at the top, 30 % to 70 % of constructions were built from this material in some villages in the District of Beroun. Permanently inhabited houses, at which the unburnt bricks dominated as material of load-bearing walls, constituted 5,0 % of the total housing as late as in 1961. In the Bohemian Karst and Prague Plateau areas (north-east part of the District of Beroun), stone or brick masonry prevailed in the 19th century. The unburnt bricks were used here to a considerably smaller extent than in the rest of the region. Mud bricks, which had other four names in the regions of Berounsko and Hořovicko, often constituted supplementary material in combination with timbered constructions or stone masonry. Commonly used were mud bricks for one or even more walls (open-hearth kitchen) or to wall-up a strip from unburnt bricks as a half-storey above the house ground floor.

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The use of clay in folk construction in the northern part of Central Bohemia on examples from the documentation funds of the Institute of Ethnology of the Academy of Sciences in Prague

Užití hlíny v lidovém stavitelství v severní části středních Čech na příkladech z dokumentačních fondů Etnologického ústavu Akademie věd v Praze

Author(s): Dana Motyčková,Kateřina Sedlická / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Unburnt bricks; mud plasters; mud puddles; half-timbered structure; Central Bohemia;

The area of alluvial sediments and loess soils in flat and slightly undulating terrains north of Prague, in a part of the Districts of Mělník and Litoměřice, around the confluence of the Vltava and the Elbe rivers, is a territory in which one can still encounter traditional building material – unburnt mud. The most buildings are painted with lime or cement plasters in modern times, which cover older mud construction. It was flood in 2002 that drew attention to this material, as the residential houses were devastated considerably in the villages of Zálezlice, Zátvor and Kozárovice. This became an inspiration for the study of the type of housing in the villages in question as well as the nearby ones, which the content of the submitted essay presents.

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Mud farm buildings and their technology

Hliněné hospodářské stavby a jejich technologie

Author(s): Věra Kovářů / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Mud; farm building; chamber; ramming; unburnt bricks; mud coating; barn; mud cobs; vineyard building; wine cellar; layered walls; kiln-house for fruit drying; technique; peasant; grog;

Mud has accompanied people from the time immemorial. They used it to build their dwellings, religious buildings, and farm buildings necessary for their agricultural activities. They needed these buildings to store corps and foods in them. It was the larder that stood within the shortest distance from the house or was even connected with the house under one common roof. Made of rammed earth or unburnt bricks, it could keep constant temperature. Mud larders or timbered larders coated with mud were widespread all over South and South-East Moravia and often even in the regions of Malá Haná and Vyškovsko. Peasants stored their corn in barns built from unburnt bricks. Barns built from mud cobs shaped as a smaller loaf of bread represent the older form from the 19th and the outset of the 20th century. This technique has rarely survived only in relicts in the ethnographic area of Haná. The same technique was used to enclose gardens and orchards. When studying buildings in vineyards, especially in the region around Znojmo or in South Moravia, one succeeded in discovering wine cellars built with the technique of layered or rammed mud interlayed with grog of small and bigger stones. Kiln-houses for fruit drying, disseminated in orchards, were built from unburnt bricks as well. Wooden kiln-houses coated with mud were found in the environs of Luhačovice. Mud farm buildings, if not damaged by penetrating water, were serving for many decades.

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Barns from the wars in Slup, district Znojemsko

Stodoly z válků ve Slupi, okr. Znojmo

Author(s): Jitka Matuszková / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Region of Znojemsko; Slup; barns; mud-cob masonry; monuments; archive sources;

In the village of Slup in the region of Znojmo, there are listed four barns built with the mudcob masonry technique. The assessment of archive sources helps determine the period of their origin.

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Failures of mud structures caused by water

Poruchy hliněných staveb způsobené vodou

Author(s): Ivana Žabičková / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: water in soil; clay minerals; humidity of mud construction material; defects; repairs; reconstruction of mud buildings;

Water content is crucial for the properties of cohesive soils on the foundation surface, as well as for the properties of earthen construction materials at the upper part of a construction. Along with the rising content of water, the load-bearing capacity descends and the deformation power and shrinkage increase. These properties have mostly negative impact on the buildings and they cause a great part of defects on mud constructions. The repairs and reconstructions are possible, however, often costly; therefore high-quality and well-timed maintenance is recommended, which is the best prevention of the defects of mud buildings.

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Working with clay in the Zubrnice open-air museum

Práce s hlínou v zubrnickém skanzenu

Author(s): František Ledvinka / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Clay; bricklayer’s raw material; grog – sand; organic components – straw; chaff; animals hair; timbered buildings; half-timbered buildings;

From the first attempts with chinking the long-joints and the spans in timber-frame on newly transferred buildings at the Zubrnice Open-Air-Museum thirty years ago to the almost sophisticated work with mud with the students in the studio. Natural materials of Ústí University. Withdrawal of laborious digging and procession of local raw materials and preferred utilization of recycled puddle from original buildings. Utilization of new unburnt bricks directly from brick factory, and clay from glass sand flotation. Addition of organic components (straw, chaff) from own resources and tests with calf hair from a supplier from Germany.

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A "cabin" house - an attempt at a definition

„Špýcharový“ dům – pokus o definici

Author(s): Jiří Škabrada / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Czechia; rural house; Middle Ages; composition of rooms; high living room; heating; smoke;

A short essay with an attempt to define the above term represents a summary of a longer paper that – in the light of contemporary knowledge – tried to assort the opinions relating to a phenomenon introduced into the professional literature by Václav Mencl. He presented this phenomenon in a suggestive and non-historical manner, although it was Lubor Niederle long time ago who had indicated the way leading to the correct understanding of such a structure. Recently, with regards to the above explanation, factual arguments have been given about the influence of fume-hood heating on the layout of a habitable room (height) as well as about the probably colonization origin of the three-part arrangement of a traditional rural house. Because of this, the “granary-style” house becomes indeed a common type of the medieval rural house with its well-understandable function.

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The granary house and the solution to its problems in Czech ethnology

Špýcharový dům a řešení jeho problematiky v české etnologii

Author(s): Miroslav Válka / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Folk house typology; house with double-storeyed chamber; granary (špýchar); Czech lands;

In the Middle Ages, the above-ground house with three-part arrangement developed in rural environment in the Czech lands. Its arrangement included residential area (room), communication area (hall) and farm and storage area (cowshed, larder). The researchers explained the genesis of such an arrangement by autochthon development or foreign cultural influences. Pursuant to the function of the houses´ farm area, the ethnographer V. Pražák defined three basic types of Bohemian folk house, which he related to the main settlement waves (Slavic settlement, great medieval colonization, colonization of Walachia and Kopanice in the Carpathian Mountains). The so-called “granary-style house” with two-storeyed storage room (larder) was designated as a larder type variant. The architect V. Mencl enlarged upon the theory of the granary-style house, dating its origin back to the Slavic period. As later shown by the research (J. Škabrada), the two-storeyed storage room of the house could have been connected with the fume-hood operation in the room. The title “granary-style house” is not fully correct because the term granary (špýchar from German Speicher) was used only in a part of the Czech language territory and predominantly for an independent building (granary) situated outside the house in its yard. In Moravia, where the two-storeyed larders as a part of residential houses are documented by recent finds in the regions of Haná and Slovácko (Central and South-East Moravia), the term “granary – špýchar” does not appear at all. Therefore the term “a house with a two-storeyed larder” seems to be a better name for the mentioned variant of village houses.

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The issue of the granary in theoretical projects implemented at the turn of the 1930s and 1940s (with Domažlicka taken into account)

Problematika sýpky v teoretických projektech realizovaných na přelomu 30. a 40. let 20. století (s přihlédnutím k Domažlicku)

Author(s): Dana Motyčková,Kateřina Sedlická / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Regional contest of architecture; survey action; Czech Academy of Science and Art (ČAVU); Theodor Petřík; Karel Chotek; farmhouse; granary; protectorate; archive funds;

The Ethnographical Commission at the Czech Academy of Science and Art was established to utilize effectively the government grant on behalf of the Czech folk culture, especially the Czech folk architecture and folk songs. It worked from 1941 until 1946. With its activities and financial subsidies, it helped bridge the period of protectorate, not propitious for ethnography. In its work, it took into consideration the needs of ethnography in the wide sense of the word, as well as the social aspects. The proposals arisen from two architectural contests of the Ministry of Education were probably the first ones that solved the issue of new construction of farmhouses, taking into consideration the needs of farmhouses of different sizes; as well, they adopted a responsible approach to regional needs, including the outside appearance of the buildings. Because of the development of architecture in the Czech countryside, the above events placed high demands mainly on how to assert and link together the novelties with traditional processes in construction of the village and small-town house. One of the assessment criteria included a requirement for the previous study of local architecture in the field and the corresponding literature. The period of protectorate as well as the following short period of after-war renewal did not allow to use the submitted proposals in practice. The results of the subsequent Survey Action were used neither at that time, nor later. However, they retain a lot of important information for the study of folk architecture, because in many places they captured the last moments of existing traditional housing, especially the wooden one.

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Extension of the storage house in Doudlebsko

Rozšíření špýcharového domu na Doudlebsku

Author(s): Daniel Šnejd / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Doudlebsko region; folk architecture; two-storeyed larder; two-storeyed granary; larder dug into the earth; granary-style house; Kouty; timbered room;

Singular recent finds of granary-style houses in the District of Český Krumlov have become a motivation to find out to which extent this type of archaic houses has survived in the entire ethnographic area of Doudlebsko, where such finds are located. The occurrence of the granary-style house in this region is mentioned also in older literature. A research task of the National Heritage Institute, financed by the Ministry of Culture programme for institutional support, provided financial funds for an overall research in the years 2013 and 2014. This research mapped 85 village settlements in the ethnographic area of Doudlebsko. From a plethora of discovered houses that featured one of more hallmarks typical for the granarystyle house, several best-preserved and hitherto not published examples are described.

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Log cabins and granaries (half) floor of Hané

Sruby a sýpkové (polo)patro na Hané

Author(s): Jiří Kaláb / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Haná; granaries; log houses; granary half-storey; farm constructions; fire-protection order;

Isolated buildings, such as granaries, did and do not occur to such a large extent in the ethnographic area of Haná, as they did and do in Bohemian regions. Yet especially until the end of the 18th century, the crop and tools were stored in the so-called log house (srub). According to its name, it was probably a timbered building, which was converted into a masonry one at the end of this period. In connection with the fire-protection rules and the changes in roof frame construction, the storage rooms were transferred to the main (habitable) building of the farmstead – first in the form of a two-storeyed larder, which in principle meant the translocation of the log house into the building, and after that in the form of a granary half-storey and storey. Currently, these rooms are not used; they rather have been rebuilt for habitable purpose.

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Logged granaries and storehouses in Beroun and Hořovicko

Roubené sýpky a špýchary na Berounsku a Hořovicku

Author(s): Helena Mevaldová / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Folk timbered architecture; district of Beroun; farm buildings; granaries; two-storey timbered granaries; pass-through pillar hovels;

The contribution includes the results of field researches the author carried out in the last quarter of the 20th century in the district of Beroun. Small one-storey timbered granaries and one-storey two-room granaries have survived rather rarely in the regions of Berounsko and Hořovicko. A higher number of examples substantiate two-storey timbered granaries, which completed the form of farmhouses significantly in the regions of Berounsko and Hořovicko. They featured a wooden staircase and an access gallery placed on the courtyard side and protected by overhanging roof. The ground floor could either be fully opened, carried by columns with doubled straps, or partially or fully closed by timbered or masonry walls. For the region north of the Berounka River, from Plasko to Karlštejn environs, the two-storey granary was typically placed at the entrance gate to the farmhouse. In the region of Berounsko, the two-storey granary often used to stand at the surrounding wall, in the middle or even in the rear part of the courtyard; we can find such types of granaries on both banks of the Berounka River. The wider area of Křivoklát forests and Podbrdsko featured pass-through pillar hovel with a granary under the roof. Such hovels were typically situated in the middle of the courtyard. In the 19th century, timbered granaries were replaced by masonry buildings the examples of which have survived as well.

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Drawing documentation of granaries in museum funds

Kresebná dokumentace sýpek v muzejních fondech

Author(s): Lubomír Procházka / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: drawing; documentation at museums, granaries; Chodsko; Pošumaví;

The aim of the contribution is to highlight the documentary funds related to folk architecture in the regions of Chodsko and Pošumaví, stored at the Chodsko Museum in Domažlice and the Dr. Hostaš Local History Museum in Klatovy. Václav Kohout (1904–1984) was one of the most significant authors of folk architecture documentation in the district of Domažlice, especially that of the house from the region of Chodsko. The author devoted himself to documentary work as early as since the second half of the 1930s when a voluminous set of surveys, aquarelles and drawings evolved, which is stored at the Chodsko Museum in Domažlice. V. Kohout paid his highest attention to document the development of the hearth and especially the open-hearth kitchen. His aquarelles document the timbered house from the region of Chodsko, which had been gradually provided with masonry since the second half of the 18th century.

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Stylistic echoes in folk architecture as a research problem

Slohové ohlasy v lidové architektuře jako badatelský problém

Author(s): Miroslav Válka / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Folk architecture; styles influences; Czech history; history of ethnology;

The relation between the folk and the stylish culture was solved by both ethnography (ethnology) and history of arts. Primarily, these issues were monitored on folk art and in relation of folk and style architecture. At the beginning, the ethnography focused on the timbered house that was considered an expression of autochthon folk architecture. In the inter-war period, it was art historians (Z. Wirth, V. Mencl) who devoted themselves to this theme. They overrated the influence of historical styles and considered the rural house to be an unoriginal rusticated form inspired by high culture. The representatives of Czech functionalism and structuralism (K. Šourek, K. Honzík) took a more complex opinion. After the war, the research was aimed at the documentation of surviving masonry buildings with the terrain echoes of styles as well as at the analysis of decorative elements and their authors (V. Bělík, L. Štěpánek, I. Minář). These issues were extensively monitored in Southern Bohemia, where one speaks even about ”Rustic Baroque”. Based on architectural development, source archives materials and planned documentation, the above issues are solved by M. Ebel and J. Škabrada.

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Peasant baroque in the light of building plans

Selské baroko ve světle stavebních plánů

Author(s): Jiří Škabrada / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Bohemian countryside; 19th century architecture; surviving of Baroque Style; rustic Baroque; project and implementation; building proceedings;

Until the second half of the 19th century, buildings in the Bohemian countryside featured – among others – surviving of architectural Baroque motifs – especially typical shaped gables with stuccoes. Thanks to survived projects, which could be found recently, we can follow how the popularity of those motifs developed – beginning with the outskirts of bigger cities at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries through small towns to rural house owners in the country around the mid–19th century. However, it was possible to document as early as in the twenties and thirties that these decorative shapes were rejected during building permit proceedings. Especially in Southern Bohemia, such embellished gables were so popular that they were made by local artisans even if the project assumed a different and simpler solution. Looking at the more general development of historicizing architecture in the second half of the 19th century, it is undoubtedly interesting that the end of the popularity of Baroque-style elements in the Bohemian village in the 1860s in principle gets ahead of the following popularity of Baroque shapes in official architecture (so-called second Rococo since the 3rd quarter of the 19th century- and Neo-Baroque at the turn of the 19th and 20th century).

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Stylistic echoes in the folk architecture of South Bohemian Blat in the photo documentation of the Chalupníček siblings

Slohové ohlasy v lidové architektuře jihočeských Blat ve fotodokumentaci sourozenců Chalupníčkových

Author(s): Dana Motyčková,Kateřina Sedlická / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Photo-documentation; folk architecture; Southern Bohemia; analysis of styles;

A large set of photographs by the architects Miroslav and Věra Chalupníček from 1940 became a basis for the concise analysis of construction styles in the region of Blata (moorland spread between Soběslav and Veselí nad Lužnicí towns). It is stored in archival collections at the Institute of Ethnology AS CR, v.v.i. For the first sketch of the issue of styles, a part of buildings (gable) has been chosen for the submitted contribution. This part was included into a system created based on a chronological analysis that proceeds on dates mentioned on the buildings. The adumbrated hypotheses about the morphology of gables at farmhouses in Blata are documented by photos. Because of the date of their origin – these photos captured even the oldest then preserved horizon of the original timbered housing with wooden folded slabs. The photos also captured masonry buildings with thatched roofs, documented – despite date inscriptions – by the oldest types of gables with distinctive Baroque Style, which later were shaped in the Empire Style and kept the tectonic character of the design. With the development of masonry buildings since the 1830s, the surviving Baroque and Classicistic styles passed to a new quality grasped and transformed by folk settings.

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Vliv selského baroka soběslavsko-veselských Blat na sousední národopisný region Kozácko

Author(s): Zuzana Čermáková / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Blata; Kozácko; rustic Baroque; stucco work; gable;

The influence of stucco works at farmhouse gables from the region of soběslavsko-veselská Blata becomes seldom evident in the neighbouring region of Kozácko yet some traces can be found even in this poorer area. The Kozácko side, however, is much more austere as to this decoration. We can encounter just rarely a large frontage with gate and granary. Here predominate gable-oriented smaller dwellings with a hovel or small barn in the rear part, perpendicularly situated to the house. The gables are usually smooth, without decoration. Yet stucco work penetrated onto some of these smallholdings, as we can see in the villages of Planá nad Lužnicí, Malšice, Bečice, Košice etc. From predominating decorative elements, let us mention toothed circles with hearts, motifs with cross, sun, or flower pot and tassel. The gable surface is divided by pilasters and the gable is often bordered with arc-shaped or tassel-shaped ornaments. The drawing and photographic documentation in archives will enrich the next research.

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Stylistic echoes in the architecture of Haná estates in the second half of the 19th century

Slohové ohlasy v architektuře hanáckých statků v 2. polovině 19. století

Author(s): Jiří Kaláb / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Haná; Uhřičice; folk architecture; facades; arcade rain porch; courtyard;

The application of “high architecture” in folk architecture in the ethnographic area of Haná is not so known and remarkable as it is in the more famous and popular Southern-Bohemian version. Yet a plenty of high-decorative elements have survived so far. We can identify echoes of the styles in three forms. The first one includes the application of eclectic styles on the facades of habitable parts in the farmsteads – this concerns especially the Neo-Baroque or Classicistic set of architectural elements. The second form includes the arcade rain porch – a phenomenon in Central Haná that not only applies elements from castle courtyards in rural environment but also solves the static problem of roof framing extension over the doorstep. The third form features exposed burnt bricks on street-facing bare façades.

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Stylistic echoes in the photo documentation of rural architecture by Bohumil Vavroušek

Slohové ohlasy ve fotodokumentaci venkovského stavitelství Bohumila Vavrouška

Author(s): Roman Tykal / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: photo documentation; folk architecture; Bohemia; Moravia; Silesia; the first third of the 20th century;

Photographic documentation by Bohumil Vavroušek (1875–1939) from the first third of the 20th century includes a considerable amount of pictures with masonry buildings from villages and small towns in the then Czechoslovak Republic. The photographs mostly capture buildings from the late-18th century to the 1870s, influenced mainly by the late Baroque masonry architecture that was transformed into so-called “rustic Baroque” later, in particular in Southern Bohemia. In the photos, there are also buildings with Empire and Classicism elements and even some buildings from the late 19th and early-20th centuries.

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A methodical approach to the study of wooden churches and their international connections in northeastern Moravia and Těšín Silesia

Metodický přístup ke studiu dřevěných kostelů a jejich mezinárodní souvislosti na severovýchodní Moravě a Těšínském Slezsku

Author(s): Jiří Langer / Language(s): Czech / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: wood structures; genetic sources of sanctuary architecture; cathedral; liturgical demands; Eastern Christian and Western Christian relationships;

The hitherto interpretation of wooden churches followed the art-historical and aesthetical approaches as a marginal theme within the interest in the style masonry architecture in Southern-European and Western-European regions. Central and Northern Europe, accentuating the protection against demons and enemy troops, featured other functioning genetic roots. To get familiar with wooden churches, one has to analyze the function of their investor, ideologist, and architect in the framework of historical relations of European cultural regions. The study mentions several examples depicting the genesis of the wooden cathedral form with cross-shaped ground plan in the 17th century and the occurrence thereof in Europe, as well as other ideological neologisms, even if disadvantageous as to their function, in the architecture of wooden churches.

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