Keywords: myth; Plato; freedom
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Keywords: freedom; human nature; man
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Keywords: Thomas Aquinas
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Keywords: freedom; culture; Christianity
More...Keywords: Avignon; Birgitta; Bocaccio; Kardinal; Dante; Papst; Petrarca; Privatoffenbarung; Schiwy.
In einigen katholischen Gemeinden scheint die Fröm¬migkeit der heiligen Birgitta wieder aktuell zu sein. Es ist immer vorteilhaft, die Heiligen auch in ihrem historischen Rahmen kennenzulernen. Diese Ar¬beit hat schon Günther Schiwy in seinem Werk: „Birgitta von Schweden”, 2007 (Beck, München) geleistet. Er vergleicht dabei das Frauenbild der Heiligen mit jenem ihrer Zeitgenossen: Dante, Petrarca und Bocaccio. Meiner Meinung nach besteht die geistige Nähe zu den „Dichterkönigen” eher in der Schilderung der kirchlichen Missstände, wobei sie seitens Birgitta eine Ermahnung aufgrund ihrer Privatoffenbarungen darstellt.
More...Keywords: Einkaufszentrum; Konsumkultur; Kirche; Liturgie.
Die Einkaufszentren sind heutzutage zu Erlebnis¬zentren, zu Kathedralen des Konsums geworden. Es ist zweifellos eine Welt des subtilen Transzendenz-Surrogats. In diese verschönerte, geschminkte Welt darf nichts Störendes hineinkommen. Hier wird das in sich an¬scheinend stimmige, geschlossene Universum zelebriert. Oft gerät selbst die Kirche in die Versuchung, dass eine solche, schmeichelhafte Weltins¬zenierung auch für sie viel Erfolg verheißen kann. So versucht sie sich möglichst dadurch „menschennah“ zu präsentieren, dass sie einen freundlichen, nur harmlosen, kumpelhaften Gott verkündigt: einen Gott, dem alles gut und schön ist, einen Gott, der die Menschen so annimmt, wie sie sind. Keiner muss sich ändern, sondern im Leben alles genauso weiterlaufen lassen, wie bisher. Wenn einer sich überhaupt ändern soll, dann ist dies Gott. Dieses inzwischen weit verbreitete Verhaltensmuster der Kirche in der Seelsorge und Liturgie wird in der folgenden Studie näher analysiert und bloßgestellt.
More...Keywords: Gubernium of Transylvania; bishop Miklós Kovács; bishop Mihály Fogarasy; 19th century.
The following paper deals with the book on the political status of Transylvanian bishops written by Mihály Fogarasy issued in 1837, the year of a great political debate on this topic in the Parliament of Grand Duchy of Transylvania. During the 18th century and the first half of 19th century, Transylvanian bishops held a very important position in the government of the country, which was a part of Habsburgic Empire at that time. They were a kind of vice prime ministers. But protestant orders considered their status as being illegal and discriminatory, since Transylvanian laws guaranteed equal religious and political liberty for all politically suitable agents, members of the four accepted denominations acknowledged in the country. Starting with year 1791 the position of catholic bishops was highly disputed in the Parliament of the province. Once with the apparition of early liberalism in Transylvania in the thirties of 19th century, the topic came in question again. The last important debate focused on the matter took place in 1837. Both counterparts were preparing themselves carefully for the battle. Mihály Fogarassy, a young and talented catholic priest of the time, later bishop of Transylvania, intended his book entitled On the Civil Status of the Bishop of Transylvania, to be an instrument and source for conservative politicians that decided to defend the post of bishop Miklós Kovács. The book summarizes the whole set of arguments for and objections against the bishop`s position, and so, gives a quite accurate picture over the essential issues emerged in the Parliament.
More...Keywords: prison; pastoral care in prisons.
Prisons are a special area of pastoral life. Pastoral care in prisons is special by the nature of the institution itself. The limitations of personal freedom reduces the possibility of movement, and the rigid routine of prison life keeps the prisoners in constant tension. This is further compounded by the reduced decision-making facilities and a lack of responsibility and challenges. The prison chaplain has to be the witness of God's free mercy, forgiving love, of goodness and tenderness in an environment where there is hardly any forgiveness. The importance of a prison chaplain consists in continually strengthen the faith and the hope of the closed ones.
More...Keywords: Zukunft der Kirche; Glaube; Gläubige.
Laut „Spiegel online“ zeigen die Ergebnisse einer neu¬en Studie des Forschungsteams der Berliner Humboldt-Universtät, der Universität von British Columbia in Vancouver sowie der Partnerver¬mittlung eDarling, dass heutzutage diejenige Menschen, die Wert auf Unab¬hängigkeit und Eigensinn legen, sich immer mehr von ihrer Kultur unter¬scheiden wollen. Sie vertreten Ansichten, die nicht der gängigen Norm der Gesellschaft entsprechen. Wer sich heute von der Masse unterscheiden will, kann möglicherweise das Christentum entdecken. Es wäre aber falsch zu glauben, dass in der Kirche alles so bleibt, wie es ist. Denn gerade diese Menschen, die für sich die Kirche neu entdecken, werden kritische Fragen an die Kirche haben. Sie werden „unbequem“ sein: durch ihre Fragen und Erwartungen. Doch gerade diese „Unbequemen“ werden die Kirche verändern und mit neuer schöpferischen Kraft erfüllen. Durch ihr Fargen und ihre Lebensweise werden sich die Horizonte der zukünftigen Kirche weiten und eröffnen. Ihr Fragen bereitet die Zukunft der Kirche.
More...Keywords: la crisi; la perdita; conversione (metanoia); la decisione; fede.
Oggi giorno parliamo molto sulle crisi e dobbiamo costatare che quasi sempre questo concetto viene usato in un modo negativo, ma tuttavia dobbiamo sottolineare che la crisi non è soltanto un pericolo, una negatività, ma è anche un chance.(opportunità) (su questo parla anche il filosofo contemporaneo Gianni Vattimo, quando presenta il mondo postmoderno come il mondo del chaos, come un mondo della crisi, ma secondo Vattimo questo crisi diventa la nostra chance. naturalmente non parla sul piano spirituale come TU) In questa breve opera (scritto) vorrei presentare e sottolineare questa chance, cioè che le crisi che accadono nelle nostre anime, portano con loro la possibilità di una profonda metanoia (conversione). La nostra anima deve distruggersi, o deve essere distrutta per poter sbocciare in una radicale conversione che prende l’aria di Dio e rivestirsi delle figura di Dio. Così escono fuori energie senza le quali diventa impensabile una fede profonda. Usare la crisi è il nostro compito cristiano per ritrovare noi stessi, per essere capaci di avvicinarsi a Dio, per essere capaci di dionizzarsi (diventare Dio).
More...Abstract. More often than not, discussions of moral responsibility centre on questions of determinism and free will. This makes sense, since the latter are logically related to responsibility. On the other hand, though, it certainly makes it more difficult to understand moral responsibility. Moral responsibility is a social phenomenon that occurs in social relations, i.e. in relations that make it possible for the society to function. In my philosophical approach to the concept of moral responsibility I stress its social nature. This is important to avoid interpreting responsibility in ways that differ significantly from what we are used to in our daily life.
More...Abstract. Light and color are familiar basic traits of the visible world. The article discusses the problems which arise if we expect more from the sciences than a variety of information about particular conditions and aspects of light and color, i.e. if we expect an answer to the philosophical question: what are light and color? In trying to answer this question, science turns light and color into an insoluble riddle. This riddle cannot be solved unless scientific realism is subjected to a philosophical critique returning to the reality of the ‘Lebenswelt’ (E. Husserl) from which the meaning of scientific concepts and theories originates. This critical reflection would help philosophy preserve the primary reality of light and color in its irreducible totality for human experience.
More...Abstract. The article presents an exploratory analysis of the grammatical category of number in Estonian Sign Language (ESL). The manifestation of number in ESL is described from the cross-linguistic perspective proposed by Corbett (2000), and focuses on the meaning distinctions of the ESL number system, as well as on the morphological operations which are employed to express these. It is shown that the notion of number in a sign language diverges from the more straightforward accounts of number in spoken languages, as it is not only the distinction between singular and plural that is obligatorily shown, but also such specific information as the locus and arrangement of the referents of the marked sign.
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Keywords: etymological doublets; classical Latin; Spanish language
This paper aims to highlight a phenomenon related with the Spanish etymological doublets: in contrast to the classical situation when a doublet originates of an identical Latin form, the subject of the study are the doublets in which one component is directly derived from classical Latin whereas the other from Vulgar or Medieval Latin. The analysis covers 15 doublets and comprises the following aspects: etymology and 1st documentation of both the popular and scholar form and their phonetic and semantic differences.
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Keywords: Italian language; source lexemes; semantic change; lexical borrowings
This paper analyzes the problem of semantic adaptation of some Italian lexical borrowings in Polish in comparison with Italian source lexemes. The differences in meaning are illustrated not only by definitional evidence from dictionaries but also by citational evidence from the Korpus języka polskiego PWN and the Corpus della Repubblica. The analysis aims at presenting processes of semantic change that Italian lexical borrowings underwent in Polish due to linguistic or extralinguistic factors. The analyzed lexical borrowings from Italian are used with referential value (gastronomic borrowings that undergo the process of specialization), appear as citations naming strictly Italian items (omerta, kamorra), copy the polysemy of the source lexemes (getto, mafia) or undergo semantic generalization and acquire a Polish specific meaning (kawaler) or differ in connotational meaning (faszyzm).
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Keywords: metropolitan France; inhabited place; colours in the names; etymology; colour names
The paper intends to present a colourful image of metropolitan France, based on 378 inhabited place names found in the European part of the French territory in which exists a reference to any colour. The studied toponymes, collected in their majority from the index attached to a road atlas of Europe, are analysed from etimological and formal point of view (corresponding, respectively, to division according to colour and classification in three groups: simple colour names, derivatives from colour names and composed names). The final considerations contain conclusions resulting from the analysis, sustained by several statistics and accompanied by two provisory maps illustrating some of indicated phenomena
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Keywords: Aranese language; gascon regiolect; Occitan language; Spanish Catalonia; linguistic identity
The Aranese language is one of the varieties of gascon regiolect, used in the Vall d’Aran on the Spanish Catalonia’s territory. Its situation is specific, comparing to the other varieties of the Occitan language. It is due to the fact, that Aranese is not submitted to French dominance. Also, in the Vall d’Aran, Spanish and Catalan are spoken too, provoking the situation of the trilingualism. During the history, the statut of the Aranes have not changed, it never was seriously endangered. The majority of Vall d’Aran’s inhabitants is able to use it, or possess the passive knowledge. The Aranese is taught in schools and the Generalitat’s laws assure for him the presence in public space. It is not visible, though, in the culture and art. The situation of the Aranese differs from its position in France – its stronger and the linguistic identity of locutors is higher.
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Keywords: migration; culture differences; psychological aspects of migration; Culture Shock Model; Culture Differences Model
Migration, as a phenomenon analyzed mostly from the macroeconomic, sociological and legal perspective has also specific psychological aspects. To describe the migrant’s coping strategies while encountering culture differences, some theoretical models are presented (Culture Shock Model according to Kalvaro Oberg, and three Culture Differences Models: according to Geert Hofstede, John Mole and Richard Gesteland), followed by some practical conclusions, deriving also from the author’s experience as a psychologist counseling migrants.
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Keywords: The decapitation of the Louis XVI; Romantic imagination; French historical novels
The decapitation of the Louis XVI, regardless of its political dimension, constitutes one of important sources of the Romantic imagination, not only French. In the literature of this period, in various functions and contexts, the images of the cut head appear in the works of Ch. Nodier, J. Janin, V. Hugo, A. Dumas-father, H. Balzac, A. Esquiros, G. de Nerval, Ch. Baudelaire, Lautréamont, Villiers de l’Isle-Adam... What is characteristic, in French historical novels, those representations become particularly frequent only since years 20. of the 19th century. A separate place is given to works which deal not with the relatively recent execution of Louis XVI by guillotine, but with the decapitation of the English king, in days of Cromwell, so one and a half years before, in London. One of those novels is Dumas’ Vingt ans après (Twenty Years After). However we must pay closer attention to three Dumas’ novels from the Revolution’s time, namely La Comtesse de Charny (The Countess de Charny), Chevalier de Maison-Rouge (The Knight of the Red House) and Le Drame de Quatre-vingt-treize (Drama of 1793; not translated in Polish), as well as a less known novel of Ballanche L’Homme sans nom (The Man without a Name; not translated in Polish). The word “head” appears in those works first in expressions and contexts which seemingly have nothing common with the decapitation; however a gradual dramatization and poeticization of this motif come after. By referring to the category of the dynamic symbolic imagination, we would say that the cut royal head, as one of the important mythemes, become, at the same time, one of the grains of mythical basis of the civilisation.
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