Keywords: Ferdinand I; Franz Joseph I.; Abdication; Emperor; Pragmatic Sanction; Order of succession; Age of majority.
On December 2nd 1848 Austrian emperor Ferdinand I. abdicated. He was followed by his nephew Francis Joseph. This article publishes the relevant document and analyzes them from a legal point of view.
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Keywords: International trade; International business contracts; Code of International Trade.
The paper focuses on the analysis of Code No. 101/1963 Col., Code of International Trade, as amended (hereinafter referred to also as “the Code”). The main aim of the present article is to underline objective and nature of present Code and to show the historical background. An analysis of particular legal provisions and structure of the Code will be an integral part of the article with an accent to the modern elements of the Code. It became an inspiration even for the current Commercial Code and for the parts of the big set of amendments of Civil Code after the year 1989. Often, it is also stressed that only thanks to this Code of International Commerce one can follow an uninterrupted development of commercial law on Czech territory during the second half of the twentieth century, in spite of complete deformation of commercial legal obligations. The Code actually preserved in itself certain purely private law principles that the Code of Business did not contain.
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Keywords: The Commercial Code of France of 1807; maritime commercial law; contract of insurance; contract of bottomry; bill of lading; charter party; crew; master; sea ships.
The authors of the Commercial Code of France of 1807 (Code de commerce) included rules from the field of the maritime law in the act as its book II (Of Maritime Commerce). As a result, the maritime law began to be viewed as a component of the commercial law, acquiring the doctrinal name of the maritime commercial law (droit commercial maritime). The strong influence which Code de commerce and its systematics exerted all over the world made a lot of countries treat the civil standards of the maritime law as part of the commercial law. This idea was not, however, commonly adopted, an example of which is the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. But even in the countries where the maritime law was included in the regulations from within the commercial law, criticism of the representatives of the doctrine appeared. In consequence, the view on the maritime law as a separate whole began to emerge more and more, and the commercial maritime law stopped being an object of interest for the reformers of the commercial law. Nouveau Code de commerce of 2000 maintained this approach, too.
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Keywords: 19th Century; civil rights; first citizenship law; freedom of press; laws and decrees.
Present Paper analyzes national development, roots and early history of freedom of press as a civil right in 19th Century in light of the relevant laws and decrees. We should keep in mind that in Hungary citizenship was not ruled at the same level at time of declaring freedom of press by the law. So, this Paper seeks to demonstrate the legal regulation of freedom of press until the first law that made it clear who would be subjects of this right.
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Keywords: Kaizen systems; innovation and Kaizen; lean management
Kaizen, Japanese philosophy of thinking and action is the most essential concept of Japanese management and a key to competitive success. It lets understand differences between a Japanese and west approach towards management. It was used for the first time in Toyota Company. The aim of the article is to present features of innovation and Kaizen, as well as a concept of lean management applied in organizations in order to eliminate losses.
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Keywords: best practices; city logistics; sporting events; UEFA Euro 2012; World Football Cup 2014
City logistics and mass sporting events logistics are modern concepts using good practices to achieve established aims. Both issues are connected by the set of common features, which allow using the best practices modifying the processes of city management or mass event management. The aim of this article is to analyze city logistics from the angle of best practices possibilities – solutions applied by the organization of mass sporting events. The object of the study represents a system of city logistics and logistics system of sporting events, while used research methods were: the analyzes of literature, critical analysis of documents prepared by companies responsibilities for the preparation of events and own observations. Common points and examples of good practices of city logistics presented in table 1 and 2 confirm a hypothesis about a correlation between concepts. Using solutions which are commonly innovative in city management can significantly contribute to the facilitation of goods, persons and information flows and to decrease the negative impact of human activity on natural environmet.
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Keywords: small-sized enterprise; strategy; subsidiary; business group
One of criteria for differentiating small-sized enterprises is the fact of belonging or not to a business group. It seems to be quite important for research in this size businesses. The paper presents the results of the study on the implementation of a strategy and the strategy formulation process in small-sized enterprises. The results showed quite significant differences depending on whether or not the enterprises were subsidiaries of a business group. These differences may become a starting point for a discussion on the importance of this feature in management science.
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Keywords: process maturity; innovation process; innovation; management; organization
The purpose of this article is to present a concept of the innovation process maturity that describes actions leading to the implementation of the business process orientation in innovation management, while taking into account efficiency improvement of innovation process. It was assumed that organization can be in different phase of implementation of business process orientation (BPO). That is why presented concept was based on the following foundations: usability, providing the possibility of widespread use in business practice and a high level of precision to clarify various determinants of the innovation process maturity. The proposed concept consists of four actions performed in continuous cycles. Those actions are a basis to distinguish the following maturity levels: lack of maturity, moderate, formed and full maturity of the innovation process. Each of the achieved levels of maturity of the innovation process is characterized by different productivity, which determines the efficiency of the innovation system of the organization.
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Keywords: project time management; estimating techniques
The article describes theoretical aspects of project time management, according to actual project management standards, developed by Project Management Institute. Activity duration estimating techniques were presented, including their advantages and disadvantages, conditions of use, known limitations and costs of implementation. Analyzed estimating techniques were classified as soft, hard and supporting by increasing demand of information. Access to the information was the main criterion of technique selection because of minimizing the estimating error possibility.
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Keywords: motivation; job satisfaction; public administration; local administration
In the present article the author attempts to identify factors influencing motivation and job satisfaction among employees of local government. The author presents the results of his empirical research in this field and sets a hierarchy of influence of selected motivational factors in local government offices.
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Keywords: Childhood; communism; former communist countries; children's organization
It might seem odd to interrogate a recent period of time about the meanings of childhood! Most of the people born after 1945 lived their childhood in a space – part of Europe and Asia – and a period – 1945-1989 – under communism! They are vivid sources about their lives, they can tell and write stories, suitable for the history of communism, as it was lived, not theorized; their stories oppose the official discourse, the official propaganda which legitimated the political system for over half a century! As the readers of this special issue will have the opportunity to see, our childhoods has much in common: the kids from the Eastern Bloc lived under the same auspices, as the entire society does! All citizens work according to their capacities and abilities and they are getting everything that they need (“from everyone according to capabilities, to everyone according to their needs”). The egalitarian system was extended in all spheres, including private life: all people should have the same chances to go to school, to get a job, to live according to the same principles, to eat the same industrialized food, to raise the children according to the party rules etc. Children had to be organized, childhood had to be structured, as well as the entire society.
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Keywords: culture; values; childhood heroes
The aim of the article is to compare the system of values constituting the foundation of the social identity of generations born in Poland in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s through the analysis of ”childhood media heroes” who, according to Geert and Gert Jan Hofstede (2007), are a personified link between cultural symbols and rituals. The authors of this article assume that ”heroes” personify important generational features and values, particularly appreciated in a given culture and therefore they constitute a type of role models guiding life choices of particular generations of Poles.
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Keywords: Pioneers; Country's Hawkes; communism; childhood; Romania
It is a well-known fact that in the socialist states children were seen as the main force for social changing, especially in those states having a long term perspective regarding their lasting. Education, child care or supportive measures were far from being sufficient for such a purpose; over organization, over-regulation and a strong discipline had to be enforced since the very first years of every child! The pre-school and school children were going to be integrated in the process of revolutionary education of the young generation. Soimii Patriei (The Country’s Hawks), an original creation of Nicolae Ceausescu – no other country of the communist block had a similar organization) and The Pioneers, played their role in the creation of the multilaterally developed society and in the revolutionary education of the young generation. In this paper I will analyse the main children organizations, their statute and regulations, but also their printed materials - magazines for children – with the purpose to present the ways and means used by the state to indoctrinate the children. The indoctrination goes so deep that, in many circumstances, we can think that the children did not belong to their parents but rather to the party and its leader, Nicolae Ceausescu. This type of analyse, including the degree of implication of the children in these organizations (especially the Pioneers) can reveal very interesting aspects about the sociological and psychological impact on children: numerous accounts testify that the position of group, detachment or unity commander (the three divisions in organization) was the first leadership experience in their personal history.
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Keywords: Morality; Social Suffering; Memory; Childhood; Socialism; Trauma; Reconciliation; Violence; Kinship; Family.
Childhood experiences in Czechoslovakia between 1948 and 1989 were influenced by moral habitus shaped by the political events in 1948. I discussed the concept of moral habitus as it is embodied in the historical-political processes in context of social suffering of children of the political prisoners. Focus on life history of the son of a Czech political prisoners Peter and I examine his sense of difference from other children through distinct experiences, the value of morality in his family, and the urgency to survive. Peter’s childhood memories reflect his co-lived suffering with his parents in the past. His experiences within the process of reconciliation reveal new forms of social suffering immerged in post-socialist Czechoslovakia.
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Keywords: primer; elementary school; childhood; Soviet history; Stalin and education.
The authors investigate specific features and stages through which the “image of the Soviet child” construct was shaped. By analyzing three 1946-1948 Primers they demonstrate the emergence of the social iconography of children’s images, and show how different ideologically-charged constructs were selected. Research is based on the historical and cultural methodology founded on recording a wide range of semantic visual and verbalized meanings. By elucidating the principal block of meanings, one can arrive at when and how the ”image of the Soviet child” was coded and re-coded. The authors define three such blocks: existential, culture-producing, ideological and political. The tenet of the article is that each of these blocks would be foregrounded depending both on the overall ideological situation and on the socioeconomic tasks of a particular post-war year.
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SOCIAL MEDICINE
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Lecture delivered at Sofi a University Faculty of theology on 02.11.2010
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The transition from dictatorship to democracy in Eastern Europe in recent decades has given a unique and very specifi c aspect to Balkan historical processes, has determined the kaleidoscope nature and the irregular alternation of the ups and downs, of lights and shadows in the history of Balkan medicine. At the end of last century and the beginning of this one we have been in need for organizations that are able to focus and analyze the Balkan cooperation in the fi eld of medicine and healthcare.
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