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The new programming perspective for 2014–2020 is the last opportunity to support the development of already existing as well as currently forming cluster structures through improving the management system of cluster structures, creation of multidisciplinary cluster consortia implementing development projects and internationalization of cluster activity. The paper aims to provide a preliminary answer (based on the analysis of existing sources and surveys conducted from the regional perspective) to the question whether Polish clusters are prepared to absorb assistance in the coming years and to outline proposals how to enhance the diagnosed absorption.
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The article discusses the Upper Sorbian Six-City League, its historical and contemporary function. The League was established in the 14th century within the Kingdom of Bohemia and has currently been reactivated – owing to the participation of Lower Silesian Saxon cities it extends the spectrum of regional products along Polish-German border region. The author puts forward the following thesis and desires to justify it: the alliance of cities reactivated in 1991 remains the example of networking cooperation by enriching the regional product, stimulating the development of tourism and other business areas in the cross-border scale along the Polish-German-Czech border region, in the so-called Triangle of three countries (in German Dreiländereck, in Czech Trojzemi). The final part of the study offers the author’s verification of the presented conclusions, resulting from the research on the alliance functioning, conducted in the period 2002–2004. The author updated these conclusions and supported them with certain recommendations for the future.
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The aim of this article is to determine the commercial potential of inventions patented by Polish universities and enterprises. For the purposes of this work we have used a method of analysis of patent documents for the occurrence of so-called dead patents, i.e. inventions that had been granted protection but their protection had expired before it was formally granted, which – in the opinion of the authors – is very likely to indicate that these inventions have not been used in the economic practice. The document analysis of almost 2000 patents granted by the Polish Patent Office to 8 Polish universities and 20 Polish enterprises in 2005–2011 has shown that the commercial value of academic inventions was relatively small compared to inventions of enterprises. While over 82% of the total of patented technical solutions of enterprises had the opportunity to be used in practice, it was only slightly over a half in the case of academic centers. Additionally, as many as 15 enterprises had a complete set of patents with commercial potential while in the case of universities there were none. Paradoxically, the leaders among entities with the largest number of unused patents were the leaders in terms of the largerst number of obtained exclusive rights.
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In the conditions of growing competition the production efficiency becomes an important criterion of performed operation. Dairy farms should seek a way to improve economic relations between production costs and revenues. Therefore, it is worth looking at the efficiency of milk production. The research in selected (according to agricultural regions) groups of farms specializing in milk production showed a significant variation of production and economic effects. The results of ratio analysis underline the advantage of efficiency of milk production in surveyed farms in Wielkopolska i Śląsk and Mazowsze i Podlasie, the regions with the intensive agricultural production, including the milk production. The weakest results of this production are indicated in the case of surveyed units of Małopolska i Pogórze regions, which are reflecting a more extensive way of milk production in the region.
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Variability of economic environment causes that organizations have to look for new models of business organization and more effective methods of management. Such examples can be organization networking and the wider use of IT communication. The aim of the article is to show the possibility of computer-aid in network organizations. Advanced IT solutions in such organizations, mainly ERP and BI systems increase the effectiveness of management and reduce costs of IT infrastructure, because they make the integration simpler and improve the administration. Against the discussed evolution, development tendencies have been shown in this field.
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The main aim of the article is to recognize the importance of subsidies for operating and investing activities for the development of reproduction processes of assets (fixed assets excluding land) in agricultural holdings. The research was carried out based on the results of farms conducting agricultural accountancy (2004–2012). It has been stated that subsidies for agricultural activities play an important role in the development of agriculture in Poland. GrzelakIn the larger units subsidies played the multiplier role of running modernization processes, as well as stabilizing during the downturn in agriculture. There are significant differences in the scale of reproduction processes and the importance of subsidies for investing activities due to the economic size of agricultural holdings in surveyed groups of farms. The larger farms (over 50 thousand euro value of standard production) recorded a relatively higher importance of subsidies in investment activity.
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The aim of the article was to evaluate urban sprawl in Kraków, Wrocław and Łódź using a method based on publicly obtainable statistical data. The modified method of evaluation proposed by G. Galster et al. was used, which characterized urban sprawl by such land use indicators as: density, continuity, concentration, clustering, centrality, as well as mixed uses. The data for the calculation of these indicators came from The Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office of Poland and Google Earth. The results of the analysis indicated that the greatest degree of sprawl is observed in the urban area of Łódź, and each of the three cities studied has a different profile of sprawl.
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An important element of the existence of each country is caring for the proper functioning of the family. As a result, family policy becomes an important element of the social policy pursued by the public authorities at all levels of the organization, and providing adequate conditions for the operation, modification of existing solutions, and demands for changes in this area are part of many election programs, also for the office of the President of the Republic of Poland. The aim of this study is to assess the degree of interest in family issues of all candidates in the presidential elections 2015 based on an analysis of program documents, which are available on the websites of all candidates, as well as on data obtained from other sources including European Commission data, as well as government websites.
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The growing spatial disparity between core and peripheral regions encourages the search for new concepts of regional development. It is essential to define the mechanisms behind regional development, as well as the conditions and factors which influence this process. The disparities in spatial development become the fundamental problem of the contemporary regional policy. The article presents selected concepts of regional development, with a special emphasis on the border region and the polarization-diffusion model of development. Perkal index was used for the assessment of the socio-economic development of border regions. The results of research concerning the level of socio-economic development demonstrated a significant polarization in the development of border voivodeships.
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The Polish model of privatization was mainly based on the implementation of the privatization policy in line with the procedures envisaged by law which preferred privatization on an individual basis, adjusted to the peculiarities of a given company. In a theoretical sense, this model was mainly based upon the idea of a state-led administrative privatization process with only minor elements of capital-market procedures and very modest worker social enfranchisement procedures. Privatization programs promoted privatization of whole industrial or commercial groups over single-entity privatization schemes. The implementation of privatization through programs does not change the essence of its fundamental challenges and problems; it merely affords a different dimension to it. The primary objective of the paper is to examine the issues of property rights in the privatization process of the energy sector.
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The present article considers the problems of innovations in enterprises and the role that the state plays in market economy with respect to the innovative behavior of firms. The Schumpeterian approach to innovation puts an emphasis on the entrepreneur as a person who innovates spontaneously, and whose opportunist motives lead to innovation and profit. Contemporary market economies’ innovation and competitiveness strongly rely on breakthrough innovations – the ones that create new products to the market. These innovations are created mainly in public laboratories, and they are completely determined by the state. These are high-risk, high-cost innovations, thus unlikely performed by enterprises. There are also incremental innovations which are mainly a subject of enterprises’ activity. However, their importance to innovation and competitiveness of economies is not that great. The goal of the article is to define the conditions of proinnovative behavior of firms, with the emphasis put on the support given by the state to the R&D activity of firms. In order to achieve the objective of the article, the literature analysis and the data analysis have been performed.
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The article presents the issues related with the implementation of the stimulus function of tax reliefs, which are to support research and development activity in enterprises. Economic justification of such a support was introduced in this article, and also its significance in the process of economy transformation. Possible construction solutions, which are to be applied in a tax system, allowing enterprises to reduce an impact of negative factors, while taking research, were also discussed .Also solutions functioning in a Polish tax system, were introduced and discussed. The article ends with the reform recommendations for these elements of tax system in Poland, which are responsible for an increase of enterprieses’ activities in the sphere R&D.
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Creating favored zones has a long history dating back to ancient times. The first special economic zone in the current meaning was established in Shannon in Ireland in 1958. Nowadays it is estimated that there are over 3000 special economic zones in more than 130 countries worldwide. These types of instruments also became quite popular in the post-socialist countries in the early 90s. One of the largest post-comunist countries which created free trade zones was Romania. The aim of the article is to analyze how free trade zones work in Romania under the current Romanian law.
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