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The advent of the Internet has made a change in civil society. This new technology of information and communication offers free public space where the citizen becomes increasingly stronger by association to groups or organizations that share its views and beliefs. Civil society organizations become stronger when the visibility they have in the mass media helps them to put pressure on the government and local authorities.
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In order to provide appropriate learning experiences for students, and to enhance employability of graduates, universities should make an effort to establish mechanisms that ensure the continuous development of their program offerings in alignment with the requirements of the professional world. Development means change that should be driven by cooperating, visionary and enthusiastic people, who intend to manage dilemmas to resolution, and understand themselves as part of a professional learning community that creates and maintains sustained learning. In university program development, this professional learning community should include teachers, students, professional organizations, governmental organizations, and administrative staff. The complexity of these relations suggests distributed leadership and, at the same time, its coordination. This article highlights these interconnected aspects of leadership in university program development, and illustrates the main ideas with a hypothetical example of piano teacher education.
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In natural languages there are numerous linguistic signs characterized by a certain referential opacity, vague predicates – mainly nouns and adjectives – which researchers categorize in various typologies. In discourse, these predicates can be combined with others of the same type or can be combined with various hedges (fr. enclosures) that modify the vagueness expressed by the meaning of the former in one way or another. Phrases, clauses, sentences containing vague predicates or other elements – even figures – used with an indeterminate meaning, as expressions of approximation, are vague constructions which give our usual discourse its imprecise character we all have noticed in various communication situations. We shall not discuss in this article the various classes of vague predicates; we shall attempt instead to find the answer to several questions such as: a) is it possible to treat indeterminacy as modality? b) are there operators which might explicitly intervene in discourse in order to give to the form of expression chosen by the speaker / enunciator the imprecise character required by the specific strategy to which he or she resorts to in order to guide his or her interlocutor in the argumentative direction he or she chooses? c) is there an affinity between the type of indeterminacy called vagueness and the well-known subjective modalities? d) for which purpose can we use operators of indeterminacy and modality in a combined way in media discourse?
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The expressivity of the Romanian language has been extensively used by Professor G.I. Tohaneanu, especially at the lexical level, not only to find the corresponding terms, but mostly to capture the genuine language style of the epic. The choice of certain words to the detriment of other more or less equivalent terms indicates a subtle selection that the translator operated, given a certain perspective he had on the entire text. This stylistically induced selection is manifest when colours are involved. The present analysis aims to emphasize the role of the context in the choice of a few chromatic terms used by the late Professor in his translation of the Aeneid.
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The verbs in the infinitive, gerund and, rarely, in the participle can be considered as having a predicative function in those instances when they are related to their own subject. The presence of a subject distinct from the one of the verb emphasizes their procedural content (a characteristic of the verb) and, also, offers the possibility of generating, independently of the verb, several grammatical categories specific to the verb such as person, number and voice; therefore, the infinitive and the gerund stand relatively close to the indicative, subjunctive and imperative. By accepting this function, we reach a very convenient solution to some extreme situations: we refer both to the cases where the Grammar of the Academy expresses uncertainty – they talk about “relative infinitive constructions” as subjects – and the contexts where the infinitive and the gerund express totally opposing actions in relation to the verb, which is difficult to think of in the case of a subject common to both verbs. In the case of the infinitive, accepting the predicative function is subscribed to its unquestionable synonymy with the subjunctive (they both have a similar structure: a specific morpheme and two temporal forms: present and perfect). The infinitive, gerund and participle with distinct subjects are dependent predicates or conditionals: their occurrence is tightly connected with and depends upon the presence of another verb, thus of a regent clause. The infinitive occurs as the predicate of an independent sentence when it has the value of an imperative and is not preceded by another verb, - all warningstatements of general and impersonal character.
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The French romantic tale Mirza ou Lettre d’un voyageur, written in 1786, published in 1795, is one of Madame de Staël’s early literary works. This tale is the first in a series of three: Mirza or a Traveller’s Letter, Adelaide and Theodore, Pauline’s Sad Life, written all in the same period: 1786-1794. This translation, made for the first time in Romanian, follows closely Madame de Staël’s text as it was published in the edition of 1856. The footnotes accompanying the French text of the tale belong to the author; ours are accompanying the short introductory presentation. This fragment represents the translation of the first half of the tale, the second half will be published in the next issue of the magazine.
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When speaking about Rome and India, one is tempted to think of an enormous gap separating these two countries, a gap which becomes more obvious not only when having a brief look at any world map, but also when analyzing the belief systems specific to each of the two cultures. However, these two peoples have been in contact with each other from the earliest strata of recorded history, as many ancient written accounts prove. The present paper focuses on such a tangential point, revealing on the one hand a reputed literary work produced in one of the oldest tongues of India, which also holds the status of being a ‘classical language’, and, on the other hand, the acknowledgement of that literary product by a famous Father of the Catholic Church, the Jesuit Missionary Constantinus Josephus Beschi. The above-mentioned work is the renowned Tirukkuṟaḷ whose author, Tiruvaḷḷuvar, wrote it in literary Tamiḻ. This ancient masterpiece has caught the learned men’s attention; thus many translations of it have been published across the centuries in many parts of the world. A very famous one – one that is truly representative for the European region – is Father Beschi’s Latin translation, which appeared in 1730 and which is the first translation of the Tirukkuṟaḷ in a language of the European continent. As little is known in our country about the ancient Tamiḻ literature, the development of the main topic will be preceded by a short presentation of the Tamils’ earliest works. Therefore, it is only after having shortly dived into the beauty of the classical past that the reader will be introduced to the main ideas of this compilation of ancient wisdom that the Tirukkuṟaḷ is. Of course, fragments taken both from the original work and from its first Latin translation will be added and given a Romanian meaning.
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This paper presents the reception of Thomas Bernhard’s plays in the Romanian theatre landscape, taking into account the reaction of the press, namely the opinion of the theatre specialists, represented by the reviewers. The examination of the Bernhard-boom-phenomenon starts with the first plays of the Austrian contemporary writer, the few that had been directed before 1989; but the real “boom” is registered only after 2001. It seems that the Romanian theatrical institutions discovered the special aesthetic of Bernhard’s dramatic works, even if quite late, but the number of productions is still increasing, due to the interest of some stage directors and especially to the recent translations.
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Banatian settlement names of anthroponymic origin are quite numerous; consequently, on the one hand, there is a geomorphological poverty of terms (especially in lowland areas) and, on the other hand, we notice the important role some people had in a certain community, in a certain period of time, in a certain region. Within the category of settlement names coming from anthroponyms, we include those that can be explained by the names of saints considered patrons of localities (Sânandrei, Sângeorge etc.). We also discuss the settlement names from anthroponyms that were obtained through common language. All derivatives with suffixes became the name of the group: -eşti: Coteşti (< Cot), Boteşti (< Bot), brăneşti/ Brăneşti (< Bran), etc.; -eni: călugăreni, Călugăreni (<Călugăru), etc.; -oni: Hodoni (< HODE, Hodea), etc. We pay attention to the ones coming from a group name: Berini < Berin (< Bera), Răuţi < Răuţ, etc. Compound names, such as Old Beba, Lower Bencecu, Upper Bencecu, Great Bunea, Small Bunea etc., imply the presence of simple toponyms: * Beba, * Bencec, * Bunea etc., which took the name of a community, due to the fact that a part of the population swarmed from the town or to the fact that a new settlement was created on that territory, as a result of colonization. Thus, the new settlement took the name of the territory, to which determiners were added: old, large, great, small, lower, upper, etc.
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This article discusses one of the famous love stories in the history of the Roman Empire and of the world, the love story between the Roman Emperor Nero and his mistress and later wife, Sabina Poppaea. This idyll that history greatly condemns, is viewed by Monteverdi, in his opera L'Incoronazione di Poppea, from a completely different perspective, one in which love conquers all. Thus, it creates a certain balance between historical tradition that sometimes distorts events through the historian’s subjective beliefs and real life facts which, through art, can be brought to light. The opera’s libretto belongs to Giovanni Francesco Busenello and is based mainly on the writings of Tacitus and partly of Suetonius (those that refer to Emperor Nero). Usually Poppaea is presented in literary works as a woman of questionable morality, capable of any compromise to achieve her goal. In Monteverdi's libretto, Poppaea is presented as a very beautiful, ambitious and intelligent woman who knows exactly what she wants in life and has the power to accomplish it. By using these character traits – which can be regarded as qualities when used in a noble way – she succeedes in becoming the Emperor’s wife, gaining his heart at the same time. In conclusion, the story of Nero and Poppaea, from Monteverdi’s point of view, is one which speaks about the triumph of love over any dramas that life may bring.
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The goal of our study is to present and analyse the programme of Christian education conceived by Saint Jerome for two of his disciples, Paula and Pacatula. More precisely, our approach aims to highlight the content of intellectual education, its factors, as well as the pedagogical methods employed by Saint Jerome to teach his two disciples. The education used by Jerome for little Paula is of a dominant ascetic type. He is talking to a future nun. In essence, the education of Paula and Pacatula is based on the study of the Holy Scripture and of the works of some of the Church Fathers. The study of the Scripture must be associated with that of the Book of Psalms, personal reading (lectio) and prayer (oratio). Jerome leaves literature and the profane arts out of little Paula’s education. The programme of elementary teaching conceived by Jerome for his disciple Paula is generally in agreement with the principles of the Greek and especially Roman pedagogy. Paula’s education must go from the basics to what is more complex, from the element to the composite. It is imperative that Paula learn to read first the letters, then the syllables, isolated words, sentences; only then can she move to continuous texts. Jerome uses a less brutal pedagogy, associating the learning of the letters with a simple game; the programme of study must be adapted, from the point of view of quantity and content, to Paula’s very young age so that she might not grow to hate learning.
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The study explores the identity practices in the border areas of Central Europe, in which multiculturality has unique particularities, emerging from the specific tensions between the local and the global context. Some of the discursive strategies through which the local communities adapt to the geopolitical and economic reality, in an ongoing process of identity building, are displayed. The conclusions are based on observations and documents accumulated during anthropological field research, extended to a period of eight years, between 2007 and 2015, in four of the villages inhabited by Romanian historical populations existing in the Transcarpathia region/ Zakarpats’ka oblast. The ensuing text integrates recent analyses and interpretations dedicated to the social changes in the post-socialist countries with studies focused on the Transcarpathia region/ Zakarpats’ka oblast and documents produced during my own research – autobiographical narratives, oral histories, fragments extracted from complex discursive practices. From a grassroots perspective on the tangible and intangible cultural heritages, which are the basis of the identity building process of a Romanian community, always situated outside the borders of the Romanian state, the investigation is carried out with qualitative research methods, using concepts that have been revised and adapted to the real society. The case study, which offers a local perspective provided by a group researched through direct contact and participant observation, is complementary to a larger perspective offered by the recent scientific literature dedicated to the interpretations of cultures, sociolinguistic studies, cultural identities and contemporary theories on states, nations and nationalisms.
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The connection between children’s literature and the Avant-garde has long been regarded as an epithalamium that reunites two divergent regimes of representation sharing a common ground. Authors such as Gellu Naum or Eugène Ionesco integrated references to the infantile universe in their work without causing fractures or drawing demarcations between this specific area of creation and the rest of their work. My argument rests upon the premise of a solid connection between the two domains and, consequently, I explore the themes and metaphors that strengthen this apparently exotic literary hybrid.
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The work of Livius Ciocârlie has three stages of creation, the latest one being mostly autobiographical. We believe that the author brings innovation to our literature through a new form of journal of ideas, the ephemeral diary. The book “Bătrâneţe şi moarte în mileniul al treilea” opens the paradigmatic series of works created by using fragmentation as a writing technique, focusing on the sense of inconsistency, perceiving living as survival on the surface, in the form of sweet freedom. The book is not questioning the two main themes of humanity, but is presented in an autobiographical form, a subjective study, where personal reading notes are carefully positioned in order to promote a new type of literature. It is essentially a plea for the importance of small things in human life, a promotion of the idea that the existence of a simple person (the writer himself, his wife, nephew, mother, etc.) finds its place in the universe through transient, insignificant facts.
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