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Titos Verhalten war typisch für einen geschickten Diktator -nach einer Periode relativer Liberalisierung gab es immer wieder eine Periode, in der er die Zügel straffer zog. So konnte er das Gleichgewicht zwischen den divergierenden ideologischen Tendenzen in der Führung und bei den Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den Teilrepubliken aufrecht erhalten und gleichzeitig seine eigene Position stärken. Zu einem der größten Aufschwünge in der Liberalisierung, der aber gleich darauf wieder zurückgefahren wurde, kam es, als einer seiner engsten Mitarbeiter, Milovan Ðilas, die bestehende Situation in der Gesellschaft und das Regime selbst radikaler Kritik zu unterziehen begann.[...]
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In the history of language, vocabulary has been developing on two basic planes: quantitative and qualitative changes. The former allow the conclusion that the development of the lexical resource of the Polish language has been progressive: from 5,000–7,000 to ca. 300,000 lexical units. On the plane of qualitative changes, vocabulary is developing within several scopes: 1) thematic circles; 2) communicative and stylistic variants; 3) semantic relations; 4) semantic changes of words; 5) vocabulary reproduction processes. The data obtained from the conducted analysis confi rm the dominance of the completion trend on the plane of qualitative changes, yet the hierarchy of other development trends is known to an insignifi cant degree only and requires further studies.
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This paper contains a discussion of differences in the assumptions and process of works in two digitalisation projects of Słownik wileński (Vilnius Dictionary). Difficulties encountered in the course of its implementation are indicated and methods of their resolution are shown. The scope of the performed works is presented in tables. Twenty-nine text files including the content of the Dictionary, consisting of more than eighteen million characters, which constitutes over three million textual words, were created as part of EESW implementation. More than a million tags were introduced to text files. The total time of work on the files of the Dictionary exceeded one and a half thousand hours.
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This paper is an attempt at describing the sematic field CUDZOŁOŻNICA (ADULTERESS). The basis for the excerption was the lexicographic material included in Słownik języka polskiego (Dictionary of Polish) edited by Jan Karłowicz, Adam Antoni Kryński and Władysław Niedźwiedzki, called the “Warsaw” Dictionary. The material obtained from Swarsz was subjected to a semic analysis discussed from the viewpoint of the semantic field theory as approached by Ryszard Tokarski. What was considered archisems was kobiecość (femininity) ([+Human being], [–Childish], [–Male]) and an extramarital erotic relation, where the archisem [–Marriage] refers directly to the archisem [+Erotic relation]. The analysed vocabulary group was characterised in terms of hierarchical relations, genetics, stylistics, word formation and chronology.
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This paper aims at examining the mechanism of “being lost” (and “being found”) in the case of selected words and phrases in various Polish translations of the Bible, observing lexical and semantic changes, and making an attempt at a fuller interpretation of the message of the analysed fragments of the Bible. The comparison of selected vocabulary (e.g. stolec nagłego spadnienia (to seat in the sit of scoffers), marność nad marościami (vanity of vanities), czynić sobie wczas (to relieve oneself)) in individual translations of the Holy Bible permits conclusions regarding its presence in or absence from the contemporary Polish language and semantic transformations, if any.
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This paper contains comments on the operation of dialects in the contemporary Polish language. Based on the topical literature and his own observations, the author presents considerations for transformation of dialects as a result of the changing nonlinguistic and extralinguistic realities, in particular ones connected with the change in methods of communication. What is noticeable is that – despite the richness of various dialects – a strong trend for neutralising and disintegrating the dialect consisting in getting rid of the peculiar (different from colloquial) lexis, which at the same time usually constitutes a significant component of the local cultural heritage. The fact that dialect vocabulary appears in colloquial and expressive Polish is also noticeable.
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This paper concerns words which used to be present in general Polish but disappeared from it over time (that is archaisms), and yet have survived in Poznań Polish. They are characterised by a varied degree of persistence in the dialect used by Poznań residents. A considerable number of them have been moved or is moving to the linguistic archives even in this dialect (e.g. celstat, dęga, gardyny, nawarka, sztykutać, taszka, wenerować), others, however, are still alive (e.g. chęchy, drabka, kejter, korbol, nabierka, nieusłuchany, wysiepać, zesmyknąć się, żybura and semantic archaisms, e.g. ból ‘a wound, a sore’, pyza ‘a steamed bun’, uliczka ‘a gate’, or zatrzasnąć ‘to kill’). The persistence of the Poznań dialect is influenced by factors such as: the tradition of cultivating linguistic distinctness and conservatism, which is stereotypically attributed to inhabitants of Wielkopolska region, and most of all their positive emotional attitude to the dialect. The residents of the city often use it for ludic and stylisation purposes, and the fact that they have made it an important element in promoting their city is a sign of the times.
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The Republic of Slovenia, having obtained independence and sovereignty in the June-July war of 1991, launched the intensive build-up of the system of national security. As guidelines it used the experiences of other states, its own historical experience and the attitudes of the public and the political parties. The analysis of Slovenian national security shows that the threats to it come in the forms of military threats, internal threats and the threat to the living space. This was the reason that the system of national security was outlined as including the defense system, the security system, and the system of protection and preservation. Though encountering momentous problems in the build-up of the system of national security (particularly its military aspect), Slovenia has made remarkable shifts in order to embrace the NATO standards. However, it was not enough and Slovenia was not among the countries that were admitted to this organisation in the first wave - Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary.
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The author is of the opinion that with the fall of the Berlin wall not all obstacles to the free circulation of goods and people were eliminated - neither in Europe nor in other regions of the world, since there are numerous other walls standing in the way of establishing a global world or European order. In that context, the agreement among the members of the European Union on the comprehensive control of “its borders” towards the non-member European countries, is considered by the author as a specific form of a new “curtain”, not “iron” any longer, but electronic. Its function, the author claims, is to divide Europe into the Union and the Non-union, which is harmful for the promotion of the European idea in the spiritual and the material sense in many ways.
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Iain McLean Uvod u javni izbor Fakultet politi~kih znanosti, Zagreb, 1997. European Political Cultures Conflict or Convergence? London and New York, Routledge, 1997. Edited by Roger Eatwell Brant Houston Computer-Assisted Reporting (A Practical Guide) St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1996.
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The author gives a short account of his broadly-based studies on the theory of public choice and the financing of the public sector in the industrialised countries of the world. In this context, first the definition of the theory of choice and its relation to the financing of the public sector is given. Then there is a shorter review of the evolution of the theory of public choice in the history of human development, with special focus on the latest trends. Then the author explores the fundamental principles of public choice in the functioning of the contemporary state and its consequences for the economic and social development of the developed countries. In the end, the author lists the essential requirements regarding the possibility of the implementation of the theory of public choice in the Croatian theory and practice when making the collective decisions regarding the financing of public needs.
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In the first part of the article, the author analyses the latest dimensions of security on the territory of the former Yugoslavia stemming from the Dayton and Paris accords. His starting point is the geographical criterion which produces five trouble spots which may jeopardize the process of security-building. He concludes that only a determined application of political, diplomatic and economic pressures, as well as military presence, may bring about a new dimension of security in southeastern Europe. The second part of the article gives a review of the analyses of the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the creation of new states in this part of Europe, as well as of the concepts and schemes for a certain degree of linkage and bringing together, the most prominent of which is the American initiative for the co-operation in southeastern Europe. It is obvious that this region will go on being viewed through different lenses and that the interests of the observers, more than those of the peoples living in this part of Europe, will get precedence.
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The central question in teaching the subject of confidential information is to define the borderline between the citizens’ interest in learning certain information (“the right to know”) and the general interest of keeping certain information confidential - in a word, between the justifiable and unjustifiable secrets. This is an area which includes parts of administrative and public media law and the theory of public law. This paper is limited to the analysis of the issue of the classified information in state possession (state, military and official secret) on three levels: theoretical, comparative and on the level of Croatian legislation. The essential elements of the theoretical concept of confidentiality are: the possession of the information kept secret from others; deliberate concealment; social context. A secret can have different forms: strategic, private, pressing, sequential, collective, petty, deep, simple, exploited and as conspiratorial as a plot. The theoretical analysis of confidentiality deals with the questions of contemporary forms of the manipulation of information (defining agendas and priorities, “quantitative overload”, lobbying) and with the generic issue of the process of decision-making, lies and half-truths.
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