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The publication documents the relics of the wall paintings from the Early Christian cathedral discovered in Faras by the team of Polish archeologists led by Prof. Kazimierz Michałowski in 1961–1964 in connection with building the Aswan Dam. For each painting, metric data, location and state of preservation are provided. The catalogue is richly illustrated with the photographs of paintings before they were taken off the walls and after conservation, and a table of all the ornaments and patterns depicted in the paintings as well as concordance tables and index.
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The publication documents the relics of the wall paintings from the Early Christian cathedral discovered in Faras by the team of Polish archeologists led by Prof. Kazimierz Michałowski in 1961–1964 in connection with building the Aswan Dam. For each painting, metric data, location and state of preservation are provided. The catalogue is richly illustrated with the photographs of paintings before they were taken off the walls and after conservation, and a table of all the ornaments and patterns depicted in the paintings as well as concordance tables and index.
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The pottery workshop in the town of Porphyreon on the Phoenician coast (modern Jiyeh in Lebanon), a site midway between Beirut and Sidon (modern Saida), operated on a local scale, producing mainly amphorae and kitchen vessels. It was an important cog in the wheels of the region’s economy from the middle of the 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD. A Polish–Lebanese rescue project in 2004 probed a Hellenistic and Roman pottery production zone in the town. The assemblage of ceramic vessels and wasters that was recorded supported an extensive study of the local repertory of vessels produced, as well as the clay of which the were made. Porphyreon, thus, became the second, after Berytus, Hellenistic and Roman pottery production site to be excavated on the Lebanese coast, whereas laboratory analyses of the chemical composition of the clay have supplied a key criterion for distinguishing locally made vessels from other ceramic production in Phoenicia. The study presents the ceramic assemblage from Jiyeh, including a typological and chronological classification of the vessels, and discusses the finds in relation to trends and phenomena typical of Phoenician pottery production in the periods in question. The overall picture of local workshop output contributes important insights into the history of ancient trade and craftsmanship in central Phoenicia. A formal examination of the ceramic material, combined with a review of ancient sources, written and other, sheds light on the administrative status of the settlement in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, placing it convincingly in the hinterland of Sidon rather than Berytus. Moreover, it has added a unique small-town perspective to the study of the economy of ancient Phoenicia, based so far chiefly on data from the large urban centres like Sidon, Tyre and Berytus.
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The pottery workshop in the town of Porphyreon on the Phoenician coast (modern Jiyeh in Lebanon), a site midway between Beirut and Sidon (modern Saida), operated on a local scale, producing mainly amphorae and kitchen vessels. It was an important cog in the wheels of the region’s economy from the middle of the 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD. A Polish–Lebanese rescue project in 2004 probed a Hellenistic and Roman pottery production zone in the town. The assemblage of ceramic vessels and wasters that was recorded supported an extensive study of the local repertory of vessels produced, as well as the clay of which the were made. Porphyreon, thus, became the second, after Berytus, Hellenistic and Roman pottery production site to be excavated on the Lebanese coast, whereas laboratory analyses of the chemical composition of the clay have supplied a key criterion for distinguishing locally made vessels from other ceramic production in Phoenicia. The study presents the ceramic assemblage from Jiyeh, including a typological and chronological classification of the vessels, and discusses the finds in relation to trends and phenomena typical of Phoenician pottery production in the periods in question. The overall picture of local workshop output contributes important insights into the history of ancient trade and craftsmanship in central Phoenicia. A formal examination of the ceramic material, combined with a review of ancient sources, written and other, sheds light on the administrative status of the settlement in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, placing it convincingly in the hinterland of Sidon rather than Berytus. Moreover, it has added a unique small-town perspective to the study of the economy of ancient Phoenicia, based so far chiefly on data from the large urban centres like Sidon, Tyre and Berytus.
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Non-invasive surveys carried out at Ptolemais are implementation of the concept adopted by Professor Tomasz Mikocki, who in the introduction to the published in 2006 Archaeological Tourist Guide wrote: "Having been offered a wonderful opportunity to conduct research on one of the most important archaeological sites in the word we have decided to carry out mainly non-invasive works (rather than traditional excavations) in order not to degrade the integrity of the ruined Ptolemais". With this in mind, Prof. Mikocki has set an ambitious program of non-invasive investigations being aware of the fact that the research carried out over a wide area require non-standard measures and prepare a new methodology for this type of work. His idea could be realized thanks to a grant program of the Polish National Center for Science, as an interdisciplinary project "Noninvasive mapping of the ancient remains of the city of Ptolemais in Libyan Cyrenaica." The project, whose results are presented here as a successive volume of the Ptolemais in Cyrenaica series, is one of the largest such projects in the Mediterranean basin. More than 150 hectares of land was surveyed via non-invasive prospecting methods. On the basis of satellite images and aerial photography performed for the project, ortophotomaps were prepared for an area of 180 hectares. The maps were georeferenced and fed into the spatial information system for the site. Archival maps fed into the system were also georeferenced (including maps and topographical sketches made by nineteenth-century travellers), as was documentation produced in the course of twentiethcentury excavations by various expeditions researching the site. The resulting digital database allows for a more detailed documentation of archaeological remains visible on the surface. The basic methods of field measurements were magnetic measurements performed with a proton precession magnetometer and a caesium vapour magnetometer, as well as gradiometric readings using transductors. The geophysical maps illustrating the measurements were developed to offer a uniform graphic representation of the data from different measuring devices. Filters and transformations used in commercial software for graphic presentation of geophysical measurement results were used in addition to algorithms developed specifically to allow for a filtering out of defects resulting from the varied topography. This proved particularly difficult in the case of Ptolemais – a site spread out on terraces over a large area and with mutable lay of the land, as well as varied geological composition, with rock straight under the surface in the south of the city and numerous layers of relics of ancient architecture in the central part. An important methodological achievement was to develop the rules of integrating the data gained not just through geophysical measurements, but also photogrammetric documentation, aerial photography and satellite images, topographic measurements (including three-dimensional profiling of the surface areas surveyed). In addition to these, significant progress was also made in studying history of the city at different stages of its development, as well as the role of North Africa against the background of the other centres of ancient civilisation. This allowed for a verification of the existing hypotheses about the history of Ptolemais and setting new directions for future research on this important centre – one of the capital cities of the ancient world.
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The original versions were primarily issued in "La Critica. Rivista di Letteratura, Storia e Filosofia", a journal edited by Benedetto Croce in the years 1903-1944. The presented work is accompanied by a historical and philological commentary of the editor as well as a list of printed references related to Croce (both source texts and critical editions available for Polish language).
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The original versions were primarily issued in "La Critica. Rivista di Letteratura, Storia e Filosofia", a journal edited by Benedetto Croce in the years 1903-1944. The presented work is accompanied by a historical and philological commentary of the editor as well as a list of printed references related to Croce (both source texts and critical editions available for Polish language).
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The original versions were primarily issued in "La Critica. Rivista di Letteratura, Storia e Filosofia", a journal edited by Benedetto Croce in the years 1903-1944. The presented work is accompanied by a historical and philological commentary of the editor as well as a list of printed references related to Croce (both source texts and critical editions available for Polish language).
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This chapter outlines the most relevant aspects and specifics of three selected treaties by Benedetto Croce translated into Polish. The aim of this work is to provide Polish readers with better understanding of the Italian liberal thought, historical background of the epoch and other determinants of Italy’s social and political life such as Fascist dictatorship, imperial colonialism, attitude of Italians towards Roman Catholic Church. Finally, the question of poetry translation has been raised with reference to the critical editions of Croce in Poland.
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This chapter reviews literature data concerning the works of Croce printed in Polish sources throughout the years. The collected positions include both source texts and critical writings as well as biographies and memoirs.
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Considering today's conditions, the international arena seems to be anarchic. In order to ensure the anarchic structuring order, there are regional and international organizational structures. There is a new area of this anarchic structuring and balance of power issue: The Arctica. When we examine the relations of the states in the Arctic region or with interest in the region; Since there is no higher authority to decide on the issues in the region, it is observed that the relations of the states in the region are carried out in an anarchic system. In the last seventy years, we have witnessed geopolitical shifts in which postworld wars global conflicts are transmitted regionally. The Arctic region, which is the new focus of global powers, has not yet met any terrorist activity, unlike other conflict areas. The Arctic region, where countries are trying to increase their cooperation, will be the new conflict area for states that want to keep energy in the future. In this study, we will examine America and Russia's policies on the Arctic, which are geo-strategically trying to create a new balance of power and are determined to redesign the bipolar system in this region through the power balance theory.
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Arctic region has become a significant region for the last three decades and thanks to the natural richness of the region and the emergence of a new transportation northern route owing to global warming, even the non-Arctic states have started to have scientific, environmental, economic, logistic and social interests on the region. The interest of the Baltic states has also recently increased despite their traditionally weak links with the Arctic. This study aims to understand how these small Baltic states negotiate their interests regarding Arctic issues. For this reason, this chapter consists of two main parts. The first one deals with the Arctic issue itself and the second part is about the Baltic states’ approach towards the Arctic in recent years and their efforts to take part in the Arctic negotiations defending their interests over intergovernmental organizations like the Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS), the Arctic Council, the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
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Antarctica is called the frozen continent and has been reserved for peace and science since the Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 in Washington, D.C. Antarctic research has fundamental societal importance and requirements to have a consultative status cannot be achieved without a substantial scientific and operational presence in Antarctica. The future of this fragile continent depends on international cooperation through the Antarctic Treaty, which Turkey signed in 1995, although it had not performed any scientific study on this continent for more than 20 years.3 In fact, an expedition appeal and agenda have been established in 1991 in Turkey. Historically, the world map drawn in 1513 by Piri Reis, a great Turkish admiral and the founder of Ottoman Cartography, did not include Antarctica but mapped its adjacent areas, including the Falkland / Malvines Islands.4 Some Turkish scientists participated in Antarctica expeditions of foreign countries since the 1960’s, such as the U.S.A. and Germany, but their main scope was not biodiveristy. Turkey started its own expeditions in 2016 and has been continuing ever since.
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From ancient times to the present, the Indian and Pacific Oceans have been vital because it is an area that encompasses major trade routes and choke points. Oceans, on the other hand, is vulnerable to a variety of maritime security concerns, including piracy, drug trafficking, significant state conflicts, and terrorist operations. Coastal governments are unable to collectively assure the ocean's security, sometimes due to divergent interests and other times due to issues stemming from internal instability, but they have created regional organizations and are working in this field. Within the context of Indian and Pacific Oceans maritime security, several theoretical explanations of specific aspects can be given.
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The new center of gravity of the world, the Indian Pacific region, is the subject of this article. “Free and Open Indian Pacific Policy”, adopted by the USA in 2017, is on the foreign policy agenda. By addressing the geopolitical, geoeconomics and geostrategic importance of the region, it will be explained why the USA has implemented this policy. The fact that the competition between China and the US in the global system can result in war is the subject of the article that the dual containment strategy applied to the Soviet Union during the Cold War period and it is a geopolitical area that has gained importance in the context of the alliance relations established with the countries in the region. The importance of the geographical area will be evaluated from the US perspective.
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ASEAN is a key actor in the South Pacific that has the potential to affect geopolitical shifts in the region. Therefore, its role in the geopolitics of the South Pacific should be addressed comprehensively to explain not only the regional politics but also global politics and geopolitical considerations. In that manner, this chapter explores the role of ASEAN in regional politics in two sections. First, this chapter surveys the evolution of ASEAN to explain its main principles over time. Second, it engages two major geopolitical issues in the region, namely Myanmar Crisis and the dispute over the South China Sea, and explores the impact of ASEAN on regional geopolitics.egional geopolitics
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South Pacific also known as Oceania is a relatively isolated and remote region and is a home of small island countries apart from two metropolitan powers scattered amidst a vast oceanic area. Yet, the region is not bereft of great power rivalry and both conventional and non-conventional security threats. South Pacific is also a witness to internal turmoils like political upheavals, nuclear tests, resource theft and depletion, environmental challenges, and many other issues. Interestingly, the regional security challenges have been entwined with the intervention of great powers which has given rise to a complex and cluttered geopolitical environment in the South Pacific. This paper seeks to discuss, the geopolitics of the South Pacific region in the context of regional vulnerabilities and international relations that has resulted in a quagmire of political, domestic, economic, ethno-geographic, diplomatic, and environmental issues.
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Asia-Pacific is one of the most important regions in world politics and the 21st century is widely regarded as the Asian century since America’s global leadership is being directly challenged for the first time upon the collapse of the Soviet Union. While the states such as the USA, China, Japan and Russia take an active role in the power struggle in this region, India also closely monitors the recent developments, as well as several European countries, which attach importance to Asia-Pacific relations.
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