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Бронзовое зеркало золотоордынского времени из окрестностей села Тея на левобережье Нижнего Днестра

Author(s): Sergey A. Fidelski,Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Metal mirrors of the Golden Horde time were massive material and were widely distributed as items of everyday life and cult. Bronze wares with Arabic well-wishing inscription using Naskh script of handwriting deserve specific attention among the many types of mirrors. They were mainly distributed on the territory of the Golden Horde from the Volga to the Dniester. The specified type of finds includes a fragment of a bronze mirror found in the Teia village (Grigoriopol district) on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. As the analysis has shown, the bronze mirror from Teia is the most Western similar item on the territory of the Golden Horde. The analogies from the burial and settlement sites of the Dnieper-Volga interfluve show that the Teia mirror is one of the late replicas and can be dated no later than the middle of the 14th century. A comprehensive study of such bronze mirrors allows us to solve problems associated with the determination of narrower dates and centers of their production.

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Золотоордынский погребальный комплекс с зеркалом с изображением сфинксов на Нижнем Днестре

Author(s): Maksym V. Kvitnytskyi,Nicolai P. Telnov,Sergey D. Lysenko,Sergey N. Razumov,Vitalii S. Sinika / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In 2018, the Dniester archaeological expedition of the Pridnestrovian State University studied a group of nomadic burials of the Golden Horde time near Glinoe village, Slobodzeya district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. One complex stands out, from which the finds of a bronze mirror with the image of two mythical creatures (sphinxes) and an earring in the form of a question mark originate. Both finds are extraordinary among the nomadic antiquities of the Golden Horde time. Analogies to the mirror with the image of Sphinxes were not previously known in the North-Western Black Sea region. An earring in the form of a question mark is a new type of such items, demonstrating the evolution of jewelry with appearance of such innovations as tacking dead bandlets for inserts. The date of the burial was determined within the second half of the 14th — the beginning of the 15th century. The peculiarities of the burial rite make it possible to attribute the complex to representatives of the ruling nomadic group. A study of the dynamics of historical processes that took place in the region during the period of the Golden Horde domination suggests that the grave belonged to a representative of a group of nomads from the suite of Lord Khadjibey.

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О некоторых предметах декорировки костюма и украшениях конца XIII — начала XV вв., связанных с золотоордынской традицией

Author(s): Svetlana S. Ryabtseva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The items of costume decoration and adornments, produced in conformity with the Golden Horde traditions were spread quite widely, from the Volga region to the Balkans. They were worn by both the elite and the plain people. In some cases, local imitations are presented. Some of them (for example, metal tops of caps, earrings in the form of a question mark, a number of plaques for clothes, belt and bag) could be worn by the Adygei, Polovtsi, Early Russians, Lithuanians, East Romance and mixed Balkan population (up to Bulgaria and Macedonia).

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Клинковое оружие XII—XV вв. с территории междуречья Верхнего Прута и Среднего Днестра

Author(s): Igor P. Voznyj / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the most popular among the warriors offensive melee facilities weapons, especially swords, medieval sabres, falchions and their components found in the northern part of the Dniester-Prut interfluvial area.The territory of the Northern Bukovina knows 11 swords. The above analysis of blade weapons made it possible to distinguish among them some types of XIIa, XVIа, XVII, and XX according to E. Okshott, dating to 14th—16th centuries. The proposed typology is not exhaustive and definitive, and perhaps further research and new finds will be able to clarify it more.The fragments of the sabre, as well as the saber guards, were found on the studied area. The latter refers to types I, II according to A. Kirpichnikov. The guards are dated by the analogies of the 11th—13th centuries. Among the weapons found in the investigated territory, there are also known two falchions, of cross-guard shape and pommel shape. The falchions are type 1 and 2 according to A. Nadolsky. They are dated by the middle of the 15th — the beginning of the 16th centuries.Thus, it is obvious that the local population from the investigated territory was quite sufficiently armed. Evolution of these weapons was mainstreamed with the general development of the military art in Europe. The territory of the Northern Bukovina in the 12th—16th century was involved into the pan-European political events. And the finds of the advanced weapons of that time serves as evidences to the fact.

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Молдо-валашский этнический субстрат в эпоху раннего средневековья: аспекты цивилизационной идентификации в осмыслении румынских историков XX века

Author(s): Bogdan Mikhaylovich Bodnaryuk / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This article examines and analyzes the problem of the emergence, formation, and features of the development of the Moldo -Wallachian substrate during the Early Middle Ages — until the beginning of the formation of state entities, which were later called Danube Principalities. The problem is highlighted at the level of civilization and anthropological characteristics, reflected in the Romanian historiography of the 20th century and presented by many well-known researchers. Special attention is paid to the debatable aspects of the ethnic identification of the population of the Carpathian-Danube region during the Great Migration, examined through the prism of methodological approaches, conceptual statements and interpretative perspectives.

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«Искусный и очень опытный стратег»: военная деятельность Ивана Русина на службе царей Тырновской Болгарии (20—30-е гг. XIV в.)

Author(s): Andrey Vasilyevich Fedoruk / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article elucidates one of the unexplored historical pages of the relations between Rus and Bulgaria, which is connected with the military activities of Ivan, who was called Rusin, in 20—30s years of the 14th century. Based on the reports of Greek historical essays, the author investigates some selected episodes of the stay of the warlord of Ruthenian origin in the service of the Bulgarian tsars of Terter and Shishman’s dynasties. The author also reveals his prominent role in the defense of Philippopol (1323), the march to Constantinople (1328) and the battle of Rusokastro (1332). Unresolved is the question of Ivan’s participation in the major battle of Velbazhd on July 28, 1330, the controversy of which is connected with the lack of the necessary specific data in narrative sources.

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Замок Хаджибей: история исследований, датировки, локализация

Author(s): Andrew V. Krasnozhon / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The solution of the problem of localization of the Khadzhibey castle on the territory of modern Odessa became possible due to the first geo-radar exploration in the area of its most probable existence. The work revealed at a depth of more than 2 m an anomaly that coincides in size and contours with the plans of the stone castle in Khadzhibey, known by cartographic materials of the 1780s. The castle was located opposite the modern houses no. 4—5 on Primorsky Boulevard. The depth of occurrence corresponds to the horizon of the surface of the Khadzhibey period, revealed by the expedition of A. O. Dobrolyubsky during excavations near the Vorontsov Palace in 1997.The castle existed at this place (almost unchanged) in the period from the 1420s to the 1790s. It was built in connection with the defensive initiatives of Witold or T. Buczacki. In 1593, the Turks attempted to reconstruct the castle. In 1765, the structure was slightly modernized — a coastal artillery battery was added from the north-east, coastal side. In 1789, it was incapacitated by blasting two mines. After 1794, it was disassembled to harvest building materials.

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Влияние польско-турецкого соперничества второй половины XVII в. на военно-политическую ситуацию в Карпато-Днестровском регионе

Author(s): Oleksii V. Balukh / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The second half of the 17th century was characterized by aggravation of relations between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Since 1650, Moldavia was a vassal of Turkey. Military-political situation of Bukovina’s lands as a part of Moldavia was characterized by constant interference of Polish and Turkish-Tatar troops in the Moldavian internal Moldavian affairs. Polish kings tried to keep Moldavia under their influence and occasionally sent troops there, that ravaged and plundered primarily borderlands with Poland, especially the territories of Chernivtsi and Khotyn districts. It was the time when the role of Khotyn fortress grew up, which continued to preserve its strategic importance.So, Bukovina’s land was at the forefront of the struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as during 1650—1699 both countries wished to extend their authority over Moldavia, and therefore — over Bukovina. As a consequence, from the second half of the 17th century, Bukovina was exposed to military and political events, and the authority over the land passed from hand to hand.

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Терминологический аспект в изучении однонефных храмов средневекового Крыма

Author(s): Vladimir P. Kirilko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Smaller churches with one apse and the nave rectangular in plan — undomed and without pillars to divide its internal space in bays — are the most common type of medieval churches in the Crimea. Such religious structures, rather diversified, are spread across the peninsula and include the majority of all existing churches today. The choice of terminology plays an increasingly important role in their studies, due to controversial use of such terms as ‘basilica’, ‘single-nave basilica’ or ‘basilica-type building’ to define them. The present study led to the following three conclusions. 1. When making a choice between functional and architectural approach, if a definition of an archaeological object is required, the second approach should be preferred. 2. It is unacceptable either to refer to those church structures, which do not have such characteristic features as ‘basilican section’ and ‘basilican lighting’, as basilicas, or to attribute them to ‘basilican type’, in order to avoid distorting the mere idea of it as a structure and its architectonic. 3. ‘Single-nave temple’ seems to be the most suitable term to use for the typological identification of such buildings (or, the full term would be: ‘a church, rectangular in plan, with one-part nave and a semicircular/faceted ‘apse’), or a ‘chapel’.

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Проблемът за средновековните сезонни селища от територията на дн. Югоизточна България (трансхуманс или номадизъм)

Author(s): Boris D. Borisov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The study addresses the problem of the medieval seasonal settlements from today’s South-Eastern Bulgaria. Three of them are located on the territory of the mining and electricity complex of “Maritsa-Iztok”. Two of them are entirely excavated and are situated on the land of Gledachevo village, the third one is partially studied and is located nearby Polski Gradets village, and the last one — in the area of “Shihanov bryag” nearby the city of Harmanly.Archaeological data undoubtedly points to the fact that there is no cultural layer in any of the seasonal settlements. There are neither archaeological materials nor artefacts excluding some pottery pieces. There are no graveyards, which once again is a proof of the brief habitation in these areas. According to the ethnographical data, there are four basic types of stock-breeding. The first is the so-called Alpine or mountain stockbreeding, the second one — transhumance, the third one — nomadism, and the fourth one — stationary livestock farming.The analysis of the archaeological and ethnographical data allows us to infer that, for the time being, there is no connection between seasonal settlements and transhumance or nomadism. Anyway, there is no doubt that they are related to the mobile stock-breeding.

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Мнимое княжество Киркельское в Юго-Западном Крыму XIII—XV вв.

Author(s): Victor L. Mytz / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The brief overview of the current studies on Qirq Yer discussed here demonstrates that, in spite of all academic attempts, a number of questions regarding history of this place in 13th—15th centuries are still unanswered. The suggested dates for the Mongol conquest of the town in 13th century (1238, 1260, 1298/99) or 14th century (1342—1363) are not supported by archaeological evidence. No real sources of 13th—15th centuries are known to witness presence of Yashlau beys and Kudulak family (clan) in the Crimea. Not even khan’s jarligs of 1459 and 1468 released to the residents of Qirq Yer mention them. All along this period between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries, no “Alan” or “Tartar” name of a prince of Qirq Yer is known, nor there is any information of whatever ‘principality’ that existed here. Hence, there are no grounds to discuss existence of a certain Kirkel Principality in 13th—15th centuries.

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К юбилею Николая Петровича Тельнова

Author(s): Vitalii S. Sinika / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Ad gloriam

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Исследования трипольского поселения Русановцы в Верхнем Побужье в 2010—2012 гг.

Author(s): Eduard V. Ovchinnikov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In 2010—2012, excavations were carried out at the Trypillia settlement of Rusanovtsy 1, located in the upper reaches of the Upper Southern Bug River. The remains of three ground structures, which could have one and two chambers were studied. The living quarters were located at the level of the lower tier, as indicated by details of the interior — hearths and permanently installed pithos. Among the finds, ceramics with bichromic paintings predominate — a pattern made with dark brown paint, supplemented with white edging or small patterns. Products made from flint from local Bug or imported Volhynian raw materials were manufactured directly at the settlement. The settlement belongs to post-Zaleshchiki sites and dates to the beginning of stage BII.

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Расписная керамика позднего энеолита на поселении Орловка-Картал на Нижнем Дунае

Author(s): Igor V. Manzura / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Fragmented painted pottery is uncovered predominately in the layer and structures of the Cernavodă I culture (the 2nd quarter of the 4th mill. BC). Part of fragments derives from complexes of the Early Iron Age cut into the late Eneolithic layer or is represented by stray finds. According to technological traits the pottery corresponds to painted ceramics of the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture. Several morphological types can be distinguished: cylindrical-conical bowls, relatively large pots with conical or cylindrical neck, jugs with high cylindrical neck, small widely open pots with globular body and small amphora with vertical handles on shoulders. The painting consists of two main kinds. The first kind embraces geometric or curvilinear ornaments composed from broad crossing or complementary bands which find best parallels mainly in the ornamentation of the Cucuteni B2-Tripolye C1 pottery. The second kind of the painting includes net-like ornament or compositions made of narrow crossing diagonal bands (“sparse net”). This kind of painted design is related only to the small vessels with globular body and amphora. Such morphological and stylistic types can be considered as manifestations of particular ceramic tradition of the Cernavodă I culture probably emerged under influence of the Cucuteni B-Tripolye C1 culture. They are broadly distributed in late Eneolithic graves of the Northwest Pontic region and can be regarded as additional evidence for attributing this territory to the area of the late Eneolithic Cernavodă I culture.

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Комплекс раннего бронзового века с каменной фигуркой из Северо-Восточного Приазовья

Author(s): Sergey N. Razumov,Anatolii N. Usachuk / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The grave goods contained in the main burial complex of Zintseva Balka 2/17 (North-Eastern Azov Sea Region), a Pit Grave Cultural and Historical Community site, were very expressive, including a damaged flint biface and a stylized sandstone figurine, which was morphologically similar to the stele from the Early Bronze Age barrows. Analysis of existing analogies showed that use of small stylized stone sculptures, often in combination with cutting tools, was a part of the funerary rite of the cattle-breeding population of the steppe zone of the Early and Middle Bronze Age, reflecting its ideological representations. Presence of such figurines in graves may indicate a special social and/or sacral status of the buried.

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Курганы бронзового века в низовьях Днепра (раскопки Краснознаменской экспедиции в 1991 г.)

Author(s): Gennadiy L. Evdokimov,Natalia M. Danilko,Sergei Zh. Pustovalov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the results of studies of the Bronze Age barrows by the Krasnoznamenskaya expedition in the Lower Dnieper region in 1991. Data about 53 burials of Pit Graves cultural-historical community (36), Catacomb Graves cultures (10), Babino culture (2), and the Berezhnovka-Maiovka Srubnaya Graves culture (5) are published here. There are many children's graves among the burials of the Pit Grave culture. The Late Tripolye influences were noted in the funerary rite of the Pit Graves population. Complexes of the Ingul Catacomb culture are the most interesting. The praying pose, as well as the pose typical for the Pit Graves burials (as another evidence of the simultaneous existence of the Pit Graves and the Ingul population), a batch internment, a rare ritual bowl of rectangular shape, sling stones, and a stone ax-hammer were found. Ordinary graves predominate in all cultures.

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Образно-сюжетный репертуар восточноевропейского скифского звериного стиля: принципы и результаты классифицирования и кодирования

Author(s): Anatoliy R. Kantorovich / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the context of steady growth of the archaeological material, the systematization and classification of the array of images of the Scythian-Siberian animal style becomes very important in order to create the uniform language for its description. The article presents an algorithm for classifying this source and substantiates the taxonomy and hierarchy of classification levels. The article presents main results of the classification of 2207 full-figured and reduced images of the Eastern European Scythian animal style (within the Scythian archaeological culture), identifying 345 morphological types. It is demonstrated by what way a set of images of the Scythian animal style can be formalized with the help of alphanumeric code. It is proposed to apply these principles of classification and coding to other local variants of the Scythian-Siberian animal style, which will provide a consolidated basis enabling their comparison.

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Скифский курган 116 первой половины III в. до н. э. у с. Глиное

Author(s): Vitalii S. Sinika,Nicolai P. Telnov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In 2017, barrow 116 of the Scythian cemetery of the 3rd—2nd centuries BC near Glinoe village, Slobodzeya district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester Region was investigated. Two burials in the catacombs were studied under the mound, surrounded by a ring ditch with two ruptures. A paired children's burial was made in the northern burial chamber of the main grave 116/1, accompanied by an unusual inventory — a three-tiered torque, a pair of gold earrings, a silver multi-turned bracelet, two belt buckles with images of men's faces, a bronze mirror with an iron handle in a sheath, two conical and two flat trapezoidal pendants, as well as a bunch of composite adornments from beads. Wooden coffin was built to bury a man — a noble warrior in the eastern burial chamber of this catacomb. Three fibulae were found on the skeleton in addition to a representative set of weapons, adornments and a hand-made bowl. Also a warrior was buried in the secondary grave 116/2, a pair of long fighting knives lay near the body. Barrow 116 dates back to the third quarter of the 3rd century BC on the basis of the fibulae of the Early La-Tene construction and fragments of Heraclean amphora from the ditch.

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Сарматское завоевание Северного Причерноморья (современное состояние проблемы)

Author(s): Sergey V. Polin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author addresses the problem of decline of the Great Scythia and the Sarmatian conquest of the Northern Black Sea region. The archaeological data suggest that there is no link between these events, because there is more than one hundred years between them. This idea, advanced twenty-five years ago, has been supported by new arguments over the past years. Nevertheless, new publications appear from time to time with different speculations on this issue based on obsolete arguments. These publications disregard modern condition of sources in the Northern Black Sea region. And they are relentless: the disintegration and disappearance of the Great Scythia and appearance of the Sarmatians in the Northern Black Sea region are not related and are separated by time.

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Комплекс со щитом кельтского типа из некрополя Ак-Кая/Вишенное в Крыму

Author(s): Yuriy P. Zaytsev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article is dedicated to the publication of Hellenistic burial complex investigated on the territory of Ak-Kaya necropolis in 2015. There were 4 burials and 2nd—1st cc. BC diverse implements investigated in underground catacomb. Most interesting was a big oval Celtic type schield with numerous iron components — the first such find in Nortern Black sea region. There its detailed description and reconstruction, analogies and similar finds from the territory of Bosporan Kingdom and Chersonesos in the article.

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