We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
In den letzten Jahrzehnten standen Ethnogenese der Rumänen und Anfänge der mittelalterlichen rumänischen Staatsgebilde fast gleichermaßen im Zentrum der Aufmerksamkeit der Geschichtsforscher, so daß zu diesem Thema eine ganze Reihe neuer Erkenntnisse, vor allem archäologische, gesammelt wurden, die Neuinterpretationen ermöglichten. Ich habe hier nicht die Absicht, die Entwicklung der rumänischen Geschichtsschreibung im einzelnen nachzuzeichnen, meine jedoch, daß im letzten Vierteljahrhundert die Korrektur einer Fehlentwicklung aus den Jahren 1948 bis 1962 vorgenommen und versucht wurde, zur Geschichtsschreibung der Vorkriegszeit zurückzufinden. Leider führte eine maßlose Übertreibung in diese Richtung zu neuen Verfälschungen. Der vorliegende allgemeine Überblick bezieht sich lediglich auf die genannte Zeit und die genannten Fragen und erhebt nicht den Anspruch allgemeiner Gültigkeit.
More...
Besedilo poskuša na precej zgoščen način pokazati »sestavljenost« prostorske politike v razvitih kompleksnih družbah. Zaradi nejasnih horizontalnih in vertikalnih razmejitev in zaradi dinamičnih sprememb, ki potekajo med nivoji in resorji, tudi specialisti vedno teže določajo in vodijo dosledno prostorsko politiko. Razmere na Slovenskem so v tem pogledu zaradi zgodovinskih in tudi najnovejših »tranzicijskih« sprememb še dodatno zapletene. Na prostorskem področju lahko prej pričakujemo dodatne zaplete, ker število dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na izvajanje prostorskih politik, narašča. Čeprav glede na planersko tradicijo pri urejanju prostora zveni kot precej heretično, besedilo v zaključku kot najrealnejše prostorsko delovanje ponuja inkrementalistično »gnetenje in rinjenje« v zaželeni smeri.
More...
Urban designers show increasing interest in promoting community participation in urban regeneration and especially housing regeneration. However, effective participation has proved difficult in multi-ethnic mixed-use areas, with their wide range of different (and often conflicting) interest groups. This paper, presented in case-study form, analyses a project in one such area: the Robin Hood Chase local centre in St. Ann’s area of Nottingham. It pays particular attention to the identification of different interest groups and their associated institutions, the use of local media and social events to involve these groups in the urban design process, the use of rearrangeable models in a process of “enquiry by design”, and the production of a widely acceptable urban design strategy for the area. Analysis of feedback from participants indicates a high level of satisfaction both with the final physical design proposal and with the process itself; and also identifies directions for further development in the approach and techniques employed.
More...
“With the construction of the tunnel connecting Europe with Great Britain, the city of Lille has become closer to the centre of London, than have London’s own outskirts. This is a new way of mobility of the urban society ...” The system of different speeds already exists in the city(space and is modifying our perception, as well as use of space. These speeds/forces have different characteristics and directions. They are adjusted through individual layers which co-jointly represent “chaos”, a complexity of physical structures, which is adjusted by changing interactions between consumers. The structure is no longer stationary. It is constantly in motion. The central point of space is man/individual. The interplay of motion, speed and purpose strengthens dispersion, which is the answer to negative forces of accumulation, concentration, closure and immovability of space, to the changing social, economic and political conditions.
More...
The aim of the text is to present the complexity of spatial policies in developed countries. Owing to the unclear distinction between horizontal and vertical levels and the dynamic changes between tiers and departments, even specialists have problems in defining and implementing spatial policies. Because of historical and contemporary “transitional” changes, the conditions in Slovenia are even more complex. When discussing the consequences of change on the physical reality, we can expect more complications, since the number of factors influencing spatial policies is growing. Although the tradition of physical planning would stigmatise the incrementalist method of “muddling through”, it seems to be the most realistic possibility.
More...
Sistem različnih hitrosti že obstaja v mestu/prostoru in modificira tako našo percepcijo kot uporabo prostora. Te hitrosti/silnice imajo različne karakterje in smernice. Uravnavajo se preko posameznih plasti, katerih skupek predstavlja »kaotičnost«, kompleksnost fizične strukture, ki se uravnava preko menjajočih se interakcij med uporabniki. Struktura ni več statična, nenehno je v gibanju. Centralna točka prostora je človek/individuum. Prepletanje gibanja, hitrosti in namembnosti utrjuje disperzijo, ki je odgovor na negativne silnice nakopičenosti, koncentracije, zaprtosti in statičnosti prostora, na spreminjajoče se socialne, ekonomske, politične in gospodarske pogoje.
More...
V razpravi so predstavljeni fizični in simbolni vplivi grajenega okolja na človekove dejavnosti v kapitalističnih razmerah. Grajeno okolje je integrirano v kapitalistično gospodarstvo na treh ravneh: kot jedro dobičkonosne predelovalne industrije (gradbeništva), kot prizorišče delovanja drugih dejavnosti in kot zagotovilo delovanja sistema v celoti. Grajeno okolje je v razpravi opredeljeno kot izdelek. V nadaljevanju so prikazane napetosti, ki izvirajo iz kapitalističnega sistema, in ki še posebej pomembno vplivajo na oblikovanje grajenega prostora. Prva napetost izvira iz dejstva, da sistemu, ki je prepuščen sam sebi, manjka celostna funkcija planiranja, druga iz sposobnosti sistema porajati dohodek, tretja pa iz dejstva, da ima delo značaj, ki je drugačen od značaja ostalega blaga uporabljenega v proizvodnem procesu. Razpravo zaključujejo razmišljanja o načinih oblikovanja grajenega prostora, tako da se ohranja družbeni red.
More...
The article deals with the physical and symbolic effects the built environment has on human activities in a capitalist economy. The built environment is integrated in the capitalist economy on three levels: as the focus of a profit-oriented manufacturing industry, as the setting for all sorts of other enterprises and as the built context of the whole economy. The built environment is understood as a commodity. The capitalist system contains inbuilt tensions which have important design implications: the first tension arises because the system, if left to itself, lacks any overall planning functions, the second tension stems from the ability of the system to generate profit and the third arises from the character of labour, which distinguishes it from other commodities used in the production process. In conclusion methods of designing built environments, which perpetuate social order, are discussed.
More...
Raziskava temelji na predpostavki, da sta urbani razvoj in lokalna kvaliteta okolja dolgoročno v povratni zvezi. V povezavi s tem se zastavlja vprašanje, do kakšne mere so v skladu s tem organizirani institucionalni okvir, dnevno planiranje in rutine določanja razvojne politike. Raziskava je zasnovana na primerih 10 mestnih regij v Evropi in ZDA. Prvi del prispevka je posvečen primerjavi različnih pristopov k organiziranju naravovarstvene politike in vlogi, ki jo pri tem ima lokalna raven (institucionalni okvir). Prikazane so različne oblike organizacije v državah (od povsem centraliziranih sistemov, kjer lokalne institucije sploh ne sodelujejo, do povsem decentraliziranih, povsem lokalnih sistemov) in v občinah. Razprava se na kratko posveti nekaterim modelom, ki so jih predlagali strokovnjaki, za bolj učinkovito planiranje izboljšave lokalnega okolja.
More...
Predmet razprave je izdelava regionalnega, meddržavnega projekta oživljanja dolga leta zanemarjenega obmejnega območja na Moravskem. Projekt je bil voden z medinstitucionalnim in meduniverzitetnim sodelovanjem univerz v Brnu in na Dunaju. Zato je eden izmed poudarkov bil na poenotenju metod raziskovalnega dela ter dela z študenti. Opravljene so bile analize: poselitve obmejne regije, demografske in naselitvene strukture, starostne strukture prebivalstva in analize fizičnih, kulturnih ter zgodovinskih danosti in trenutnih problemov tega območja. Na osnovi analize obetov in priložnosti je bil izdelan predlog dolgoročne strategije urejanja, le-to med ostalim tvorijo predlogi sprememb v kmetijstvu, modifikacije v izobraževalnem sistemu in možnosti razvoja regionalnega turizma.
More...
The maintained hypothesis underpinning this study is that urban development and local environmental quality are in a long-run feedback relationship. The question arises in this context to which extent the institutional framework as well as the daily planning and policy- making routines are organised accordingly. The study relies on case-studies undertaken in 10 urban regions in Europe and the U.S. The first part of the contribution provides a comparison of different approaches to organise environmental policy and the role the local level plays (institutional framework). Different types of organisation within a country (the range of possibilities reaching from completely centralised systems, with practically no involvement of the local institutions to a completely decentralised, purely local policy system) and within a city’s administration are identified. The pros and cons as seen by the interviewed experts are discussed.
More...
Despite various widely-held opinions on the character of Norwid’s work we can come across many types of humour in the poet’s writings. Some of these are connected with his use of meaningful onomastics, especially names and surnames of various dramas. Very often anthroponymy conveys and signals humour connected with a literary character which is connected with the meaning or connotation of a specific name (e.g.: Durejko, Flegmin). Sometimes, however, Norwid’s humour is more veiled and results from a broader context of the work (e.g.: Roger z Czarnolesia, Julia). In other situations, Norwid makes characteristic onomastic jokes (e.g.: Fo-To-Glaf). A considerable amount of the paper is an analysis and interpretation of various examples of Norwid’s nthroponymy.
More...
Word-formative neologisms are created as a result of various naming and expressive needs. Their further usage, described at the moment of their creation or shortly afterwards, is difficult to predict. Some of the neologisms remain occasionalism or elements of the varieties of Polish, others enter the contemporary lexical stock permanently or relatively permanently. Their novelty, often connected with formal inflection (e.g. the new type of the base form in compounds with the segments {-holik} or {e-}), as well as the fact that they are unstable in the system, frequently bring about problems with their lexicographical description. This is visible especially in the stylistic characteristics of these words. The others are elements of open classes. They can be and they are completed with new structures created by analogy, e.g. the names with the segment -mat (separated from the word {automat}) − {biletomat, infomat} or compounds with the morphemes {-mania} − {telewizjomania, zakupomania, wideomania, serialomania} or {auto-} meaning ‘connected with the car, of the car’ − {autogiełda, automyjnia, autoserwis}.
More...
The author discusses the specificity of teaching students language competence in conditions of natural bilingualism. During Polish language classes the phenomenon of interference of the English language, into the various levels (phonetic, syntactic and lexical) of the Polish language, occurs with the students. In such cases, the author suggests looking at Polish education in Polish community schools from the perspective of glottodidactics, by exposing students to language exercises dealing with reading and working with texts, speaking, and writing, together with other grammatical, orthographical, and syntactic exercises in the discussed field.
More...
The article attempts to explain the origins and reasons for the hostility towards Russian Orthodox Church as recorded in Polish 19th century novels. Even though the feud has a historical background and is no longer present. the memory of it casts a shadow over the Catholic and Orthodox Church.
More...
Morality and terms which are closely related to it such as good, justice and truth are only occasionally referred to. Consequently, the image of morality in public discussions is not complete and can only be seen as a background of the proper linguistic image. Morality is understood as a trait of an act or of a person. On the one hand, one cannot clearly determine if it can be understood as a kind of ability or an ability to act accordingly with moral rules. But on the other, we can accept such an understanding of the term in the context of phrases such as ‘autorytet moralny’ (moral authority) and ‘legitymacja moralna’ (moral legitimization). Orientational metaphors such as ‘kre˛gosłup moralny’ (moral spine) link morality with the upright position − with dignity; while structural metaphors such as ‘życie jako droga z wskazówkami moralnymi’ (life as a way with moral directions) link morality with the pursuit of humanity. Generally speaking, morality is not perceived dynamically (as becoming moral, acquiring the ability of being moral). In the recent years also ontological metaphors showing moral dilemmas of man have not been appearing in the press. The understanding of morality as a value can be justified indirectly by raising subjects relating to it. However, phrases such as ‘dług moralny’ (moral debt), ‘spus´cizna moralna’ (moral heritage), ‘bankructwo moralne’ (moral bankruptcy) are almost non-existent in the language of the press.
More...
Children leaving their homeland with their parents can be regarded as people forced to emigrate by the adults. This is a separate, poorly known and researched group. It is commonly thought, that their assimilation process is better and more rapid in the new surroundings, with fewer difficulties associated with their adaptation. They also do not experience in as much depth the transition from the ‘old’ to the ‘new’. However, this line of thinking is false and should be corrected. The generation in question is a specific group of emigrants, who have a chance of becoming bilingual and bicultural; they may also significantly contribute to the promotion of the Polish language and culture in their place of residence and also aid their ethnic group in cultivating the language and culture. This generation, therefore, is as a specific bridge between two societies.
More...
The subject matter of the article are Russian formal and semantic borrowings (lexical proper) recorded in {Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego} (Universal Dictionary of Polish) by Stanisław Dubisz (Warszawa 2003). The analysis of the material found in the dictionary showed that the number and percentage of formal and semantic Russianisms in contemporary Polish is rather small. As far as the number is concerned, in the ranking of borrowings they are on the 7th place (338 units, i.e. 2,06%). The analysed borrowings from Russian found in {Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego} by Stanisław Dubisz are also characterized by a low level of integration with the Polish lexical resource. This is particularly visible in: a) the fact that these borrowings belong to a rarely or even very rarely used vocabulary; b) low derivational activity and rare metaphorical usages; c) predominant monosemy (small number of Russianisms are polysemous); d) the fact that they belong, in most cases, to one stylistic variation of Polish (only sporadically do they have features found in various registers of Polish).
More...