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The end of World War I, dissolution of multinational Austria-Hungary and consequent formation of independent national states, borders of which were internationally guaranteed in the peace Treaty of Versailles, affected law development in the territory of Slovakia. These facts were not from the viewpoint of private law as substantial as revolution acts of 1848/1849; however, they meant minimally a change in State and legal conditions, usually connected more or less with efforts to create new, mostly “national” law and a legal order. The revolutionary formation of the Czechoslovak Republic did not provide the time needed for creation of materially new law, and thus the institute of reception of law found its application, principally necessarily, meaning that from the material or contentual viewpoint the legal order of the newly established Czechoslovak State was identical to the legal order of the ceasing to exist Austria-Hungary, except for necessary changes related to the changes of the State and legal conditions. With regards to the fact that the legal order of Austria-Hungary was not internally, formally or materially the same, reception of law content determined existence of two legal areas in one, often claimed to be unitary, State. The author was interested in the legal area of Slovakia, where as consequence of reception former Hungarian legal norms (transformed to Czechoslovak norms valid in the territory of Slovakia) remained valid; and in its framework sources of private law, in particular specific for the Hungarian legal order — the legal customs and binding decisions of the Hungarian Supreme Court (the so-called curial decisions).
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The issue of the organizational unification of administrative structures constituted one of the most discussed subjects in the legal-administrative literature of the 19th century. Two contradictory systems of the organization of the public administration, a real and provincial one, were analysed in terms of its advantages and disadvantages. A real system was understood as a subjective division of duties of the state administration into selected organizational structures of the organs subject to a given department at the central level. The problem of mutual relations between central and local organs of the administrative management of the country combined the subject of the real and provincial system with the issue of centralization and decentralization of administration. The theory of the administrative law combined the real system with the model of centralized administration, seeing in it an organizational system, consisting in a hierarchical arrangement of the whole administrative apparatus to one or several central organs in which the lower-level organs are deprived of an organizational independence while their activity is subject to a constant interference of superior organs. The issue of centralization and decentralization was tightly connected with concentration and deconcentration. The 19th century theory of an administrative law mixed the very notions, identifying concentration with centralization and deconcentration with decentralization. However, concentration was understood as a concentration of decisive competences only under the administration of central organs, especially the ministers. In consequence, deconcentration was treated as a form of centralized administration, characterised by a specific type of relations of a hierarchical interdependence between the organs functioning in decentralised structures.
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The basis of the consensus buy-sell agreement was the bona fides of both parties. When making an agreement, both a buyer and seller were required to be careful because any manifestations of inadequacy and dishonesty grew a property liability of both parties. Client’s careless behavior could consist in a conscious action to the detriment of the partner (dolus), as well as negligence (neglegentia). Judges have referred to the term bona fides since the second century BC when evaluating the situation in which making an agreement was connected with dishonesty of one of the parties, and a conscious harm done to the second client, in order to justify the overruling of the client’s obligation, to signify such carefulness that reflects the scope of agreement liability typical in a given case. Each of such behaviours could be defined as incongruent with bona fides. Such adjudications were to serve the protection against damage resulting from agreement making, providing honesty of the turnover via increasing the scope of liability and excluding the advantage of the one making an agreement conscious of doing harm to the client. The process of charging the seller with liability irrespective of his/her good or bad intentions if provided the buyer with defective goods the existence of which the buyer was not aware of has been traced since Justinian’s times. Taking into account the role of bona fides when evaluating a buying-selling agreement and principles concerning seller liability one can make a statement that bona fides played a Basic role in a Roman emptio — venditio agrement.
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Cotton farms are characterized by a production function system. This article aims to identify the determinants of financial profitability of different production systems. The analysis of data collected from 120 heads of cotton farms from the Municipality of Banikoara (northern Benin) show that the following factors determine the operating system in the study area: the proportion of debt in the capital to finance the crop and cultivation technique adopted. Moreover, these data show that coaching enjoyed operators from extension agents Communal Agricultural Promotion Center (CeCPA), leverage, net average labor productivity, animal traction and youth leader operations have a positive impact on the financial profitability of cotton farms in Banikoara.
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Economic growth is an important index among the macroeconomic variables. It plays an integral role in the economic development of a country and the general improvement of living standards. It is therefore important to understand the factors which drive economic growth in an economy. The research reported here analyzed the determinants of economic growth in Malawi. Regression analysis was applied to secondary data from the International Monetary Fund, for the period 1971 to 2003. Economic growth was also positively correlated with the exchange rate, population growth, and foreign direct investment. Statistically, it was population growth, exchange rate and domestic credit which were significantly related to economic growth. It was of interest to observe that there was a negative relationship between economic growth and private investment.
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This paper studies the effects of the increase on sugar price in Indonesia. The understanding of sugar price policy is of great interest since the Indonesian government would try to increase the domestic production in order to fulfill the domestic demand by its policy. The CGE (computable general equilibrium) was designed to evaluate the sugar price policy and its effects. The study shows that the increased of the domestic sugar price by 10-30% will increase the producer welfare as well as the output, the export and import of other sectors but it would reduce the real income of households, firms and government. This study proved that the rise of sugar price more than 20% would have the worst effects to the consumers. So, the government should maintain the domestic sugar price in order to protect the producers and the consumers wisely.
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Goodwill is an increasingly important asset in the structure of total assets in modern companies. Since studies have shown that disclosures about goodwill are often not compliant with the rules in accounting standards, the research aims to analyze the characteristics of goodwill accounting from the perspective of a post-transition country. The analysis includes Slovene publicly quoted companies that report under IFRS and is based on data from the period 2007-2011. The results show that goodwill is on average less important in comparison with traditionally developed market economies. The content analysis of disclosures in annual reports provides evidence about strengths and weaknesses of goodwill disclosures in analyzed annual reports.
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With the renewal attention relate to the economic performances and economic integration in the economies of the developing countries, specifically in the CFA zone, the fundamental questions like the interaction between the monetary and budgetary policies resulting from a monetary area and the transmission of the asymmetrical shocks coming from outside constitute focal points on which the macroeconomic policies are centered. The results of the interactions modeling between monetary and budgetary spheres highlight the sensitivity of two zones UEMOA and CEMAC to the macroeconomic shocks. The fiscal policy appears as a substitute to the monetary policy in the UEMOA whereas it is complementary to the monetary policy in the CEMAC. The monetary policy in general complies as a Taylor rule in the two zones.
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The purpose of this study is to provide an argued answer to a controversial question “How much can we trust in banks?” Focusing on the Romanian banking environment, our paper is aimed to perform a comprehensive analysis of corporate governance disclosure on the financial system by comparison with UK listed banks – focusing on information about ownership. For achieving this goal a specific tool – the disclosure scorecard – was developed, being aimed to measure the degree of transparency provided by listed banks through their annual reports. The results of the comparative analysis allowed us drawing justified conclusions for the topic considered – banks’ shareholders. Through the recommendations made at the end of analysis performed, our study does not only add value to research literature on corporate governance topic, but also stands as a handbook for practitioners as well, providing them key-issues useful for improving corporate governance disclosure framework. Moreover, the results of our study might infirm or confirm various stakeholders’ assumptions upon their trust in banks’ transparency, too.
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Abrupt changes of prices at the stock exchange lead to its instability and a threat to the whole social and economic system of the country. However, the current methods of preventing such changes, the most popular of which is to stop exchange trading, do not solve them, but even more often exacerbate the problem. This paper proposes a new tool of smoothing fluctuations in securities’ prices based on a modification of the calculation rules for trading fees at the stock exchange.
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The article is concerned with two stories written by V. I. Dal’ – “All round narrative” and “Another all round narrative”, which constitute the so-called “uncollected” cycle of the author’s works. The composition structure of both works (closed-in-composition with expletive novellas narrated by different characters) provides for multiple background and versatile genres of narration. Participants of the “narratives” turn to a number of folklore genres: legends, remembrances, happenings, fairy tales about animals, popular fairy tales. The story telling in “all round narratives” is characterized by literary speech (due to well-educated characters) aimed to transfer folklore and popular plots. It is contrasted by the vernacular of a “commoner” – Kadnikov’s dialogue of the watchman. All in all, the manner of narration is dictated not as much by the stylistic means inherent to free speech (so characteristic of Dal’s fairy tales), but by the description of the narrative setting and presence of the active listeners.
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Karelia is a complicated ethnic zone and, therefore, the Slavic, Baltic-Finnish, and Lappish anhtropozoonymics, an important unit of onomastics of the pre-national period, are revealed in multiple documents of the XV–XVII centuries written in Russian and Swedish. The hierarchy of animals (domestic and wild) that reflects their importance in the world picture of ancient times is presented in the zoonimic “paradigm”. Congruent elements – the evidence of onomastic and cultural universals – are revealed by comparison of the naming systems in multilingual onomastics. Thus, the Slavic onomastics reflects most fully the interference processes on onomastic and appellative levels, and gives an idea of the features charactering relationships of the Russians and the Baltic-Finns on the territory of Karelia. The influence of scribes (copyists), as the bearers of Christian believes, is shown through correct reflection of this phenomenon. The studied period in onomastic system is the time of development and establishment of new orientations of choosing motives for naming. It is necessary to foresee the expansion of motivational ranks in Slavic and Baltic-Finnish anthropozoonymics: from the most ancient, reflecting mythological consciousness that ranks anthroponyms with the non-calendar personal names, to figurative, giving assessment to the denotat and transferring naming into the onomastic category of nicknames. Thus, anhtropozoonymic onomastics reflects ethno-linguistic processes in the regional picture of the world and dynamics of motivation paradigm.
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Evolution of the image of Finnish army commander-in-chief Baron Carl Mannerheim is described in the article. Reasons for the active use of the image by the Soviet propagandists during 1941–1942 and subsequent gradual erosion of the image over the 1943–1944 are clarified. As all images of the enemy leaders it consisted of two main parts. The first one was to inspire hatred in the Red Army soldiers, and the second one – to “lower” its significance in such a way that the soldiers would not lose the will to resist. Both components of the image were built primarily on class principles, which created the foundation for all other features of the image. When the need to oppose ordinary Finns with their government ceased to be valuable, the image of the Finish army commander-in- chief began to lose its sharpness. Negative characteristics originally used to describe only Mannerheim became applicable to the rest of the Finns. As a result, he no longer was identified as a separate person. His image merged with general image of the enemy. Later, as Finland withdrew from the war under the leadership of Mannerheim, his image was largely forgotten by Soviet propagandists and removed from their agenda.
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The paper deals with the analysis of mutual activities of the Soviet diplomatic mission, Soviet archives administration, and Scandinavian scientific committee “Northern society” in the area of international scientific communication development and archival information exchange during the second half of the 1920s and the beginning of the 1930s. On the basis of documents found in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF) and in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation (AFPRF) the author considers the issues of arrangement of Scandinavian scientists’ work in Soviet archival institutions; studies the practice of archival documents’ photocopying realized within the frames of the Soviet-Scandinavian Agreement; researches the problem of diplomatic adjustment of border disputes conducted with the aid of archival documents found by Scandinavian historians. The paper summarizes grounds for termination of the Agreement with the Northern Society in February, 1932 and for freezing Soviet archival policy based on the open principal in regard to foreign researchers.
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