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The article is devoted to the analysis of the image of an elf. The study was executed on materials of Scandinavian folklore. Fairy tales and legends of Sweden, Denmark, Iceland are essential sources of the research. It became clear that during different eras both the size of the elves and their functions varied. Moreover, often the term “elf” included in itself all groups of the lowest spirits: salamanders, dwarfs, trolls, fairies etc. A particular interest in connection with the studied question is represented by Icelandic fairy tales where aulves / elves – the underground folk – are not only harmless to people but often need human help. Development of the analyzed image was not linearly: from “high” race of elves in the Elder Edda to the tiny demonological character of the Middle Ages and subsequent return to a sublime image. This last transformation was mostly a result of the influence caused by the modern fantasy literature and mass culture. The influence of the ancient literature on the sublime image development was less significant.
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The article is devoted to the study of one of the basic institutions of Karelian forest industry in the middle of the 1960s – the institute of proportionality. The selected period was an important time strech in the development of timber industry complex of Karelia because at that time the pace of industry development, achieved in 1940–1950s, began to decline, and Karelian forest industry entered its inertial phase of development. The crisis of the basic timber industry institutions, which began to mature in the middle of the 1960s, caused formation of the problems too challenging for the regional timber industry to cope with. One of the most important factors contributing to the effectiveness of redistributive economy, the type of which can be attributed to the Soviet economy, was the institution of proportionality. In terms of common ownership, economy can exist only as a proportional economy, especially when it comes to a complex where wood has to be restored and preserved. The dysfunction of the institute of proportionality became one of the main factors promoting inefficient development of timber industry in the period under review and in the future.
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The literary legacy of the renowned researcher Ignatiy Yagich is crucial for verification of modern philology trends’ compliance with the precepts formulated by this Slavonic scholar. The aim of the article is to acquaint readers with traditions of Larin’s lexicography school on the example of the Pskov Regional Dictionary Containing Historical Data. A method of complete material sample, methods of linguistic geography and ethnic linguistics, as well as descriptive and comparative methods contribute to a substantiated representation of the dialect worldview in synchrony and diachrony. The article demonstrates how detailed and elaborate systematic description of the words in modern and historical parts of the dictionary entries provide valid data about various levels of the folk language. As a result of lexicographical research, the formation pathway of certain folk words was revealed; the family of words with весн- base were detected. With the help of the historical part of the dictionary it was found out that the word весна had two professional meanings characteristic of Pskov region (none of the historical dictionaries provide such information, but the Pskov Court Letter does). Thus, a research and presentation of the words in synchronic and diachronic aspects correlated with extralinguistic facts are key factors to a solution of practical and theoretical problems related to lexical and grammatical (even sometimes phonetic) nature of a folk word.
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The article provides an answer to the question of when the literary name of Dostoevsky was mentioned in the Russian press for the first time: from this point of view the following questions are considered: the circumstances of the publications of his translation of Balzac’s novel entitled Eugénie Grandet (1844), the development of his acquaintance with Belinsky in the summer of 1845, the announcements about the issue of almanac Scoffer (Zuboskal) and novel Poor Folk (1846). A comparative analysis of the memoir sources that describe conditions of the first writer’s meeting with V.G. Belinsky (Dostoevsky’s A Writer’s Diary for 1877, P.V. Annenkov’s recollections, biographical reminiscences in an incomplete work by N.A. Nekrasov) is presented. V.G. Belinsky in his review of Peter Shtaver’s verses, expressed his assertions regarding the aims of poetry and the poet’s role. The critic’s statements reiterate his words addressed to Dostoevsky with regard to his first novel. However, Dostoevsky’s name and the title of his novel are not mentioned in the review. The literary name of Dostoevsky was referred to in the press for the first time in December 1845. Nevertheless, this reference was concerned not with his novel Poor Folk, but with his novella The Double.
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The archive of Mikhail Pogodin, a Russian historian, publisher and journalist, deposited in the Russian State Library, contains an unpublished autograph of Dostoevsky. This is a text written by Dostoyevsky upon a note by Pogodin, which was received by the editorial board of the Epoch magazine in the second half (most probably in December) of 1864. Sergey Koloshin (1825–1868), a journalist and critic living at that time in Italy, was invited to contribute to the magazine upon recommendation of Ivan Aksakov and Mikhail Pogodin. In total, two of his articles were published in Epoch. In September-October of 1864 Dostoyevsky tried to get a censor’s permit to publish Koloshin’s article on the Polish question. His other materials were not accepted for publication. On Pogodin’s request, the editorial board returned the turned-down articles to Koloshin. In his response Dostoyevsky informed Pogodin that only one article written by Koloshin, the one about Jesuits (7 pages), was published after June 1864 and that the fixed fee for the article was 15 rubbles “in accordance with the genre of the article”. The payment was settled on February 25, 1865. Dostoyevsky’s response uncovers dramatic circumstances of Koloshin’s collaboration with the Epoch magazine. The name of Koloshin is mentioned 13 times over the period of six months in the writer’s notebooks for 1864–1865. From all editorial correspondence, only letters written by Koloshin to Mikhail and Fyodor Dostoyevsky have survived. Their answer letters to Koloshin were not found. What happened to the archive of the Russian man of letters who died in Florence on November 27 / December 9, 1868? Dostoevsky’s letters to Koloshin may still be waiting to be found.
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The article examines specific features representing Kizhi Island in the Russian prose of the 1970’s. This ‘‘idyllic’’ mode of Kizhi Island’s representation is implemented through the poetization and idealization of this specific geographic location by means of fairy tale, mythological or pastoral motifs and lyrical digressions, which create the image of “the Eden of the North”. In this article, we analyze the works of V. Pulkin, I. Strelkova, and A. Zhitinsky as examples of the established idyllic pattern in depicting Kizhi Island. Literary sources demonstrate that in the 1970’s this idyllic approach became the dominant and mandatory literary tool used by all the authors describing the island ‘‘by default’’. This can be explained by some specific characteristics of the geographic area itself, such as the perfect balance between nature and culture, which was embedded in the world famous architectural ensemble of Kizhi Island; or the isolated location of the island, which distinguishes it from surrounding environment.
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The problem of the manuscript layer-by-layer analysis is relevant in connection with the establishment of the text of the work (the monument). Establishment of the text is, so to say, the apex of the text’s comprehension as a literary monument. It can be understood as an invariant arising in the process of evolution and creative plan selection, choice of themes, ideas, and elements of poetics. In the process of the text’s critical analysis the author’s original text is established, errors are eliminated, losses occurred in the process of reissue are revealed. Creative history and the history of the text, understanding of the author’s intention in all its connotations of the drama are restored. Layer-by-layer analysis of the manuscript helps to reveal peculiarities of the author’s work on the text. In modern textual criticism, the method of layer-by-layer analysis is practically not developed. On the example of the manuscript written by Isaac Shmelev “The Inexhaustible Chalice” (SRDM RSL 387.8.22.) we show the change in the writer’s creative work.
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Stored in the archives of the Research Department of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library (Fund 213. Carton 55. Item 22) letters written by Ambrose Grenkov to Victor Alekseevich Veydengammer and Daria Ivanovna Koroleva, the prototypes of Shmelev’s novel “Ways of Heaven”, are of great scientific interest not only as an epistolary heritage of the Optina Pustyn of the XIX century, but also from the standpoint of literary criticism. Correspondence of the Elder Ambrose of Optina Pustyn with Victor Veydengammer and Daria Koroleva is an object of scientific research. The letters have not been previously published. The study revealed that the Elder Grenkov Ambrose was a spiritual father of the prototypes Victor Veydengammera and Daria Queen described in Smelev’s novel “Ways of Heaven”. The Elder Grenkov Ambrose, in his turn, referred his spiritual children to the Elder Ioseiph Litovkina.
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Three periods of the environmental law development in Finland could be identified: the first is the Swedish governance; the next is the period of dependence upon Russian Empire with the beginning of self-government and discussions about the force and the status of local normative acts; and the last is a modern period characterized by internal political independence conditioned by joining the European Union and active participation in the world policy. In recent times, Finnish researchers are becoming more and more concerned about EU growing influence on domestic legislation of the country.
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Justification of the need to reform the system of long-term strategic planning is given. A set of documents of strategic character used for management of public finance at the federal level is described. The exclusive role of executive branch in the course of strategic planning is emphasized. Some elements of strategic planning at the state level, according to the draft of the federal law “About the state strategic planning”, are considered. On the basis of the analysis of the existing regional legislation a conclusion is drawn. There is no uniform approach on how to create a system of strategic planning in territorial subjects of the Russian Federation. To verify our conclusion a set of documents of strategic character from a number of territorial subjects of the North Western federal district was considered: Leningrad region, Murmansk region, and Republic of Karelia. The strategy of social and economic development of the Republic of Karelia till 2020 is studied and its short characteristic is given. The analysis of strategic documents elaborated by the subjects of the Russian Federation revealed a number of drawbacks.
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The philological commentary of I. F. Annensky’s poem “Impossible” is executed by means of the analysis of graphic potential of such conceptually significant unit as “impossible”. The study and characterization of a sound number of elements in the poem facilitated in advancing philological commentary of the poem. Such stylistic methods of strengthening sound expressiveness of the speech as alliteration, research of semantic importance of such poetic nonce word as “the white is disturbing”, the value and constructive role of the oxymoron “impossible is possible” allowed us to specify the content of the concept “poetic hypnosis” initially introduced into philological space by I. F. Annensky.
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The analysis of Russian and English-speaking teachers and scientists’ experience in scientific writing teaching to non-native speakers, as well as the author’s experience to teach the members of Petrozavodsk state university faculty showed that the most common methodological approaches are linguistic (based on lexis and grammar study) and cognitive ones, the latter including four stages of material learning: familiarization → drill → use → control. English-speaking methodologists apply learner-centered approach, as well as a cognitive one. The author comes to the conclusion that a lingua-cultural approach focusing on the formation of a secondary linguistic personality should be added to the approaches mentioned above.
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The article is devoted to the problem of describing Germans’ attitude toward Russia in the early ХХ century. The cognitive-conceptual approach is used as a basic methodological approach of the research. Lexical semantics reflecting the Germans’ attitude is the subject of the study. Lingvocultural features are also considered.
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The article deals with the issues of methodological analysis in reference to the policy of identity. Political elites, that strive to legitimize their position, are key actors of identity policy. The basic elements of identity policy are the following: symbolization of space, ritualization of community affiliation, formation of the “we-community” image, and determination of the “we – other” borders. Symbolization of space occurs through acceptance and distribution of official symbols as well as through cultivation of natural and cultural peculiarities of the community. Ritualization of community affiliation implies establishment of official ceremonies and regular feasts. During these practices, members of the community develop a feeling of community affiliation. Formation of the “we-community” image includes a composite of perceptions regarding characteristics of the ‘‘we’’ concept. Mass media play an important role in this process. Finally, determination of the “we – other” borders aims at fixation of administrative and symbolic boundaries of the community in the mindset of its members.
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The analysis of legal literature and judicial practice has revealed numerous issues concerning administrative liability for violation of environmental laws. In the Republic of Karelia, for example, such problems are associated with the failure to abide by the sanitation and epidemiological norms related to the population welfare, requirements for housing construction, transport operation, catering arrangements, and environmental safety. That is why, the current legal situation requires clarification of the following definitions: “good environment”, “the harm caused to the environment”, “administrative liability for violation of environmental laws” and etc. On the one hand, “good environment” and “the harm caused to the environment” have already had their legal pre-formulation, on the other hand, the last term is not formalized in present legislation. Moreover, today legal experts do not gear administrative liability to the norms of environmental law, as well as environmental harm – to the absence of administrative law. These categories are usually viewed in reference to each other but in fragments, or in a narrow sense. As a result, it can be stated that the problems of application of administrative liability for violation of environmental laws are among the most critical issues of the Russian reality. Therefore, the identification and resolution of the above-mentioned issues at the appropriate level might facilitate in prevention of unlawful acts.
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The article is concerned with methodological problems of contemporary Western literature on the history of ‘‘peasant exile’’ (the system of special settlements in 1930s) in the USSR. On the example of a recent work by L. Viola, it discusses the aspects of ideological biases, incorrect terminology, narrowness of the source base, and general conceptual approach. It argues that even the best Western works on Russian peasantry bear the bondage of ideological prejudice, insufficiency of the source base, and belatedness in publication of archival materials. The article presents archival sources on the subject of “peasant exile”, which so far have not yet been used by the scholars. However, there is a significant progress in the study of repressions among Russian peasantry in Western historiography. The problem is widely discussed in publications of new materials on social, medical, and cultural aspects of the system of special settlements in the USSR.
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In the frameworks of phenomenological approach a mythologem of the empire is understood as a phenomenon of domestic consciousness, denoting such intension of consciousness as sacralization of the national and state being. The idea of the empire is a mental design by means of which a selection and design of intentional availability is achieved. The aim of this article was to study the role of the mythologem / idea of the empire in the process of Russian cultural identity development. In accordance with the goal of the research the following tasks were completed: a research of the functioning mythologem / idea of the empire in the process of transformation of cultural identity in the XV–XVI centuries, in the XVII century, in the first half of the XX century; analysis of the ways representing the mythologem / idea of the empire in Russian culture of the XV–XX centuries. The phenomenological approach (E. Husserl), the metatheoretical approach (M. K. Mamardashvili, A. M. Pyatigorsky), the structural and semiotic approach (Zh. Delez, V. M. Zhivov, Yu. M. Lotman, B. A. Uspensky, M. Fuko, U. Eko) have been used in this work. The study resulted in the following conclusions. The constituting of the mythologem of the empire in the Russian national consciousness was a long process caused, first of all, by the existential requirement “to be” a part of the world history regardless of the center of the world events. This provision predetermined the initial dualistic nature of the Russian cultural identity tearing apart between an imagined ideal and reality, which is far from the ideal. In the XV–XVI centuries, in the circles of Russian clergy the concept of “The Third Rome”, expressing symphony between “priesthood” and “kingdom” was formed. In the XVIII century Peter I focused his policy on the values of western civilization and declared Russia an empire. The idea of “Empire” expressed sacralization of monarchical power. At the beginning of the XX century the first socialist state, the Soviet Union, was recognized by the Bolsheviks as a center of the world events. The idea of the Soviet state was treated by the Soviet ideologist as a paradigm of the power of people and in fact expressed sacralization of power of the party and party leaders. The aspiration to become part of the world history turned into a driving force of the occurring transformations: from a symbol of national consciousness to the ideological design representing claims of the power to “simulacrum”.
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