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The term “shrinkage” can often be used as synonymous with the term “reduction” or as a way to describe objects that are getting smaller in size or amount. In the last few decades, the term has gotten increasingly associated with social and spatial changes. The phenomenon of shrinking can be observed in many European regions. It predominantly affects rural areas across the continent as well as an increasing number of cities.
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Youth Work consists of activities targeted at young people in which they voluntarily participate and are designed to support their personal and social development through non-formal and informal learning. It is based on the following three guiding principles: 1. Young people choose to participate. 2. Young people and youth workers are partners in the learning process. 3. It happens where young people are. It encompasses social, cultural, educational, political and sport-related activities. It is carried out with, by, and for young people in order to promote development opportunities by supporting young people to reach their highest potential and encouraging personal development, autonomy, initiative and participation in society.
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The shrinkage of cities is not a new or unique phenomenon. In the past, localities have always experienced population losses for a multitude of reasons. In modern European literature, urban shrinkage is often understood as a local manifestation of the interplay of one or more economic, spatial, demographic and/or political forces. In this project, the toolkit will show citizen participation methods based on best practice cases with a significant approach towards youth work in shrinking cities from four countries: Croatia, Spain, Portugal and Germany.
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1. Spain (Granada, Cadiz); 2. Germany (Saalfeld, Altenburg); 3. Portugal (Covilhã, São Pedro do Sul); 4. Croatia (Karlovac, Sisak)
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During our project, we observed two different patterns of shrinking. The process of shrinking in the majority of the observed cities is characterized by deindustrialisation, negative migration and aging of the remaining population. These characteristics could be described as a classic pattern of shrinking which can be recognized in the waste number of small and middle-sized cities across the European continent.
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Before starting to develop a project idea, it is important to understand the local context as well as the needs and wishes of the local community. Societies and local communities are changing at a rapid pace, while the popular trends in the youth culture change even more quickly. Likewise, the relevance of specific issues and challenges in a certain local community are changing fast as well.
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We may describe the strategy applied to projects and programmes as a direction or course of action that contributes to the project’s success in its environment. The projects analysed in the previous topics were integrated into a local strategy and planned since their inception. Implementing successful projects requires planning a strategy and finding innovative means of problem-solving in a specific geographic area. This guide will provide quick steps for designing and implementing a project or strategy in your city or region.
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Shrinkage represents one of the major challenges in the 21st century Europe. The inhabitants and authorities of many cities and regions across the continent are already facing a shrinkage to a dramatic extent. The bad news is that once the shrinkage has started, it is hard to stop it without significant and very expensive interventions. A decisive investment in the local infrastructure or an acquisition of tax benefits for entrepreneurs may create new jobs and thus contribute to the revitalisation of the local economy. However, even when the investments are assured, there is no guarantee for longterm social sustainability of a shrinking city.
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Kada je 1998. god. došlo do reintegracije Podunavlja u sastav Republike Hrvatske Vlada Republike Hrvatske je u dogovoru s UNTAES-om donijela odluku o petogodišnjem moratoriju na učenje najnovije povijesti u školama na srpskom jeziku u Podunavlju. U stručnim raspravama koje je organiziralo Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i športa zaključeno je da prestanak moratorija treba iskoristi kao prigodu da se nastava povijesti toga razdoblja uskladi sa suvremenim dostignućima u metodici nastave povijesti. Zbog toga je ovaj udžbenik (priručnik?) namijenjen svim školama u Republici Hrvatskoj. U njemu ćeš naći ne samo podatke o zbivanjima u razdoblju od 1989. god. do danas, već također gradivo - izvorne tekstove, članke, govore, slike, tablice i sl. - koji će ti pružiti priliku da pokušaš, uz upute tvog nastavnika, sam zaključivati o uzrocima zbivanja i različitih tumačenja povijesnih zbivanja u razdoblju velikih promjena u svijetu, Europi, bivšoj Jugoslaviji i Hrvatskoj.
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The Supplement to Textbooks of Current Croatian History is a handbook for history lectures, which was ordered by the Croatian Ministry of Science, Education, and Sports after the five-year moratorium on teaching current history in the Podunavlje region expired in the 2002/2003 school year. This easternmost region of Croatia remained under the control of local Serbs after the end of the 1991-1995 conflict, and was returned to Croatian sovereignty in 1998 after a transitory period under UN administration and the signing of an agreement between the Croatian government and the local Serb population. Part of the agreement included the decision that instruction in Podunavlje for Croat and Serb children would take place in separate classrooms, and that a five-year moratorium on teaching contemporary Croatian history in classes taught in the Serbian language would be imposed.
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The issue of sustainable development is the subject of market research conducted by many institutions. Companies manufacturing products and providing services, institutions dealing with environmental or consumer protection, scientists and students, carry out many research projects related, for example, to sustainable, responsible consumption and production patterns, ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being of all age groups, and much, much more. The main goal of the chapter is to present how to use secondary data for analysis and how to prepare, conduct, analyse and interpret the results of primary research in the area of sustainable development (SD). There are many challenges facing researches. For that reason, it is necessary to discuss some of its ethical issues. The structure of the chapter covers 3 topics:1) research in SD based on secondary resources;2) research in SD based on primary resources;3) SD in market research—ethical aspects.
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The concept of sustainability is referred to the basic functions of human resources (HR)—recruitment, motivation, assessment and control. They should embrace sustainability, not just for organisational effectiveness and long-term economic benefits, but also for ethical reasons. Owing to SHRM, the awareness and behaviour of the whole organisation may strongly express SD goals inplanning and implementing the whole corporate strategy. Frequently, the term ‘sustainable practices’ in SHRM is congruent with CSR. The main goal of the chapter is to explain how Sustainable Development Goals can be implemented in human resource management (HRM) and translated into sustainable human resource management (SHRM).
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The main goal of the chapter is to present how to use qualitative methods in sustainability research. First, the theoretical basis of the methods is presented, i.e., the essence of qualitative methods, what differs them from quantitative methods, and their types. The second part of this chapter covers designing and conducting a focus group interview (FGI): its essence and main stages, sampling, projection techniques and the script, as well as it contains the case study of ecological culture of Bulgarians. The third part presents considerations necessary to conduct a qualitative research, i.e., the organizational aspects of FGI and the guidelines for the work of the moderator. Finally, the last part shows considerations concerning data analysis—using CAQDAS software.
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The main goal of the chapter is to present the basics of survey research that can be used in analyzes of sustainable development. The first part presents the measurement levels. The basic characteristic of every variable is its level of measurement. It implies the following analysis and available techniques. This part introduces four levels of measurements: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio, showing their characteristics and examples. Then the focus is on the implications of a given level of measurement on the possibilities of the statistical analysis. The aim of the second chapter is to explain the foundations of preparing a questionnaire for the research on the issues related to sustainable development. An example of an organic food questionnaireis also provided. The third part presents considerations necessary for the sampling process. The main goal is to present the basic methods of calculating the minimum sample size, as well as the methods of its selection. This section presents the arguments for conducting the study on a sample rather than on the entire population, and also several formulas enabling the calculation of the minimum sample size. A discussion of the most important methods of selecting respondents to the sample—both randomand non-random, can also be found here. The last two parts of this chapter, describe the ways of presenting the results of quantitative research. They describe first view of the variables including frequency distribution with charts, central tendency measures and cross-tabulation. Finally, the methods of presenting research results obtained on the basis of the Likert scale and other examples of data visualization schemes are presented.
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Too much data describing a given phenomenon requires synthesizing them. For this purpose, researchers can use various methods of analysis. Factor analysis is one of them. In this section, first the basic theoretical aspects of factor analysis, as well as the stages of its use are described while presenting the essential minimum necessary to understand the essence of the method. The second part presents an example of the use of this method in research on sustainable consumption. The last part of this chapter presents case study of the use of factor analysis in research on managers’ ethics in retail industry.
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This chapter is dedicated to the structural equation modelling methods applied to solve sustainable development research problems. A structural equation model is an abstraction of reality, and the researcher’s job is to build a model that approximates that reality as closely as possible. This task can be difficult if we do not have a clear understanding of what the reality of the studied phenomena is. Sometimes there is a sound theory behind the studied phenomena, and we can use variables that other researchers have already pointed out as valid indicators. In other situations, we have to start with a set of variables and test many hypothetical relationships based only on theoretical work. In this chapter, we focus on providing researchers with the knowledge needed to specify, evaluate, and interpret structural equation models (SEMs) in any field of social sciences, but most and foremost—in research related to the concept of sustainable development.
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Sustainable development of business entities can be analysed in terms of three dimensions, i.e., economic, social and environmental ones. The economic dimension of sustainable development can be assessed, inter alia, by entities’ technical efficiency defined as the relation of outputs to inputs. One of the methods that is used to assess the technical efficiency of business entities compared to other entities is the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The aim of the chapter is to determine the relative technical efficiency of representative agricultural farms from the individual European Union countries in 2018. Moreover, the scale efficiency indexes and the area of scale effects (increasing or decreasing) of the analysed farms were also determined. In the study the data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) for 2018 were applied. In order to achieve the assumed research goals, the input-oriented DEA model was used, and the technical efficiency indexes of farms were estimated with the assumption of constant return to scale (CRS) and variable return to scale (VRS). This allowed, among others, for indicating the countries with farms achieving the highest technical efficiency (Belgium, Spain, Italy, Malta and Netherlands assuming CRS, and Belgium, Spain, Italy, Malta and Netherlands, Greece, Ireland, Romania and Slovenia assuming VRS), the lowest technical efficiency (the Czech Republic and Slovakia) within surveyed group of farms. All relatively inefficient farms (except Slovakia) functioned in the area of increasing economies of scale.
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