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Nowadays entrepreneurship is a solution requested to solve the problems of economic growth and development of societies. This trend created the paper objective, which is also a report from the research associated with the microeconomic and management’s approach. Research foundation raised the question whether people who are more active in their everyday lives are also more enterprising compared to those who are passive. The analysis of questionnaire outcomes and of results of experimental studies are the main research methods in the paper. The result partially confirmed the advanced thesis and hypothesis.
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The article presents the role of R&D sector in the development of SMEs, based on the subjective assessments of entrepreneurs. This article aims to assess the existing cooperation of R&D sector in dealing with small and medium-sized enterprises of the Lublin Voivodeship in the years 2010-2013, and support their innovative activity. Part of empirical data derived from statistical information contained the pages of the Central Statistical Office and the surveys carried out in two rounds in the years 2011-2014 on the group of 240 and 254 micro, small and medium-sized enterprises operating in the Lublin Voivodeship.
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High disposition to emigrate among well-educated young people constitutes a threat to Poland’s social and economic development, particularly to the country’s regions that have the weakest economy. The author’s investigations into the attitudes of the students of higher education institutions in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship shows that as many as 77% of the respondents consider emigration as a viable option. The key reasons that make young people emigrate are low salaries and lack of employment. The graduates of higher education institutions in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship increasingly more frequently start their professional life from being unemployed. The demand for highly qualified labour tends to remain low. Emigration is perceived by students as a possibility of gaining resources to become financially independent and to start a family. Unfortunately, it is highly likely that for many young people temporary emigration will turn into settling in a new country for a long term.
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An issue of social capital and its major component that is trust are discussed in the article. The main aim of the article is to characterise both personal and public trust of Polish students. Moreover the outcomes of research on Polish students are compared to the ones carried out on the Lithuanian undergraduates. In the article a few major conclusions mostly concerning the diversity of students’ trust to their milieu are described.
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Assessment of investment projects in real sector often produces erroneous results. This could be attributed to two major causes: optimism bias and strategic misconception. It is possible to improve appraisals by adoption of external view in project assessment. On the ground of theoretical foundation provided by works of D. Kahneman and A. Tversky, new appraisal procedure based on reference forecasting could be formulated. The proposal calls for a three-stage approach: firstly relevant reference class of similar past projects has to be constructed, then variables subjected to appraisal in particular project need to be calculated across all projects in the established reference class. Finally a mechanism for correcting individual project appraisal results using acquired reference values should be employed. In this paper the method for establishing reference classes and problem of calculation of average values within reference class is discussed taking into consideration both qualitative and quantitative methods. Examples illustrating the application of both methods are provided based either on British proposal for dealing with optimism bias or author’s own research into building qualitative reference framework. Finally barriers and limitations in applicability of reference based appraisal in real sector are discussed.
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In recent years, a disturbing trend of ageing society has been noticed. Demographic trends and their consequences can be seen in Polish population. The changes that are taking place in the country concern the decrease in the number of young people together with the rapid growth of the elderly in the population. The phenomenon of an ageing society is the result of two dominant trends, namely to extend the average duration of human life and fertility decline. The problem of population ageing can lead to the intergenerational conflict. Moreover, the growing dependence of people aged 65+ in relation to people of working age is the growing burden of state budget, the increase in expenditure on pensions, health and longterm care in relation to the elderly. The failure to demographic changes necessitates reforms in social policy and family to adjust to the new state demographic situation. This article deals with the phenomenon of population ageing as one of the challenges that social and family policy must face today, making the necessary transformations within the spirit of their actions.
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This paper deals with the problem of social benefits conncted with the use of the economics of copying to allocate virtual information goods. The purpose of this article is to consider the hypothesis that depending on who is the beneficiary of copyright, social benefits resulting from the economics of copying change. To achieve this goal the essence of economics of copying was presented and the neoclassical model expressing the tendency to copy the information goods in the non-market channels was built. Then institutional factors that are associated with the determination of the impact of intellectual property rights on the distribution of social benefits or disadvantages were included into consideration. Finally, it was concluded that the legitimacy of intellectual property rights would determine whether the economics of copying and non-market exchange would be socially beneficial, or would bring losses.
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The aim of the article is a theoretical and empirical analysis of the significance of instruments of the monetary policy which is currently one of the main methods to achieve short and medium-term macroeconomic equilibrium. The theoretical considerations concern the aims and mechanism of the stabilizing effect exerted by instruments of the central bank in market economies. The empirical analysis is focused on the impact of the NBP’s interest rates and money supply aggregates on the stabilization of both the real sphere (changes in economic activity, situation on the labour market) and the nominal sphere (inflation processes) in Poland’s economy in the period from quarter I 2000 to quarter IV 2014.
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Competition is a process of rivalry between the enterprises on the market. Air transport companies, realising the targets set in their strategy, are seeking to increase market share, increase revenue and to extend the attractiveness of the services offered. The air transport market is not perfectly competitive. Services offered and specificity of this market make us talk about monopolistic competition. Conditions and restrictions on access to transport services within international markets are formulated by the state. Hence the need for carriers to hold the appropriate permits (licenses, certificates). The state through elected bodies exercises the air traffic control, which takes place within its boundaries, which in turn stems from the sovereignty of each state in its airspace. In addition to the legal control the impact on the competition in the aviation market has also the public support and participation of public institutions in the functioning of the aviation market. The main aim of this article is to analyze the role of the state in shaping the rules of competition to the Polish air transport market. For this purpose, the following research methods were used: the analysis of critical-cognitive literature, the analysis of documents, strategic studies, legislation, reports, research and heuristic analysis involving the use of expert methods for causal relationships occurring in the air transport market.
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Most publications and statistics on SMEs include data relating to the sector in Poland as a unity. The SME sector is extremely diverse and it is evolving differently in different regions of Poland. This applies to the amount of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, as well as to the number of employees, their salaries and the size of investments that enterprises are able to realize. The analysis of literature and the data of Central Statistical Office allow to assess which of the Polish regions is the most competitive in the country, and which the least. The analysis of the data confirms the view that companies in the region of Masovia are the most dynamically developing, while the least are three regions: Warmia- Masuria, Lublin nad Subcarpathia. The differences between regions are noticeable, which demonstrates a large gap in the level of competitiveness among the regions in Poland.
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The aim of the article is to identify and gather existing theoretical and empirical analyzes of competitiveness, based on bibliometric one from ISI Web of Science and Econlit databases. In the analysis basic bibliometric methods are used, with the support of HistCite software. The analysis allows to present the development of research on competitiveness over time and identify important publications and leading authors, who are crucial for this area of research. The analysis shows the lack of a coherent theoretical framework, which makes it impossible to clearly answer the question what competitiveness is.
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The article contains definitions and classification of technology, as well as meaning of process of technology transfer. The study involved technology transfer in hightech manufacturing sector in Poland. Conducted surveys allowed for the distinguishing of external sources of financing the processes of technology transfer in the studied sector. The main objective of this article is to determine the effect of external sources of financing for technology transfer processes in high-tech manufacturing sector in Poland. Econometric modeling with dichotomous dependent variable of probit type allowed for obtaining models which indicate that enterprises benefiting from external financial support have more chances to technology transfer.
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The goal of this paper is to present the impact of the concept of human nature alterations on changes in economics. The example is feminist economics, contrasted with homo economicus. Therefore, in the paper the differences in understanding of the definition and methodology between these two schools have been explained, as a result of the diverse concepts of human nature. The analysis has proved that main differences in these economic schools may be explained by different understanding of human nature. It encourages further research exploring the concept of human nature as a crucial factor shaping economics. The method applied to this research is mainly a content analysis of representative publications within of those economic schools.
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The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the effectiveness of public universities in dependency of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education using the Malmquist index. The study covers 57 universities among the years 2001 and 2008. In the period 2002-2008 the average amount of Malmquist index was 2.7%. Efficiency changes did not affect the amount of Malmquist index as the average over the period was 1. The biggest impact on the amount of Malmquist index had a level of change in technological progress, which on average amounted to 2.7% per annum.
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As a result of the dynamic economic growth breakdown, a new regulation approach appeared on the ground of French economics in the 1970s. The crisis explanation proposed by the representatives of this school was the alternative to the dominant interpretation of mainstream theory. There were three important schools at the early stage of this approach development: the school concentrated around Paul Boccara, the school from Grenoble and the Paris school. Although the starting point of the study was the Marxist theory, the attitudes of individual schools towards Marx’s assumptions affected the diversity of research programs of regulationists, as well as their subsequent evolution. The main aims of this paper are: the presentation of the regulation approach origins and the concise description of the research programs of schools, with particular emphasis on the Paris school (nowadays tantamount to the regulation school) which sets the direction for the future development of regulatory approach.
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The article addresses the issue of willingness to perform altruistic actions, which are part of the assessment of social capital. The main aim of this article was to evaluate students’ willingness to perform altruistic actions and the factors that determine it, within the context of the average income of households. In view of the purpose of the study, attention was focused on the tendency of students to participate in charitable activities. In the theoretical part of the article reflections on the essence of social capital were considered as well as the role of altruistic action, willingness to help others in shaping social capital. The main factors that can determine this inclination was also identified. This was the basis for the analysis of the results of surveys conducted amongst students of business studies at the University of Szczecin. The results of the studies indicated that surveyed students rarely participated in charitable activities and their aid to third parties was largely handled by the transfer of gifts.
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The considerations of the paper are focused on the investigation of the business cycles in Poland in 2001-2013. The study was based on the quarterly data. The main purpose of the article is to present and analyze the most important morphological features of fluctuations. The article presents procedure for extracting business cycles. The hypothesis has been verified.
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All countries and nations worldwide are committed to achieving the socioeconomic development as the main goal of their activities. Within ideal conditions it is the process the states use to improve well-being of their citizens. Sustainable development concept sets directions for the future world development with respect for the natural environment in which human activities take place. This article aims to identify the factors of economic growth, to draw the concept of sustainable development, and to show, based on an analysis of selected statistical indicators, what stage Poland is as far as the implementation of the concept of sustainable development.
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In the area of economic governance theory there are two meanings, “governance” and “order” .They are sometimes used as synonyms. The authors, whose opinions are based on examples from literature, suggest a constant contradistinction between these two meanings. The first one should be seen as the vision of values’ system, treating so understood order as a model which enables a rational transformation of real existing economic order. Moreover, the authors point at the causes which the transformation in the economic order seems to be essential for. They propose a new version of social market economy, and also underline not only its positive aspects, but also its weaknesses and barriers which make the implementation of this order’s version in the reality difficult.
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