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The paper attempts to define the term “holiness” from the point of view of anthropology. It traces the transformations of the understanding for “what/who is holy?” starting from the Old Testament term „ קדוש – kadosh” (meaning ‘separate, different’). The analysis of the ancient Slavic root *svęt- < *k’ṷen-to- leads to the Orthodox understanding of holiness as the ultimate level of spiritual bliss, an upper limit for the rise of humans in their humanity. Also observed is the problem of the “historical accuracy” of the hagiographical works. A series of examples are given for the social distinction of the saints’ behaviour, which places them not just ABOVE, but obviously fully OUTSIDE the social norms.
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This article examines and analyzes the problem of the emergence, formation, and features of the development of the Moldo -Wallachian substrate during the Early Middle Ages — until the beginning of the formation of state entities, which were later called Danube Principalities. The problem is highlighted at the level of civilization and anthropological characteristics, reflected in the Romanian historiography of the 20th century and presented by many well-known researchers. Special attention is paid to the debatable aspects of the ethnic identification of the population of the Carpathian-Danube region during the Great Migration, examined through the prism of methodological approaches, conceptual statements and interpretative perspectives.
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The study addresses the problem of the medieval seasonal settlements from today’s South-Eastern Bulgaria. Three of them are located on the territory of the mining and electricity complex of “Maritsa-Iztok”. Two of them are entirely excavated and are situated on the land of Gledachevo village, the third one is partially studied and is located nearby Polski Gradets village, and the last one — in the area of “Shihanov bryag” nearby the city of Harmanly.Archaeological data undoubtedly points to the fact that there is no cultural layer in any of the seasonal settlements. There are neither archaeological materials nor artefacts excluding some pottery pieces. There are no graveyards, which once again is a proof of the brief habitation in these areas. According to the ethnographical data, there are four basic types of stock-breeding. The first is the so-called Alpine or mountain stockbreeding, the second one — transhumance, the third one — nomadism, and the fourth one — stationary livestock farming.The analysis of the archaeological and ethnographical data allows us to infer that, for the time being, there is no connection between seasonal settlements and transhumance or nomadism. Anyway, there is no doubt that they are related to the mobile stock-breeding.
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The paper aims to analyze aspects of Roma marginalization, by identifying and assessing the dimensions of social needs within a compact Roma community, located in a marginalized urban area. The effects of the economic crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic increase inequalities regarding the economic and social situation. The major challenge is to reduce the risk of poverty, especially among families with children, people with disabilities and chronic diseases, but also the social exclusion of people at social risk, based on accurate measurements of social phenomena. The community profile indicates the social status of the inhabitants, which provides a picture of the degree of marginalization and social exclusion of Roma. Thus, the study was conducted by constructing a questionnaire as a research tool, which summarizes the results of the activity of information collection and processing, both based on statistical methods and percentage analysis. The problems faced by marginalized Roma communities are low participation in education, early school leaving, difficult transition to tertiary education, lack of adult skills, low skills among vulnerable people in the labor market, low access to services, poor health and housing. Measures for early detection of situations of social risk and intervention lead to positive effects in preventing marginalization and social exclusion.
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Culturii etnice îi este proprie varietatea, caracteristică care este rezultatul acţiunii diverşilor factori. Este un proces natural al dezvoltării unui anume popor (ethnos). Totodată, fiecare variantă reprezintă o creaţie unică, întrucât aceasta se formează în condiţii specifice unui anume areal. Regiunea Dunării de Jos s-a constituit într-o arie transfrontalieră, pluriculturală şi multietnică din vremuri îndepărtate. Asemenea regiuni sunt numeroase în lume, însă zona Dunării de Jos este deosebită tocmai datorită faptului că este divizată de o mare „barieră” naturală – fluviul Dunărea.
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This text offers two “snapshots” of Plovdiv's Kapana district, read through the senses, with a focus on the soundscape and visual perceptions. One concerns the time from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, and the other - the 80s of the 20th century. Both written sources of different nature and memories (including visual, i.e. photographs) were used. A conclusion is drawn that the place fulfills the main functions of a public space in both considered periods and an interest in continuing the research through the prism of intersensitivity is put forward.
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One of the most enduring tensions in human history has been the clash between the East and the West. This is not simply a geographical division, but a difference in worldviews that has led to much conflict over the centuries. The East is often seen as mysterious and inscrutable, while the West is associated with rationalism and progress. These differing perspectives have led to clashes on everything from political ideologies to economic systems. Even today, there is a great deal of mistrust between the East and the West, with each side looking at the other with suspicion and misunderstanding. However, it is important to remember that there is far more that unites us than divides us, and that we can learn from one another if we are willing to open our minds. This article is an in-depth analysis of the differences in mentality between East and West and contributes to a better understanding and explanation of the current tensions and conflicts on the European border. The war in Ukraine is not only a military conflict but also the expression of an accumulation of tensions between different mentalities and cultural models.
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The article is devoted to the problem of intellectual development of children of preschool age in the process of studying folk riddles. The author reveals the concept of "riddle", highlights the principles of the selection of riddles and groups of riddles that are used in pre-school. The work details the methods of work: a) with riddles – descriptions, b) with riddles containing the key distinguishing feature of the object, c) with riddles in which the description of the object is given through negation; it proved that the effectiveness of this technique has a positive effect on children's intellectual development.
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This article discusses the problem of using small forms of folklore in working with learners with intellectual disabilities. The authors point out the peculiarities of the psycho-physical development of children with intellectual disabilities, correlate them with various small forms of folklore. The pedagogical influence of riddles, proverbs, fables, proverbs, nursery rhymes, jokes is substantiated by concrete examples, which influence not only the mental development of this category of children, but also contribute to their emotional development, motivate to learning activities, expands the concept of the world.
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The present paper discusses and analyzes some cultural phenomena of the Tang period in China, which is the era of unprecedented prosperity in Chinese history: literature (especially poetry), historiography, philosophy, art, science and technology reached unheard and unseen peaks. Political unity, social stability, economic prosperity, transport development and active international relations played the role of a catalyst in the process of quick development. It is a fact that other dynasties in Chinese history provided good social and economic conditions for the people as well but it is difficult to explain why they failed to make such brilliant achievements in the field of culture as Tang, when the innovative and creative potential of the nation managed to unleash.The present paper discusses and analyzes some cultural phenomena of the Tang period in China, which is the era of unprecedented prosperity in Chinese history: literature (especially poetry), historiography, philosophy, art, science and technology reached unheard and unseen peaks. Political unity, social stability, economic prosperity, transport development and active international relations played the role of a catalyst in the process of quick development. It is a fact that other dynasties in Chinese history provided good social and economic conditions for the people as well but it is difficult to explain why they failed to make such brilliant achievements in the field of culture as Tang, when the innovative and creative potential of the nation managed to unleash.
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Stereotypes that are formed in a society in terms of phenomena, conditions and processes are persistent and difficult to destroy. The reasons for their presence are complex. A basic explanation in this direction is offered by Yul. Popova, who reminds the character of stereotypes as a categorizing mechanism of human perception and leads to economy of effort that is being achieved through them (Popova 2015). The millennial consecutive evolution of Chinese nation favors the accumulation of cultural layers from different historical periods and determines the existence of a number of secondary images that mediate the relationship (Vassileva 2018) of its representatives with reality. This paper aims to present and suggest possible explanations of the negative associations accumulated within Chinese society for centuries towards the Eunuchs’ stratum.Stereotypes that are formed in a society in terms of phenomena, conditions and processes are persistent and difficult to destroy. The reasons for their presence are complex. A basic explanation in this direction is offered by Yul. Popova, who reminds the character of stereotypes as a categorizing mechanism of human perception and leads to economy of effort that is being achieved through them (Popova 2015). The millennial consecutive evolution of Chinese nation favors the accumulation of cultural layers from different historical periods and determines the existence of a number of secondary images that mediate the relationship (Vassileva 2018) of its representatives with reality. This paper aims to present and suggest possible explanations of the negative associations accumulated within Chinese society for centuries towards the Eunuchs’ stratum.
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The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.
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This work is a part of much broader and extensive research. The data was collected on the field, namely Beijing, by observing and interviewing Bulgarians residing in the city for different period of their lives. The current work briefly points out some cultural differences between China and Bulgaria and the way they affect the celebration of several traditional Bulgarian holidays, e.g. Christmas Eve, Easter etc. The most notable difference can be observed in the ways of preparing certain cuisines, the products (meat, vegetables, white cheese etc.) which the Chinese market offers to the customers as well as their quality or even their lack of. Another factor that influences the ways of celebration is whether the migrants have moved to Beijing alone or with their families or relatives. In the first case a close circle of friends takes on the role of the family. The work concludes with that the Chinese culture rarely influences the celebration of Bulgarian traditional holidays and they are comparatively preserved in the form they exist in back in Bulgaria.This work is a part of much broader and extensive research. The data was collected on the field, namely Beijing, by observing and interviewing Bulgarians residing in the city for different period of their lives. The current work briefly points out some cultural differences between China and Bulgaria and the way they affect the celebration of several traditional Bulgarian holidays, e.g. Christmas Eve, Easter etc. The most notable difference can be observed in the ways of preparing certain cuisines, the products (meat, vegetables, white cheese etc.) which the Chinese market offers to the customers as well as their quality or even their lack of. Another factor that influences the ways of celebration is whether the migrants have moved to Beijing alone or with their families or relatives. In the first case a close circle of friends takes on the role of the family. The work concludes with that the Chinese culture rarely influences the celebration of Bulgarian traditional holidays and they are comparatively preserved in the form they exist in back in Bulgaria.
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The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians. The paper summarises the evidence provided by ancient authors about the public ritual death of the widows of some Thracians, with which they followed their deceased husbands voluntarily to the World Beyond. Herodotus was the first to narrate about that, followed by the Roman authors Pomponius Mela and Solinus, and after them – the Christian lexicographer Stephanus Byzantinus. Traces of such information about the Thracians are seen in one of the letters of St. Hieronymus. That written tradition is definitely based on the text of Herodotus. The late evidence repeats his words to a great extent. The ritual death of the Thracian widows was clearly transformed into locus communis, but the analysis of the communications reveals both dependences and differences between them. Viewed together, they are mutually complementary and supportive Herodotus testifying to the existence of variants of the universal ritual phenomenon of following into death among the Thracians.
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ojam antropologije u pravoslavno-hrišćanskoj tradiciji odnosi se na hrišćansko učenje o čoveku, njegovoj ličnosti i prirodi, a u širem kontekstu Božijeg plana i na ljudsko spasenje, pa se u tom smislu razlikuje od upotrebe ovog termina kao naučne discipline. Shodno biblijskom otkrovenju, ljudsko biće ili čovek (anthropos) stvoren je po obličju Božijem, kao slika Njegova. Tako u knjiizi Postanja Starog zaveta čitamo: I stvori Bog čovjeka po o b lič ju svojemu, po obličju Bozijemu stvori ga; m uško i žen sko s tv o ri ih (Post.1, 26-27). Čovek - a vidimo da to znači i muškarac i žena - podjednako u sebi nose lik Božiji. Ne kaže se, po rečima jedne savremene pravoslavne teologinje, da su "muškost i ženskost aspekti samog Božijeg bića ili da ono što znači biti stvoren po liku Božijem jeste biti muško ili žensko. Naprosto i jednostavno se kaže da su oboje, i muškarac i žena, podjednako stvoreni po liku Božijem". To s jedne strane znači da je nemoguće proniknuti u dublji smisao čovekove prirode van njegovog odnosa sa Bogom, a sa druge, nemoguće razumeti taj odnos u celosti ako se on ne sagledava u svom muško-ženskom kompleksu. Pošto se na hrišćanskom istoku o tom odnosu često govori(lo) kao o 'učestvovanju u Bogu' - koje nije "samo intelektualno saznanje, već stanje celokupnog ljudskog bića, preobraženog blagodaću, i slobodno sadejstvovanje sa njom naporom i voljom uma" - zbunjujuće deluje istorijska stvarnost u kojoj se o ovoj posebnoj čovekovoj privilegiji govorilo skoro isključivo sa stanovišta muškog iskustva. To ne samo da je ishodilo svojevrsnim redukcionizmom u teorijsko-teološkom smislu, nego i raznim oblicima podređivanja, nipodaštavanja i diskriminacije žene u njenoj praktično-istorijskoj realnosti.
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𝑆𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑎 is a multilingual collection of papers presented at the international scientific conference that has been organized by the Department of Classical and Eastern Languages and Cultures of St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo (Bulgaria) since 2002. Until 2015, the conference was held annually. Since 2018, it is held once every two years. St Cyril and St Methodius University Press issues the collection within the Dr. Nicola Piccolo series. The wide range of topics and the opportunity for authors to submit their academic publications in the original language attracts researchers from all over the world.
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This work focuses on the task of demythologizing the established definition of the Japanese culture as “unique”. It analyzes the phenomena found in various fields of Japanese culture, which define its nature. These phenomena can be called by different terms: loci of saturated imagery, imagistic cores, carriers of imagery, loci with an increased image charge, etc. Generally speaking, they are focal points of pictorial intensity. They are small in volume, but once perceived, unfold and present a grand vision to the human imagination. They are powerful stimulators of the imagination that abound in various manifestations of Japan’s culture – both in contemporary life and in the traditional cultural forms of poetry, theater, aroma ceremonies, and music. In Japanese language such imagistic elements are the onomatopoeic words. Relying on the physical-motor information (a consequence of their production in the oral cavity) and the memory and imagination of the listener, who has repeatedly heard and used them in certain situations, the imitative words are not just pure lexical units, but sensory words, referring to auditory, visual, and tactile perceptions that reinforce one’s lexical memory and in the same time imbuing it with a sensory element and animating the situation the word describes.
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When we turn to the spiritual culture of past epochs, we witness many original ideas and peculiar schemes – the result of the creative imagination of people who lived thousands of years ago. Some of them are purely local in nature and do not occur beyond the boundaries of a particular culture, others are a variation of views of the universe known worldwide; in any case, through the analysis of ancient myths, we can highlight the coded suggestions and symbolic models (archetypes) that refer to universal cosmological systems.
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The period, which is under review, is marked by two main trends: the publication of folklore and ethnographic materials, on one hand, and theoretical justification, on the other hand. A series of publications until the end of the 19th century laid the foundations of Bulgarian ethnology. At the same time, Rakovski’s “Indicator” and Ivan Shishmanov’s paper provide a scientific justification for the need to collect, record and store ethnographic materials. The article examines the works on Bulgarian folklore of Yuriy Venelin, Ivan Bogorov, Zahariy Knyazheski, Petko Slaveykov, Dimitar Miladinov and Konstantin Miladinov, Lyuben Karavelov, Kuzman Shapkarev, Dimitar Marinov, etc. It should be noted that a large number of collectors of folklore materials do not have a university education. However, by the end of the 19th century, the foundations of the sciences of ethnology and folkloristics were formed in Bulgaria.
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