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Review of: Svetlana Morozova - Науки о человеке: история дисциплин. Отв. ред. А. Н. Дмитриев, И. М. Саве- льева. М.: Высшая школа экономики, 2015. 656 c. ISBN 978-5 7598-1209-8.
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The manipulation of historical consciousness in the process of formation of nationalpatriotic attitudes in the Italian society under Mussolini is considered in this paper. The policy article “The Doctrine of Fascism” is taken as the main source for this study. It is concluded that the ideologists of fascism relied on the Roman imperial idea, the statement about the exclusivity of the Italian nation as well as on the national symbols, using vulgarized and stereotyped ideas about classical antiquity and the Roman Empire and its founders in particular.
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Ancient Egyptian society has specific place in European taught, although it is not so simple to find Egyptian legacy in our culture like we can talk about Roman law, Greek philosophy or The Holy Bible. Nevertheless, Egypt had an important roll in construction of European identity and we can see changes in European historycal and cultural climat by finding evidences of European interest in land of pharaohs. Ancient Greece is extremly important point in that trajectory, because it is the first society of European continent that left written historical traces that speak about contacts between two cultures. Besides that, in 18th and 19th centuries Ancient Greece was the main model of progressive society that developed great works of art, philosophy and culture in broad sense and that is the reason for importance of Greek texts about Egypt. On the other hand, Romans had quite different picture about the land in Nile valley. Egypt apeared in their minds like one more province of their wast state and looked at it in light of resources that will fill up their state tresuary. In the first period of intercultural contacts Ancient Romans had stereotyped ideas about Egypt, because they had plans to conquest land, and Egypt was enemy for them, but after the conquest we can sense dramatic change: Egypt becomes part of Roman everyday life, land that fascinates by her religion, mysticism and treasures. In this work we tried to present all that points of view in classical antiquity and to show that by exploring ancient evidences we can learn lot about past, but also about present and complex paths that crossed in construction of our society today.
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History of contacts between societies of European continent and ancient Egypt that is relevant for our understanding of perception of Egyptian civilisation begins with ancient Greek travelers, historians and scientists. They made the first steps in painting picture of Egypt like an ‘other’ and that picture was extremely important in modern times, when Europe’s nation states were born, hungry for stories about long tradition that began nowhere else than in cradle of European civilisation: ancient Greece. That view was constantly changing by the passing of time and emergence of ‘new’ viewers: ancient Roman Empire, societies of European middle ages, renaissance and later writers. This work is focused on the last chapters of that history: on the period from the end of the middle ages to the point of the time where we are standing today. We began our journey with renaissance’s interest in the meaning of hieroglyphs, functiona of pyramids and so on; through Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt and work of his savantes (scientiests in different fields that were studying Egyptian artefacts) with crown of that quest that embodied Description de l’ Egypte; and ended with the questions like orientalism, afrocentrism, egyptomania, cultural imperialism. Political and cultural trends in Europe changed the ideas of Egypt, so that way Egypt had influence on self-identity of his viewers and vice versa. Ancient Egypt played an important role in Europian imagination because it is not a part of history of European states but double ‘other’: civilisation from distant past and exotic, oriental, mystic and different world.
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The aim of this article is to prove, from a linguistic point of view, that the text of the abdication instrument of King Mihai I was not written by the king, but by a group of communist Romanian representatives, acting under Moscow’s direct orders. Language use, the aim of critical discourse analysis allows the revelation of diverse processes at text level that reflect larger social phenomena. These mechanisms at text level are not always decipherable with the naked eye. The manner in which language is used in the abdication instrument of King Mihai underlines the fact that whoever wrote the document did not respect the traditional peculiarities of such a text, as illustrated by numerous examples of other similar texts which form the so-called “royal archive”.
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The report draws attention to insolent and blunt theft by researchers from Macedonia of language and historical facts to present a language that was spoken by majority of the population in the geographical region of Macedonia from the time of its accession to the Bulgarian state to the creation of the so called Macedonian literary language in 1944-1945, to be a Macedonian language (in terms of non-Bulgarian).
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The introduction of the “socialist revolution, socialism, public property” paradigm and its ideological role for the establishment of the capitalist way of production in ХХ c. is studied. A situational analysis is made of the class and inter-factional struggles in Soviet Russia in the middle and in the second part of the 20s. The study analyses the class struggle between the large centralized state monopolistic capital on the one hand, and the small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises on the other, as well as their factional representation in the political life of that period. It reveals the advantages of the factional struggle of Stalin’s centrist faction and the importance of his ideologeme for the “establishment of socialism in a particular country”. It also shows how class struggle influences the tragic life of the outstanding Russian economist Nikolai Kondratiev.
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It is well known that Gravettian hunters were the best reindeer hunters, while the Epigravettian and Mesolithic hunters especially hunted the red deer. The first explanation consists in the environmental conditions, almost identical in the various regions of Europe, during the periods when these communities lived; archeological excavations undertaken in their establishments allowed determining of several realities: the modalities of locating the habitats (even the habitations); the predilection for the geographic geomorphological areas; the climate micro-episodes (for instance, the periglacial climate for several geographical micro-regions); the usage of hard materials of animal origin – reindeer and red-deer antlers – as supports for implements, weapons, body ornamental items or art objects, even the usage of horns in the field of the funeral rites, etc. The existence of regional variations was noticed: forinstance, in its artistic representations, etc., which are more numerous, Atlantic Europe being dominated by reindeer hunting. In this context, it appears that the red deer is an animal to which a very rich symbolism is attached, so being also the case of the bison or ofthe reindeer in other geographic regions and prehistoric cultures. Therefore, a special attention is paid to the paleozoological finds in the Gravettian and Epipaleolithic – Mesolithic habitat levels, which are also identified throughout the East-Carpathian territory and the Russian Plain. We shall present such finds from Mitoc-Malu Galben and also in other important sites of the considered geographic area, due to their multifunctional character (existence of species as environmental elements, their usage as food, or the usage of the skins and carcasses in constructions, of bonesand horns for artistic creations or in order to arrange cult-related structures). The East-Carpathian territory of Romania, situated between the Eastern Carpathians and the Prut, then the Dniestr, to which the Romanian Plain is added (between the Danube and the Southern Carpathians), is very well studied from the archeological point of view. There were discovered several sites with levels of the Gravettian habitat and belonging to the Epigravettian (of Mediterranean aspect) and to the Mesolithic, with a rich and varied archeological material. Among the fauna remains, the category belonging to the reindeer (Gravettian) and the red deer (Epigravettian-Mesolithic) is the one which dominates statistically. The human communities used the reindeer and the red deer not only for food, as they also used horns for making implements and weapons and as supports forart objects
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Rila general congress is one of the most important events in the history of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). Although the Congress has accumulated an impressive amount of literature, due to the absence of minutes of its meetings, there are still many uncertainties about its work and decisions.
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The 20th century is behind us, the century in which millions of people were killed in one of the biggest crimes against humanity and international law – crime of genocide. Literally speaking, several people were killed every minute – due to different national, ethnic, racial, religious, political, and ideological reasons, or in other words just because they belonged to a different group as such. These murders were committed in course of implementation of certain political or military agendas, interpreted as something good. The good that leads to a bigger evil.The notion of evil has been for long, in sociology, even in philosophy,at the bottom of any interest. However, the notion itself as well as the entire phenomenon of evil has seen lately its ”renaissance”.Evil, regardless whether expressed largely or not has a huge group of enormous causes. Many theories of evil see infliction of pain as cause, or in other words that the evil is purpose for itself. That is the form of the so-called demonic evil, but this form is not dominant. Demonic sort of evil leads to it that the problem of evil becomes irrelevant for understanding, so that we see ourselves as devils. Evil is not unconditionally devil’s deed, and the proof of this is that majority of executioners are ordinary people, free of any specific sadistic dispositions.In all cases of genocide, they were all crimes against humanity and international law, committed mainly by ordinary people who had no sadistic tendencies. It is also true that these activities attracted a number of individuals who enjoyed in pervert satisfaction to ill-treat others.
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The 20th century is behind us, the century in which millions of people were killed in one of the biggest crimes against humanity and international law – crime of genocide. Literally speaking, several people were killed every minute – due to different national, ethnic, racial, religious, political, and ideological reasons, or in other words just because they belonged to a different group as such. These murders were committed in course of implementation of certain political or military agendas, interpreted as something good. The good that leads to a bigger evil.The notion of evil has been for long, in sociology, even in philosophy,at the bottom of any interest. However, the notion itself as well as the entire phenomenon of evil has seen lately its ”renaissance”.Evil, regardless whether expressed largely or not has a huge group of enormous causes. Many theories of evil see infliction of pain as cause, or in other words that the evil is purpose for itself. That is the form of the so-called demonic evil, but this form is not dominant. Demonic sort of evil leads to it that the problem of evil becomes irrelevant for understanding, so that we see ourselves as devils. Evil is not unconditionally devil’s deed, and the proof of this is that majority of executioners are ordinary people, free of any specific sadistic dispositions.In all cases of genocide, they were all crimes against humanity and international law, committed mainly by ordinary people who had no sadistic tendencies. It is also true that these activities attracted a number of individuals who enjoyed in pervert satisfaction to ill-treat others.
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The celebration of the 90th anniversary of the magazine "Macedonian Review" provides a good opportunity for a new, modern look and evaluation of performed in the past and present scientific and public tasks, but also for designing its future.
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