Kitâb-ı Diyârbekriyye’ye Göre Çoruh Vadisinde Ak-Koyunlu Hâkimiyeti

Author(s): Kemal TAŞCI / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2015

Aq-Qoyunlus who belong to Bayındır tribe of Üçok section, is one of the Turkoman tribes came to Middle Asia with the Mongol invasion. Aq-Qoyunlus, whose name is mentioned with Qara-Qoyunlus in eastern Anatolia, first settled to Çoruh Valley of Anatolia in the period of stagnation and fall of the Ilkhanid State established by Mongols in Azerbaijan Iran and Anatolia. First they entered into rivalry with Komnenos Dynasty then with Qara-Qoyunlus for the domination of Erzurum in this area. After becoming dependent on Timurids who took the control of Iran Azerbaijan and Iraq region, Aq-Qoyunlus became superior to Qara-Qoyunlus and dominated the Diyar-ı Bekr region. After the retreat of Timurids from Eastern Anatolia, Azerbaijan and Iran, Aq-Qoyunlus who became dependent on Qara-Qoyunlus, dominated the mentioned regions after the year of 872/1467. They struggled with Komnenos Dynasty, Qara-Qoyunlus and Ottomans for the control of Çoruh Valley where they settled first in Anatolia. The Struggle of Aq-Qoyunlus for the domination of Coruh Valley in "Kitab-ı Diyarbekiriyye", a book written by scribe and historian Ebû Bekr-i Tihrânî who served to Timurids then Qara-Qoyunlus and then Aq-Qoyunlus states, is discussed in this article.

POVIJESNI KONTEKST ŠIRENJA KRŠĆANSTVA NA JUGOISTOČNOM JADRANU

Author(s): Ana Zadro / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 17-18/2017

In this paper the author deals with some important events from the early Christian history on the South Adriatic coast and its hinterland. She covered the period from the 3rd to 7th century and spoke about conditions and ways of spreading the Christianity, main centers as sources of Christianizing rural areas in the inland, prosecution of Christians with the emphasis on martyrs of Salona, legalization of Christianity and theological disputes. Analyzing available sources, former findings on early Christian history of our areas have been upgraded.

Стопанският възход на Казанлък през XV и XVI в.

Author(s): Levent Kayapinar / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The region containing the Kazanlak nahiye constitutes the Liva of Chirmen. Within this liva, there are the kazas (districts) of Chirmen, Yenice- i Zagara, Kazanlak, Yenice- i Chirpan, Haskioy and Tekirdag. The Chirmen region is incorporated by the Ottomans before 1370 along with Plovdiv and Zagara following the conquest of Adrianople. The settlement of Kazanlak isn’t recorded as such until 1421 when it was registered in appendix of the foundation charter of Sarucaoglu Umur Beg vakf. The date of the foundation charter was 1415, but its appendix was inserted in 1421. This paper focuses on the economic and demographic development of Kazanlak after 1415 until 1594. It is based on primary Ottoman sources. In the first land survey dated 1466, Pazarcik is recorded as the centre of Kazanlak. In this period, Kazanlak has the status of nahiye and twenty eight villages are attached to it. Moreover, in the centre of Kazanlak, there is a mosque, public bath, mill, caravanserai and two shopping places tied to the Umur Beg vakf. In that respect, it seems that Umur Beg vakf is among the primary elements which transformed the village into a town. In an Ottoman survey register dated to 1515, we also come across a bozahane in the settlement. It’s also noted that this bozahane’s income was enjoyed by Alparslan Bey of the Candaroglu family (who was established around Central Northern Anatolia), who was one of the first governors of Chirmen sancak. In 1530 Kazanlak is registered as a town and the kada of Kazanlak has an income rate of 35 akches a day. 804 Muslim houses (150 of whom lived in the kaza centre) of yoruk origin lived in the town centre and twenty villages of the kaza. Furthermore, there were also 360 Christian households in the Kazanlak. Christian households were located in Kechideresi, Akbash and Yassaviran villages. In the Okchular village, there were 37 kureci (miners) households and 38 houses of Aktav Tartars. There were also 38 households of cheltikcis (rice cultivators) in Elvanla and Yemishchi villages. Among the economic activities of Akchakanzalak villagers, we come across miners and rice farmers in general. In the 1541 survey, it becomes clear that four mahalles (quarters) had come into being in Kazanlak carrying the names Cami, Musalla, Ashaklar and Turkmen and they preserve their status also in the 1594 survey. In 1530, the total income of the Chirmen liva (which included Kazanlak) was 1 153 370 akches and 15% of it (117406) was provided by Kazanlak. This total was thanks to the production of wheat, barley, rye, cotton, orchards, fruits and rice along with the husbandry of animals such as sheep and pigs and bee-keeping. Commercial activities under this umbrella were mining and management of boza houses, mills and shops.

Мукатаите и илтизамската система във Видинско през XVI в. като принос за стопанската история на региона

Author(s): Ayşe Kayapınar / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The mukata’as were an important part of the productive and fiscal system of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The Ottoman Empire employed the word mukata’a to designate parts of public revenue units (such as mines, rice paddles, salt marshes, workshops for soap making, candles, fishing grounds, etc.) that belonged to the state treasury and were operated by either government officials, called emins, or by granting concessions to private persons, Muslims or non-Muslims, appointed as amils. The difference between the two forms of management is the following: In the first case, the emin operated for the state and received remuneration, whereas in the second, the amil paid a fixed amount to the treasury in order to take over the iltizam (tax farm). During the first centuries of the Ottoman Empire, the management of the mukata’as in the name of the state through emins was more widespread as a mode of exploitation. But the monetary crisis of the second half of the sixteenth century in the Ottoman Empire obliged the state to look for new sources of income (particularly in cash) in order to provide funds for the state treasure. Therefore, the iltizam system gained importance and the role of the m?ltezim as a cash provider to the state treasury increased. In this study, the state incomes obtained by mukataa exploitation in the region of Vidin will be examined. The distribution of iltizams, their process of functioning and the contribution to the state treasury by the revenues of the tax farms and the m?ltezims themselves are among the topics to be explored.

Стопанска характеристика на Троянския регион през XVI – XVII в.: традиционни поминъци и външни влияния (по данни на османски документи от периода)

Author(s): Krasimira Moutafova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

On the basis of unpublished and partly published Ottoman register material from 16th and 17th century the focus of this study is concentrated on the economic development of Troyan and Troyan region during the first centuries under Ottoman rule. The monetary and natural components of the land rent, introduced by various in type and amount taxes in the detailed (mufassal) registers, reveal the whole range of crops and specific livelihoods of the population in settlements of the region. The comparative analysis of this compact information outlines several essential characteristics in their economic development. First of all – the indications of continuity from the time of the medieval Bulgarian state. On the second - the changes that occurred under the influence of the “new” Muslim inhabitants, including in the field of crafts. Third – the influence of local traditions on the economic activity of the Muslim population. The discussed Ottoman documents reveal a quite different economic characteristic of the region from the one imposed in the historiography, and especially in the local history studies, which hardly suggests the development of Troyan as one of the most important centers of craft production during the Revival and Post-liberation period.

Първи бележки върху професионалната структура на християнското население на град Свищов в средата на XIX в.

Author(s): Gergana Georgieva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The article presents new information on the socio-economic development of Svishtov in the 19th c. extracted from unpublished Ottoman documents. In the 19th c. Svishtov developed as one of the main Danubian harbors in the Lower Danube which played crucial role in trade relations between Bulgarian lands, Wallachia and Central Europe. It is characterized by intensive economic progress, based mainly on trade and production of clothes and shoes. The new primary sources reveal details about its socio-economic structure. There was a high level of specialization of merchants – salt trade was one of its basic characteristics. It is also evident the predominance of the small scale merchandise. The land transport was as well presented as water transport. The relatively well-developed economy of Svishtov is presented also by the high annual income declared by the taxpayers.

Професионална структура на тулчанското население през 40-те години на XIX в. (по данни от теметтуат дефтерите)

Author(s): Nikolay Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The present article aims at examining the occupational structure of the population of Tulcea in the 40s of the 19th century. Unpublished materials from the Ottoman Archives in Istanbul have been used, and in particular the Temettuat Register (Defter) with a signature ML.VRD.TMT.d 12755. The creation of the discussed Temettuat Defter coincides with the period of economic rise of Tulcea and the formation of the Bulgarian community in the city. During the examined period Tulcea established itself as an extremely multiethnic city, a feature of many of the commercial centers through the epoch. From the analysis of the document it is clear that the trade- domestic and foreign was prevailing in the economic development of Tulcea. The highest incomes were from the crafts engaged in that field. Tulcea provided the entrepreneurs of the epoch an untapped market with great opportunities. From its port goods were exported to craftsmen from a very wide region - North-eastern Bulgaria and the eastern parts of The Balkan Mountains.

Сирашките каси в Османската империя – Трънската каса 1872 – 1875 г.

Author(s): Nadya Manolova-Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The article aims to publish and analyze a valuable Ottoman document from 1872 to 1875. The document is kept in the State Archives of the town of Pernik. It represents an official register of loans granted by property for orphans. The register is the so-called Orphan's Fund in the town of Tran (today in Bulgaria), in the document – Iznebol . The creation of orphan's funds in between 60s and 70s of the ХІХ century was done by the reformers in the Danube Vilayet (Province) of the Ottoman Empire. Their set-up and importance is very poorly studied.

Селското стопанство в Свищовската община в периода от Освобождението до края на ХІХ в.

Author(s): Emiliya Vacheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

This article traces agriculture in the Svishtov municipality after the Liberation until the end of the 19th century. The paper is based on reports from official editions of collections, almanacs, a report, published statistical data, as well as on existing research on the issue. The agrarian transformations in Svishtov and the district are taken under consideration, the state policy on agriculture and its application in the municipality is analyzed, and the development of agriculture is outlined.

За някои практики от дейността и контактите на български розотърговски фирми (1879 г. – края на XIX в.)

Author(s): Momchil Marinov,Krasimir Krastev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2017

The last two decades of the 19 century are important and exponential period in the development of the Bulgarian rose producing industry. The main areas of exports for the rose products are formed - The US, England, France, Austria-Hungary, Russia and so on. Major Bulgarian rose trading companies are formed. Based on the numismatic material from the collection of “Iskra” Museum of history in Kazanlak and the accompanying data, the authors are trying to reconstruct the basic tendencies in the development of the Bulgarian rose producing industry in the period.

1864 KAFKAS GÖÇÜ’NDE TRABZON’DA YAŞANAN SORUNLARA BIR ÖRNEK: DR. BAROZZI-YAVER EFENDI ÇATIŞMASI

Author(s): Özgür Yilmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 5/2018

In the Caucasian Migration of 1864, Trabzon served as main entry ports for immigrants in the Ottoman territories. However, the accumulation of a large number of emigrants in the city caused very serious problems not only for the emigrants but also local population. The Ottoman government took a series measures by means of the Refugee Commission, sent Yaver Efendi to Trabzon. On the other hand, the Meclis-i Tahaffuz sent an Italian origin physician, Dr. Barozzi to the city too. However, during the activities of these two officers in Trabzon, caused a conflict with which the governor Emin Muhlis Pasha intervened from time to time. While Dr. Barozzi demanded that Yaver Efendi should be removed from his position because of his corruptions, Yaver Efendi accused Dr. Barozzi of being harsh on the immi-grants and demanded his replacement by a Muslim physician. This paper aims to investigate this conflict be-tween the authorities in Trabzon and to make some determinations on this issue in the context of the problems caused by the migration in Trabzon.

Печатът на либералните партии в България и националният въпрос 1924 - 1931 г

Author(s): Elina Rumenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2007

The liberal parties in Bulgaria in the period 1924-1931 were undergoing a very complicated period in term of their political development, due to the national catastrophe after the First World War. Engaged in endless interparty oppositions they were unable to formulate opinions on most of the topical problems of the Bulgarian social and political life.

Форми за множествено число на -ове (-еве, -ве) при многосрични съществителни имена от мъжки род в ксантийския говор

Author(s): Ana Kocheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2007

The geographical area Golo Bardo is situated in the middle part of the region near the eastern border of Albania with Macedonia. To the north and to the northeast are the two other regions where varieties of Bulgarian are spoken: the Debar variety (in Albania and partly in Macedonia) and Gora variety, most of which region is in Kosovo, and the smaller part - in Macedonia. The material of the Ksanti spoken variety of speech has been excerpted from the so famous lately „Grammar of the Bulgarian Mohammedan language", now printed in Greek, compiled Petra D. Teoharidi in Thessalonica in 1996, where the Bulgarian spoken variety of the South Rhodops is discussed.

Ролята на Йован Бабунски в сръбската въоръжена пропаганда

Author(s): Nikolay Ivanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2007

Възраждане на българската просветна традиция във Вардарска Македония (април - август 1941 г.)

Author(s): Magdalena Liubenova-Bakalova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2006

The Bulgarian authorities found Vardar Macedonia in very difficult economic, cultural and educational state. After having suffered for many years hard denationalization, political terror and violence, the population was hungry for its own educational enlightenment.

Някои аспекти на българско-югославските отношения след Втората светояна война

Author(s): Peter Bahmeyer / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2006

This article deals with the relalions between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia since World War I until today. It traces in brief the much argued territorial problems before and after the signing of the of the Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine, the tension between the two states during World War II, the rapprochement that followed until 1948. the attempts for the incorporation of the Pirin region to FPR Yugoslavia.

Откриха ламетник на Георги Измирлиев-Македончето в Благоевград

Author(s): Dimitar Shalev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2006

From Royal Hôtel to Street Brawls: The Location, Personnel and Public Problems of the Venetian Embassy in Seventeenth-Century Paris

Author(s): Philippa Woodcock / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Where histories of Venetian diplomatic success in France have long drawn on the ambassadors’ dispacci and relazioni, these are only just beginning to be used to explore the personalities of the ambassadors themselves. In contrast, this article will use French notarial and legal records to investigate the daily lives of the ambassador and his staff in seventeenth century Paris. In particular, it will examine documents attesting to the turbulent life of the Hôtel de Venise, and its boisterous staff and servants. Apart from their official presence at Versailles, little has been done to establish where the ambassadors lived in Paris, and with whom they had contact. This article first shows the mobility of the official hôtel, but also points to simultaneous lodgings being held by the ambassadors, suggesting an official and a private life. This also illustrates the ambassadors in contact with the Parisian elite, beyond the court. It then outlines how the French archival record points to which were the most visible household officers, and traces their appearance in legal and business transactions. It demonstrates a distinct corps of Italian officers, and French domestiques, all of whom represented Venice in Paris, and had contact with Parisians. While these servants eased the ambassadors’ existence in France, they also created problems for them. Indeed, some servants were more likely to make trouble than others. In situations where the ambassadors’ servants breached the peace, or were themselves menaced by the French, who was ultimately responsible for the good behaviour of the embassy?

SОMETHING MORE ABOUT TWO PROTO AUTHOGRAPHS IN HAGIA SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE

Author(s): Thomas Thomov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The paper deals with two Bulgarian pseudo-monograms in the west gallery in the Church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. These hand-written authographs prove that two person, Artzo and Tudor visited the Byzantine capital in the second half of the 14th c. The name Tudor is of an unknown person but Artzo is mentioned in the “Bulgarian part” of Boril’s Synodikon and specifically in its beadroll. He was a boyar and probably a warlord of the Turnovo King. The assumption of Artzo’s monogram identity and Artzo in the Synodikon is based on identical personal names and it is not only possible but undisputable. During the Byzantine civil war in the mid-seventies of the 14th c. Artzo was send by King Šišman on an important diplomatic and probable military mission in Constantinople. He died fighting for his faith and country against the Ottoman Turks in the eighties of the 14th century.

THE MYTH OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT IN MEDIEVAL GEORGIAN CHRONICLES

Author(s): Andro Gogoladze / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Pseudo-Callisthenes’ Alexander Romance has played an important role in the development of the historical and literary legacy of the antique Hellenistic peoples as well as on the medieval Europe and Asia. In this respect neither the medieval Georgian chronicles and literature were an exception. The Alexander Romance served as the basis for the description of historical and literary adventures of the king of the Georgians, Vakhtang Gorgasali ( fifth-sixth century). His chronicler Juansher, under the influence of the hero of Alexander Romance, created a mystic image of a ‘great king’ Vakhtang, a victorious knight and a Christian ruler. For the Georgian medieval chroniclers, editors and rewriters, Alexander of Macedon remained the ideal of a powerful, yet righteous ruler and a model of a hero, and this attitude has been reflected in the compositions and literary legacy of the chroniclers of this or later epochs.