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The analysis of the circumstances of the creation of Wrocław’s Kuźniki housing estate sheds light on a fragment of the postwar history of the town, which started to spread east after 1970. The economic and political situation of the time had decisive influence on architecture and urban planning, but the cosy Kuźniki estate stood out from other large-scale projects carried out in the same period thanks to the individualist approach to visual form and the harmony between the urban composition and the landscape.
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The serving of the meal, a mandatory daily moment, is in equal measure, an element of socialization with multiple cultural valencies. The meal, its own manner of planning, of mise-en-scène, the menus, their contents but most of all the manner of their presentation, have literally reached the status of genuine art, and from this point of view they constitute themselves in significant elements for any type of society, be it courtly or popular. At the Romanian royal courts of Carol I and Ferdinand I, the meals were diverse, in the sense that lunches and dinner parties were organized on the occasion of such events as the visits of certain political, cultural and military personalities, appointments in office; festive meals celebrating the national holiday on May 10, the celebrations of the crowning; weddings and wedding engagements; traditional Easter and Christmas holidays, to which we may add the daily meals of the royal family and its guests. The royal menus testify to the nutritional diversity, the artistry, good taste and gastronomical refinement, through both the content and the manner of cooking the dishes served at the royal table, and the manner of presentation and serving. The good taste, the refinement and moderation, as well as the high standards of the Romanian sovereigns do not seem wasteful, exaggerated or ostentatious in a gratuitous manner. On the contrary, from the manner of cooking, the content of the menus and the manner of presentation, the royal meals offer a good example of assuming high culinary standards, gastronomical art contributing as well alongside other symbolic elements, to the image and the prestige of the royal court of Romania in its glorious era.
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Review of: Thomas Biller: Die mittelalterlichen Stadtbefestigungen im deutschsprachigen Raum. Ein Handbuch. Teil 1: Systematischer Teil; Teil 2: Topographischer Teil. Philipp von Zabern. Darmstadt 2016, 359 S., Ill., Kt.; 360 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-8053-4975-8. (€ 129,–.). Reviewed by Tomasz Torbus.
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There are still to this day a large number of gaps in post-war Memel history in the Lithuanian SSR due to the fact that the subject was neglected prior to 1989 for ideological reasons. Until then, the history of German minorities had remained taboo along with accounts of the mass emigration out of the USSR. As part of a survey and collection project, the Institute of Baltic History and Archaeology in Klaipėda collated private image sources that contain material relating to cultural and social spheres within the investigation period, with the aim of closing and discussing historiographical gaps. The photographs document private strategies that existed beneath the level of large-scale political decision-making. They provide insights into recreational past times, religious customs, private environments as well as relationships between genders and generations. A further theme highlighted by the collection is the mass emigration movement that took place from 1958 to 1960. In the second section of the text, specific images are introduced and discussed. The aim of including these concrete examples is to demonstrate the extent to which private photographs may qualify as objective factual sources in developing our understanding of everyday social history.
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Review of: Paul Robert Magocsi: With Their Backs to the Mountains. A History of Carpathian Rus’ and Carpatho-Rusyns. Central European University Press. Budapest – New York 2015. XX, 511 S., Ill., Kt. ISBN 978-615-5053-39-9. (€ 39,–.). Reviewed by Sebastian Paul.
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Atricolul prezintă date referitoare la populația orașului Vaslui.
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Review of: Grzegorz Krzywiec: Chauvinism, Polish Style. The Case of Roman Dmowski (Beginnings: 1886-1905). Translated by Jarosław G a r l i ń s k i . (Polish Studies – Transdisciplinary Perspectives, Bd. 18.) Peter Lang Editon. Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2016. 586 S. ISBN 978- 3-631-62757-0. (€ 69,95.). Reviewed by Małgorzata Dajnowicz.
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Review of: Reval/Tallinn. Eine kommentierte Auswahlbibliographie und Chronologie von der Stadtgründung bis zur Gegenwart (1219-2013). Hrsg. von Alfred Bischoff. (Edition Bibliographien zur Geschichte und Kultur Europas, Bd. 4.) OEZ Berlin-Verl. Berlin 2014. 592 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-942437-04-2. (€ 69,90.). Reviewed by Andreas Fülberth.
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The period from the mid1940s until the late 1950s is a stage in the development of Bulgarian cultural history which is most difficult to explain. The social life at the time was severely controlled, organised and governed in the mould of a strong ideological propaganda. Publications of that time define mass songs as an essential and significant genre, as an ‘untested tool in the fight against formalism’. The question is to what extent the very phenomenon of ‘musical thought’ was subject to direct manipulation. Mass songs were largely marching music and their musical language was tonal. Yet, an analysis of tens of mass songs shows that the natural minor mode permeated the marching and hymnal songs. This is usually explained as an endeavour to lend such songs a folk ring, which is consistent with the requirements of ingraining them into the folk tradition. Throughout the history of Bulgarian musical culture though, a certain specific is identified: major and harmonic minor modes have not, ever since the Late National Revival period, functioned in the sense of the term ‘major-minor system’, which has been mechanically ascribed to them. In this country, the major mode is naturally in alignment with the other diatonic modes, due to which its partner is in fact the minor-permeated Aeolian mode. It has bearing on the semantic field of the tonal system: minor is not a qualitatively defined in opposition to major, but rather in terms of its semantic variation and complementary contrast, lending mass songs majestic epic and heroic pathos. That was the reason why even songs containing the keyword ‘joy’ often sounded in a natural minor mode, symbolising the ‘wise’ joy which stems from an age-long family tradition. Therefore, the authorities in fact guided an already existing state of musical thought, while the genre spontaneously utilised the opportunities provided by this specific musical code, forming a natural musical environment for posterity. The frequent minormode re-conceptualization helped alleviate and humanise the overdosed ideological pressure.
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The emergence and evolution of medieval towns and cities in the central region of Moldavia has its peculiarities, which are mainly due to location, acces to resources and ease of communication. All of these may be explained either by geographical settings or by historical constraints shaped by geography and topography. The paper summarizes the main issues that can be approached from the point of view of historical geography, wiz. medievalsources (narrative and cartographical, including explanations of this process, as given by early authors) and primary utilizations of geographical data in establishing patterns of emergence and evolution of medieval Moldavian towns.
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The article attempts to establish basic demographic parameters for the inhabitants of Wieliczka in the 18th century. The aim of the research is to investigate whether the nature of Wieliczka family farms was similar to the results obtained in other cities and regions located in Polish lands and areas of western Europe. The research was based on the 1788 census of the inhabitants of St. Clemens parish in Wieliczka, and the Wieliczka register books.
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The aim of the article is to present the professional and spatial craftsmanship structure within the Poznań Department, based on the results of a census conducted during the period of the Duchy of Warsaw. The analyses presented, which include quantitative ones using statistical methods, are therefore related to the pre-enfranchisement period, following which the Poznań Department definitively embarked on a “Prussian path of capitalistic development”. Therefore, the results may serve as a starting point for evaluating the economic changes that took place in the research area in the 19th century. Having used multidimensional methods, I shall be proposing regionalization of the Poznań Department, due to the structure of crafts in the early years of the 19th century. Census data also allow for the identification of key crafts in the Poznań Department at the threshold of industrialization, as well as groups of interrelated branches. The research will also, indirectly, indicate the importance of historical awareness in the selection of grouping methods at subsequent stages of research that is based on historical quantitative data.
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Emigration from the territory of Poland was a mass phenomenon at the end of the 19th century. Its characteristic feature was that it was gainful emigration, and the predominant destination was the United States. The second most popular destination was West European countries (mainly Germany). Emigration to Russia took place on a smaller scale. In the interwar period, the rate of emigration decreased markedly. The directions also changed: the US became less popular, and emigration to France and Belgium gained in importance. Seasonal emigration (Germany, Latvia) was important from the economic and social points of view. This paper aims at analyzing the demographic dimension of both waves of emigration, and to estimate the scale and structure of emigration at regional level in 1870–1914 and 1918–1938 in order to determine net “loss” in population. The method was the analysis of census statistics from 1890–1931 at the regional level (for the late 1930s, estimates) and the analysis of emigration statistics.
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The main source for this article is a population census carried out in Przemyśl in 1918, previously unused in any scientific research. Using a survey method, it encompassed single households; only some of the material exists to this day, a larger part stored in the Sanok Archive, and a smaller in the National Archive in Przemyśl. The census combined the elements of the earlier “State of Souls” (status animarum) in relation to households and the more modern type of Austrian survey to which new categories were added; its original form enables new methods for analyzing the local population of that area. The circumstances in which the census was carried out are unknown; we can assume that it was conducted by the local magistrate, due to food shortages and mass migration of the population (including the military) to the city. The surviving 1,163 cards enable us to pinpoint personal data from the respondents, such as sex, age, religion and nationality, place of birth and address, and in some cases social status and profession.
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The article discusses a book focusing on migration strategies as exemplified by the area surrounding the city of České Budějovice in the second half of the eighteenth century. Formally, the peasant population in Bohemia was bound in serfdom until 1781, which has until recently been believed to have considerably curtailed its mobility. The underlying research is based mostly on letters of discharge and registers of births, marriages and deaths. The author sets out to explain the migration strategies followed by the residents of villages situated in the surroundings of a major urban center. He discusses the migrants’ main motivations and the ways in which they tried to relocate within the bounds of the law. Special attention is paid to movements relating to labor markets and matrimony. The issue of migration strategies is discussed against a vast social background.
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The work presents the study on development and architecture of the Franciscan residence in Rama-Sćit near the central Bosnian town of Prozor-Rama. With a rich Christian history and the first convent dating back to the pre-Turkish times, this residence is especially prominent in the dawn of Turkish rule and after the establishment of Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ensemble of the convent buildings is rich in architecture, dating from the vernacular Dinaric, through Austro-Hungarian to contemporary constructions. The church, built during the Austro-Hungarian period, although destroyed during World War II, has been revitalized and artistically decorated. What makes the complex unique is the value of landscape design, which in the natural environment is enriched by the works of prominent contemporary authors. The paper presents the emergence of a residence, the development of architecture and its valorisation, as well as the treatment of the whole complex in the context of genius loci. As research sources were used the archives of the convent, as well as the published bibliography of historical value and significance. The contribution of the work is distinguished by a comprehensive study of the architecture of the complex from its establishment to the present day and its critical evaluation in the contemporary context.
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The paper attempts to substantiate the opinion of Professor I. A. Esaulov about the special “spirit” of Russia present in the urban space of the ancient provincial Yelets. The analysis uses the song lyrics of local poets of the early twentieth century, published in 1996 in the almanac Yeletskaya byl. The author comes to the conclusion that the Yelets poets in their works conveyed the unique flavor of their native land by means of contamination of the main cultural codes of the Yelets text — Yelets Orthodox, Yelets merchant, Yelets — a city of military glory. Local mythology played a major role in the formation of the Yelets text of culture. The appearance of the mother of God at Yelets to Khan Tamerlane, after which there was a miraculous escape from the ruin of Moscow and all Russia, became a “starting” event for the perception of Yelets as a sacred city under the patronage of the mother of God. The widespread use of Orthodox symbols in the song lyrics about Yelets emphasizes the predominance of the religious and spiritual component over the visual and secular landscape of the city.
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This article explores the historiography of publishing sources on the history of Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Red-Army Deputies during the Civil War. The publication of documents related to the history of the Petrograd Soviet began in the 1920s. The political environment of the 1930s made this inconvenient: a study of the activities of the Soviet was conducted, first of all, in the context of the defense of Petrograd from the troops of General Yudenich. The publication of materials related to the Petrosoviet was stopped, as they often featured the names of figures deleted from Stalinist historiography: G. Zinoviev, G. Evdokimov, and others. In the post-war period, historians concentrated on activities of the Petrograd Soviet and its committees in 1917, resulting in a number of large-scale publications of sources. However, this situation did not touch documents of the Petrosoviet for the Civil War years. In 2019, a collection of transcripts from 1919 was released, to some extent filling this gap. This publication is in great interest, and it receives significant attention in this article.
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