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The author describes military events which affected Hlohovec in the period between the beginning of the 15th century and the first half of the 17th century. Furthermore, there are mentioned the impacts of military invasions and looting, such as the phenomenon of outlaws, moss-troopers and the declining number of inhabitants. The study also notices the discontent of some noblemen and tycoons with the reign of Sigismund of Luxembourg in the years 1401 – 1403. As in the period Hlohovec castle was conquered twice, the author presents the most common techniques of fortress conquering at the end of the 14th century and the 1st half of the 15th century. Other military events affected Hlohovec during the period of the Hussites invasions in 1430 – 1431. The study also refers to the period of the activities of the Bratríci armies in the area of south-western Slovakia, especially in Svätý Peter (at present a part of Hlohovec) and Veľké Kostoľany. An important part of the study is the Turkish invasion in the area of Hlohovec and the resistance to the Habsburgs in context with the history of Hlohovec. Finally, the study describes the appearance of Hlohovec castle in the period between the beginning of the 15th century to the first half of 17th century, based on written and archaeological sources.
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Water has been the main and affordable source of energy for centuries. In order to be able to use water power in the final technical facilities, water works had to be built for this purpose to ensure that the water was collected in the country. The aim of the present study is the reconstruction of the use of water and the reconstruction of water management systems in the historic mining landscape on the example of water management system of Ľubietová surroundings, whose effectiveness was also determined by the existence of so-called Little Ice Age. So far unknown facts, phenomena and contexts that contributed to formation of the water management system in the mountainous country have also been gained through field research.
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Review of: Maria Molnarova - PINTÉR, Beáta. Zobor-vidék története. Dejiny Podzoboria. Budapest: Gondolat 2018, 451 s. ISBN 978-963-693-911-3.
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Among the ancient epigraphic monuments found from the late XIX century, during the XX century and the beginning of the XXI century in the Peja region, a large number of them belong to the votive monuments dedicated to various indigenous deities (Silvan), Roman deities (Jupiter, Mercury, Fortuna, Bonus Eventus and Genii) but also Greek (Aesculapios, Hygia, Telesporus, Heracles) and Egyptian (God Serapis and Goddes Isis). The monuments are mainly votive altars with a few exceptions such as the eagle-and God Heracles-Hercules tablets found in Peja, then the God Dionisios (Liber) tablets and their escorts found in the village of Vrellë and a base of statues of three deities found in Raushiq. Apart from the votive monuments found, it is possible that during antiquity in the Peja region there were also temples, cult places or shrines of various ancient deities: the Roman supreme god Jupiter, the deities Mercury and Aesculapius, and the Egyptian deities Serapis and Isis. In addition to the cults of deities mentioned in today's Peja region, there are also traces of ancient monotheistic beliefs, respectively Judeo-Christian and Early Christianity. Votive monuments have inscriptions with texts in Latin language, chronologically dating from the I to the end of the III century AD and they were made in a stone-masonry workshop near the site called “Gradina” in Peja within the settlement which apparently had the rank of Roman municipium.
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Based on the historical facts known to this day it is clear that Early Christianity in the territory of Dardania was at the point where ecclesiastical organization and structure was needed. Moreover, the need to accommodate such a group of people coming into the presence of God was clear. In addition to meeting the needs of believers as a gathering place, early medieval Christian architecture has special characteristics. The most typical buildings of this period throughout the world, as well as on the territory of Kosovo, are the basilicas. Basilicas are rectangular buildings, which are usually divided by columns in naves. The most common number of naves is three, but there are also spectacular basilicas with five, seven, or up to nine naves. This paper will analyze the basilica with three naves, with special focus on those on the territory of Kosovo. Based on current research and publications of archaeologists, a summary of this typology will be presented. This paper will include basilicas in Ulpiana, Harilaq, Studenica, Kastrc and the traces of the three-nave basilica in Pastasella. The analyzes carried out in these basilicas will serve to create a clear picture of this typology in the territory of Kosovo.
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Review of: Petr Lozoviuk: Grenzland als Lebenswelt. Grenzkonstruktionen, Grenzwahrnehmungen und Grenzdiskurse in sächsisch-tschechischer Perspektive. (Schriften zur sächsischen Geschichte und Volkskunde, Bd. 41.) Leipziger Univ.-Verl. Leipzig 2012. 354 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-86583- 632-8. (€ 49,–.). Reviewed by Martin Munke.
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The period of 1912-1913 is one of the most tragic periods in the Modern history of Bulgaria. As a result of The First Balkan War, in a short period of time, it looks as if our nation would finally be united within the Kingdom of Bulgaria. What follows shortly after is a National tragedy, instead of a triumph. After the Second Balkan War begins the search for the former ministers who are being held responsible. In 1914 a committee is established to investigate the facts around the rout. The committee works in the course of 5 years, but the found documents weren’t brought up when it came to determining the guilt in the National Assembly.
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Cultural and educational work after the Second World War in northeastern Bosnia, in addition to cultural, educational and artistic societies, took place in various cultural institutions, where cultural centers and public universities stand out. The houses of culture, in cooperation with societies, universities and various cultural and educational sections, organized events, lectures and various cultural and educational contents. Their importance was especially pronounced in the smaller rural areas of northeastern Bosnia, where they were the center of cultural and educational work. People's universities, as cultural and educational institutions, were supposed to nurture scientific and lecturing work, and to politically enlighten the population of urban and rural areas of northeastern Bosnia through various lectures. In essence, public universities were public schools in which ideologically appropriate lectures with various topics were mostly held and they played a significant role in the creation of a socialist society. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to point out the role and importance of the establishment of these cultural and educational institutions in northeastern Bosnia, and their overall contribution to the cultural and educational awareness of the population of northeastern Bosnia.
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Review of: Anna Walentynowicz: Solidarność – eine persönliche Geschichte. Hrsg. und bearb. von Tytus Jaskułowski . (Berichte und Studien. Hannah-Arendt-Institut für Totalitarismusforschung, Bd. 62.) V&R Unipress. Göttingen 2012. 209 S., 29 s/w-Ill. ISBN 978-3- 89971-980-2. (€ 19,90.). Reviewed by Katarzyna Śliwińska.
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On May 12, 1919, the Royal Hungarian University of Cluj together with its Library was taken over by the representatives of the Romanian government in order to be transformed into a Romanian scientific and cultural institution. The old Library of the Royal Hungarian University of Cluj had been in use since 1872. Its establishment had been a process of gradual accumulation of collections, obtained through donations, from the Library of the “Transylvanian Museum”, the Library of the former Law Academy in Cluj, the University Library of Budapest and a few others. At first, the Library of the Hungarian University functioned in various spaces, moving to the new building of the University only in the autumn of 1895. The construction of the actual building of the University Library began in July 1906, and its festive inauguration took place on May 19, 1909. The Great War (1914-1918) disrupted the activity of the Library. Most of the scientific and administrative staff was sent to war. The union of Transylvania with Romania, on December 1, 1918, was followed by the gradual takeover of all the institutions in Cluj, including the University and the University Library. On May 12, 1919, Vasile Bichigean, a high school teacher from Năsăud, presented himself at the University Library with the Order of the Directing Council, No. 4336/1919, signed by Valeriu Braniște and Onisifor Ghibu. Bichigean asked the Library staff to immediately hand over the institution to the Romanian State. The director of the Library, Gyalui Farkas, and some of the Hungarian staff, who swore allegiance to the Romanian State, remained in office. In 1920, Eugen Pavel Barbul became the director of the Library. He contributed to the enrichment of the institution’s patrimony, hired Romanian librarians and reorganized the activities for the readers. The Popular Library was installed in the building of the University Library. The destiny of the University Library after 1919 shared the fate of the University: it faced financial and material difficulties, but it also experienced some important development. Due to the efforts to acquire volumes and periodical publications, either by purchase or through donations, the University Library became very rich in the interwar period, being on a par with the great university libraries in the country and in the world.
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Science developed in Romania in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. By “science” we mean the physical and natural sciences, such as physics, chemistry, geology or biology, although they have not always had the form and content they have today. With the inauguration of the Universities of Iași and Bucharest, the development of science in the Romanian Kingdom was put on a solid footing. Both Universities had Faculties of Sciences, although initially they were not autonomous, but shared the same framework with the studies of philosophy. In Iași, the scientific courses were initially integrated within the Faculty of Philosophy, together with the studies of “letters” and “theology”, according to the model practiced at the time in Germany. Within the University of Bucharest, the Faculty of Sciences went through the same process of diversification and specialization of departments. At the beginning of the 20th century, the research institutes and laboratories were affiliated with the faculties of science and the medical universities. Therefore, at the beginning of the 20th century, the level of Romanian science was considered satisfactory, while the Romanian scientists proved to be very receptive to the evolution of universal sciences.
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The Bulgarian Exarchate was established in the nineteenth century as a result of mass movement national in character and ecclesiastical in form in which Bulgarians from Macedonia took most active part. It was the first national institution and was a kind of “state before state”. After the decisions of the Congress of Berlin in 1878, the Exarchate retained its importance for the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire. Under the leadership of Exarch Joseph I, a large-scale enlightening and spiritual activity was developed, which practically exercised the cultural autonomy of the Bulgarians in Macedonia and Eastern Thrace. The wide spread of Bulgarian education, language and culture in Macedonia was unthinkable without the active participation of the Macedonian Bulgarians. The Exarchate and IMARO had different character and historical genesis, but there was a functional and personal symbiosis between them.
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The Bulgarian Exarchate was established in the nineteenth century as a result of mass movement national in character and ecclesiastical in form in which Bulgarians from Macedonia took most active part. It was the first national institution and was a kind of “state before state”. After the decisions of the Congress of Berlin in 1878, the Exarchate retained its importance for the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire. Under the leadership of Exarch Joseph I, a large-scale enlightening and spiritual activity was developed, which practically exercised the cultural autonomy of the Bulgarians in Macedonia and Eastern Thrace. The wide spread of Bulgarian education, language and culture in Macedonia was unthinkable without the active participation of the Macedonian Bulgarians. The Exarchate and IMARO had different character and historical genesis, but there was a functional and personal symbiosis between them.
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The study examines the administrative and territorial structure of Macedonia during the period of the late Ottoman Empire (1879–1912), with an emphasis on the twentieth century, in harmony with modern historiography. The article is based on official state documents – the Vilayet Salname (yearbooks), the State Salname (Devlet Salname), the State Statistical Yearbook and other official statistics. The development of the structure of Thessaloniki, Bitola (Monastery) and Skopje (Kosovo) vilayets at all administrative-territorial levels (sanjak, kaza, nahi) is studied. Particular attention is paid to the discrepancy between the territory of the historical and geographical area of Macedonia and that of the three vilayets. The administrative-territorial reforms undertaken by the Ottoman authorities as well as the planned transformation projects are examined. In this sense, the article also highlights the main trends in the state policy and the effect of the reforms for the Bulgarian population in Macedonia. The article also draws attention to the coverage of the area, the number of settlements and the population density in the administrative-territorial units.
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The purpose of this article is to argue the need for an annex to the Treaty of Friendship, Good Neighborliness and Cooperation between the Republic of Bulgaria and the Republic of (North) Macedonia. Its adoption has become necessary after the conclusion of the Prespa Agreement between our southwestern neighbor and the Hellenic Republic, as a result of which new challenges have arisen for the Bulgarian state (some of which were skillfully transferred to Sofia by Athens). The most complex problems are related to the new name of the Macedonian state, to the recognition by the Greeks of the so-called Macedonian language, as well as to the theft of the declared common history. The need for unity of action in relation to Macedonia by all responsible factors in Bulgarian politics is a good start to the complex process of solving these problems.
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The publication presents the statutes of two Macedonian refugee formations adopted in 1920 – 1921: the Union of Macedonian Fraternities in Bulgaria and the Macedonian Federal Emigrant Organization. They give an idea of the goals, means, structures and principles of management. The analytical part, which precedes the two documents, presents the vision of the Macedonian Bulgarians after the Great War for the status of Macedonia. A comparative analysis of their actions shows that the split in the ranks of refugee organizations was the result of personal differences rather than serious ideological differences in the struggle for the liberation of the area.
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Articolul prezintă date referitoare la apicultura din Moldova în perioada secolelor al XIV-lea - al XVIII-lea.
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A material that aims, synthetically, to highlight the causes that led to the creation of the Collective Security Treaty Organization, as well as its evolution during the period when the Russian Federation began to impose, aggressively, its geopolitical strategies, especially as it became more and more aware of the threats posed by NATO enlargement to Eastern Europe. It is an attempt to reveal, as briefly as possible, the interest shown by the Russian Federation for the development and implementation of a military security policy appropriate to its strategic goals.
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