![Războiul civil din Grecia (1946-1949) și emigranții politici greci in Romania (1948-1982)](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2018_45180.jpg)
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The work hereby starts with the explanation for provenance of a folk dress seen in the painting Romanian Lady by F. A. Bridgman, identified as the region of Muscel. It also presents the interest shown by queen Elisabeth of Romania for the folk dress, particularly the Muscel one, which she used to wear in many occasions and her way of using the folk dress in several campaigns, especially to promote the country abroad. The research shows that this interest is due to Ana Davila, Romanian with noble descent, and the tradition Ana followed in this matter, serving the ideals of equality, fraternity, liberty and national union. We show the influence of the activities done by Ana Davila and her relatives to the artistic creation between 1850-1860, to the beginnings of ethnographic research in Romania and to the development of national identity and conscience whose most important promoter at the time was queen Elisabeth of Romania.
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This article contains a faithful translation of a German propaganda booklet issued before the plebiscite in Kwidzyn in July 1920. The entire booklet written by the German Committee for Western Prussia is addressed at the Inter-Allied Commission and consists of six chapters informing on the area’s geography, historical conditions, economic structure, current social structure and rivers: Vistula, Nogat and Osa. The passage selected for translation regards the social aspects and describes the inhabitants of Powiśle, area included in the Western Prussian Plebiscite District headquartered in Kwidzyn, in terms of nationality. The publication was created to serve the needs of the German plebiscite agitation and should be approached critically for this specific reason. Nevertheless, this littleknown German document holds great historical value, particularly useful to scholars and persons passionate about the history of the interwar period.
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Since the onset of the Great Recession more than a decade ago, new political actors have emerged, whose platforms are predominantly based on opposition to economic austerity as well as a radical critique of traditional politics. Faced with the newness of these formations, alongside the issues they bring to the forefront of political discourse, social science scholars have produced innovative concepts to address the specificities of these new actors. Some fifteen years have now passed since the recession, and so we believe the time has come to scale back the emphasis on “newness” and rather turn our attention to the analysis of the progressive normalization of discourses, structures, and repertoires of action. Through the classic literature on political parties, this analysis aims to trace the stages of the development of the Five Star Movement, from the birth of its political project to its most recent developments. Pedersen’s concept of “thresholds” combined with the literature on the formation of political parties allow us to trace the rapid path of organisational structuring, whose first manifestations emerge as early as the first parliamentary representation. Our analysis looks at the transformation of the Five Star Movement from an outside political actor to an inside political actor in parallel with the stabilisation of its organisational structure, which increasingly has come to resemble the form of a traditional party.
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This paper analyses the right of inheritance on the feminine line in medieval Transylvania, through the history of a noble family residing in Sântioana, in the Târnava county. The aim of this study is to highlight the practice of inheritance by girls from this noble family with increased attention on the category of goods they acquired, the right to own them, the importance of feminine inheritance for the girls and their descendants and the courts before which the inheritance disputes have been tried.
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In this paper, the author examines the actions and involvement of Vatroslav Cihlar, who was a student at the Nautical School in Bakar during the student strike in 1912. The paper especially wants to look at his role in the struggle against the politics of the ban of the time Slavko Cuvaj. The student strike is placed in a historical context, and the events related to those events at the local level, its course and the consequences felt by the participants, the students, and therein Vatroslav Cihlar until it finished, are analysed with an insight at preserved archival and periodical materials.
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The situation in one of the most destroyed Croatian towns in the Second World War conditioned the need for the gathering of professions and politics in Senj. In the bombings of 1943 and 1944-1945, between 70% and 80% of the building stock was destroyed. Disunity in opinions between the citizenry, politics and conservation services hindered any progress. One of the first activities of the Senj Town Museum, after its formal establishment in 1962, was the Consultation about the arrangement and contemporary use of the Nehaj fortress debate. It took place in the premises of the Fortress on 22nd July in 1963. It brought together the most eminent experts in the field of monument heritage protection, planning and design, as well as representatives of the political structures of the then State, Republic, District, Town and the army. The significance of the Consultation lay in the decisions made, which were given formal and executive powers. This one-day assembly showed how exceptional efficiency and unity can be achieved with good preparation, especially regarding the position regarding the sources and methods of financing the renovation and stipulating the purpose (for example, exclusively tourist or hospitality). Nehaj was intended to be arranged as a museum to house the Uskok Collection, in accordance with all modern conservation knowledge and methods. The Consultation was one of the cornerstones of the subsequent activities of the Senj Town Museum, of the first director Ante Glavičić and his collaborators and successors, in the systematic reconnaissance and restoration of the architectural heritage of Senj. It was placed in the context of the post-war period and the reconstruction and revitalisation of the architectural heritage that had already been started and/ or carried out. It also looks at the role of some of the main stakeholders in decision-making (the People’s Committee of the Municipality of Senj, the Senj Museum Society, the Senj Town Museum, the Council of Citizens for the Reconstruction of the Nehaj Fortress), consideration and design (JAZU Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, conservation institutes in Rijeka and Zagreb), as well as the organisational processes and circumstances of the carrying out of the works (Stonemason’s group, engineers M. Hudec and K. Prpić). Amongst the results prompted by the guidelines and conclusions of the Consultation, the systematic work on the collection of archival materials (M. Viličić, A. Glavičić) necessary for the preparation of projects (J. Denzler, M. Viličić, conservation institutes) and the planning of the Uskok and other museum collections, architectural surveying of the old town centre and the Nehaj fortress (M. Viličić), the established good cooperation with scientific and professional institutions, conservators and architects, preparation of studies and scientific papers on the subject of architectural monuments of Senj and more all stand out. It is especially worth looking at those beginnings in the light of Senj’s architectural heritage (without the archaeological) today registered in the Register of Cultural Property of the Republic of Croatia as permanently (10 lots) or preventively protected (1 lot).
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The journalist „endowed with the talent of writing” has always succeeded in creating out of nothing an article worthy of being published in a newspaper or in a magazine. However, in order to be a first class journalist, one needs more than „talent”. In this paper, we will aim at investigating, most of all, what was written – in the Romanian press from the past – precisely regarding the idea that a journalist needs nothing else than „the gift of writing”, so that he can successfully meet his readers’ necessities. In order to accomplish this, we read many articles published between the years 1892 and 1946. Of all the publications researched by us, we will enumerate here only the following: “Banatul”, “Neamul românesc”, “Viața românească“, “Însemnări ieșene” etc.
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Since the Middle Ages education has been entirely under the control of the Church. The 18th century saw the secularisation of education, which led to the obligation of the state to treat education as a public matter. Elementary education in Transylvania remained predominantly denominational until the outbreak of the First World War. In interwar Romania, primary and secondary education was organized administratively in 15 regions, where schools were controlled by regional school inspectors. Harghita County School Inspectorate was established in 1968 with the mission of ensuring not only compliance with county legislation, but also that students have the appropriate level of knowledge, reducing school dropout, organizing national exams in the county, appointing necessary teachers to positions / departments, and resolving some schools’ challenges.
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This study focuses on toponymy in a mountainous region with limited natural resources, with an emphasis on the Bistricioara Valley. It begins by mentioning the origin of the term "toponymy" and the various names used interchangeably for the same field of study. The geographical features of the area are highlighted, showing that in ancient times, the places were less populated, with archaeological evidence of nomadic communities. The study refers to the first toponyms of the region, such as "Ceahlău," and presents historical sources that attest to these names. Various current and historical toponyms reflecting the characteristics of the terrain, relief, and waters in the area are mentioned. The classifications and structures of toponyms are explored, indicating their diversity, such as simple or compound, primary or secondary. Various etymological influences are highlighted, including Latin, Slavic, and Hungarian. The research includes examples of compound toponyms, from those indicating landforms and water to those incorporating prepositions or prepositional phrases.
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The Lvov-Warsaw School in Philosophy – as the very name suggests – was connected mainly with two academic centers: universities in Lvov and Warsaw. However, it had a broader impact. The members of this school were active also at other universities, in particular in Cracow, Vilnius and Poznań. The aim of the paper is to present and analyze the connections of Lvov-Warsaw School with the university in Poznań.
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The article presents results of research on the origin and development of scientific schools in the field of metallurgy in Eastern Europe at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, associated with the scientific and pedagogical activities of the famous scientist Professor Mikhail Karlovich Ziegler in the higher technical educational institutions of Warsaw (Warsaw Polytechnic Institute of Emperor Nicholas II), Kharkiv (Kharkov Technological Institute of Emperor Alexander III), St. Petersburg (Petrograd Polytechnic Institute) and Moscow (Moscow Mining Academy).The main facts of the biography of this scientist and educator are given. The stages of formation of M.K. Ziegler as a personality and a scientist against the backdrop of occurring historical processes are shown. The Soviet period of his activity was considered separately.The scientific achievements of Professor Ziegler in the field of steel metallurgy, in particular, in determining the strength of steels depending on the conditions of their crystallization, studying the diffusion of impurities in steels, which became the foundation for the development of continuous casting technology, i.e.one of the most important world inventions of the 20th century, are systematized and analyzed.His organizational and educating contribution for the training of scientific and engineering personnel for the metallurgical industry is also estimated.The article includes interesting forgotten and little-known facts from the history of metallurgical science and the training of the higher engineering and technical personnel in educational institutions located on the territory of modern Ukraine and Poland.
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Sanfte Chemie, or soft chemistry, is a scientific and philosophical concept developed in the 1980s under the auspices of the German Green Party (Die Grünen). Its purpose was to thoroughly reconstruct not only the chemical industry but also chemistry as a science in the spirit of environmentalism. Soft chemistry followers wanted to forge a new scientific method and criticized what they called a Baconian-Cartesian paradigm in the philosophy of science. Even though the sanfte Chemie project ceased to be endorsed by the Green Party in the 1990s because of its radicalism, the history of epistemological foundations, on which the soft chemistry was built, gives us a privileged insight into a vision of chemical sciences as advocated by early proponents of sustainability and pioneers of environmental movements.The article analyses sources of sanfte Chemie, highlighting plurality and complexity of scientific, philosophical, political and ideological traditions that served as its basis. The study of the eco-critical narratives on empirical sciences allows us to better understand subsequent political choices concerning science, industry and the environment in Germany. In particular, the article shows that the tradition on which sanfte Chemie was built, gives it the advantage over later concepts, such as green chemistry, that lack philosophical depth.The purpose of the article is to question the relation between the philosophy of science and the practice of science and ponder whether different chemistry is possible at all.
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All travellers and explorers have always had the desire and the ambition to discover, for different reasons and motivations, remote and unknown lands. Hungarian travellers and explorers are no exception here. Eminent Hungarian Orientalists, archaeologists, geographers, as well as anthropologists, geologists, zoologists and botanists, and other brave and adventurous scientists, have become justly recognised in recent centuries, even worldwide, for their oeuvres and their scientific achievements.After 1945, travel opportunities in socialist Hungary became more limited, and Hungarian scientists and researchers could embark on their expeditions only with great difficulty, overcoming many obstacles and with scarce financial resources.In this study, I introduce five such brave and determined Hungarian travellers: Dénes Balázs: geographer and karst researcher, János Balogh: biologist, ecologist and professor, Steve Bezuk: engineer and extreme sportsman, who lived in the United States, Ödön Jakabos: Transylvanian writer and “Székely pilgrim”, and finally, Tibor Székely: travel writer, museologist and Esperantist from Vojvodina.They all – through their individual scientific achievements, discoveries, perseverance and human attitude – have become worthy heirs of the outstanding Hungarian explorers and travellers of the past centuries.
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Review of: Antal MOLNÁR: Zagrebačka biskupija i osmanska Slavonija u 17. stoljeću: uloga Katoličke crkve u teritorijalnoj integraciji kontinentalne Hrvatske (Zagreb: Hrvatski institut za povijest, 2022). 225 str. ISBN 978-953-8335-27-3. Kronika Franjevačkog samostana u Vukovaru. Knjiga II (1781.-1826.), transkripcija, kritičko izdanje i prijevod Petar Ušković Croata, stručna redakcija prijevoda Šime Demo (Vukovar: Državni arhiv u Vukovaru - Franjevački samostan Vukovar, 2022). LII + 843 str. ISBN 978-953-7980-33-7. Lidija BARIŠIĆ BOGIŠIĆ: O neslavenskom stanovništvu na vukovarskom području (Zagreb: Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, 2022). 332 str. ISBN: 978-953-169-497-1. Lidija BARIŠIĆ BOGIŠIĆ: O neslavenskom stanovništvu na vukovarskom području (Zagreb: Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, 2022). 332 str. ISBN: 978-953-169-497-1. Martina KELAVA i Ivan LUČIĆ: Dnevnik Mate Ivacića (Drenovci: Muzej Cvelferije, 2022). 113 str. ISBN 978-953-48152-5-0. Martina BITUNJAC: Žene i ustaški pokret (Zagreb: Srednja Europa, 2023). 240 str. ISBN 978-953-8281-88-4. Berislav MAJHUT: Na Titonicu: hrvatska dječja književnost u razdoblju socijalističke Jugoslavije (Zagreb: Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, 2022). 181 str. ISBN 978-953-169-490-2. Károly BUSCH: A háború árnyékában: emlékek, gondolatok (Pécs: Közleke-déstudományi egyesület, 2022). 116 str. ISBN 978-963-8121-96-7. Ivan Vitez – Slavonski plemić, zagrebački kanonik, ugarski primas, promicatelj humanizma, Znanstveni skup povodom 550. godišnjice smrti, Zagreb, 16. rujna 2022. Continuity and Change in Medieval Central Europe. The Fifth Biennial Conference of Medieval Central Europe Research Network (MECERN), Faculty of Arts, Comenius University, Bratislava, 27. – 29. travnja 2023.
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The proposed article provides a detailed analysis of the toponymy of a mountainous region, especially the Bistricioara valley area, highlighting aspects related to natural resources, history and ethnography. The study addresses the origin and significance of toponyms in this region, presenting various examples and providing information about the geographical and historical characteristics of each place name. The text also discusses various classifications of toponyms, highlighting how they reflect geological, hydrographic, and human aspects. Emphasis is placed on the diversity of toponym structures, including simple and compound, highlighting their importance in identifying and understanding local history and culture. Linguistic and etymological influences on toponym formation are also explored, with mentions of elements of Latin, Slavic, Hungarian and Germanic origin.
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Contemporary attention is closely focused on the changes taking place within small local communities, where members not only see the value in building their community brand but also feel the need for self-identification. This process supports the development of entrepreneurship, tourism, and various other areas of human activity. However, not all regions possess a well-established identity that is unquestionable for their residents, or it may require redefinition. In some cases, inherited material and sometimes spiritual heritage may not be considered a regional asset and, on the contrary, may be seen as a “problematic” legacy. Border regions or post-migration areas, where one group of people settled in the place of another, sometimes even forcibly, are particularly complex. This situation may be euphemistically described, but it relates to extremely dramatic circumstances associated with displacement, expulsion, or even extermination. The Author considers it essential to examine attempts to build an identity based on the centuries- old heritage of Kosznajders in the southern part of Pomerania, near Chojnice. In this article, he analyzes the opportunities and limitations of place branding through the study and observation of grassroots initiatives aimed at preserving the memory of Kosznajders and their heritage. One opportunity is the openness of residents to a dialogue about the history of the place, while a limitation lies in the unresolved collective traumas and suffering dating back to the times of occupation, and sometimes even the pre-war period, deeply ingrained in collective memory.
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This article tries to present the story of the archaeological excavation carried out by Béla Pósta in the Calvinist church of Tirimia (Hung. Nagyteremi, Germ. Gross‑Wachsdorf, Mureș County) in 1904 and to analyze the objects discovered on that occasion, preserved today in the patrimony of the National Museum of Transylvanian History in Cluj‑Napoca. Reconstructing an excavation carried out almost 120 years ago, when the archaeology of medieval and early modern churches was in its infancy, based exclusively on objects kept in museum repositories and on letters/diaries of the period, is a difficult task. From the correspondence between Béla Pósta and the people directly or indirectly involved (the Calvinist priest of the village of Tirimia, Márton Kakasy; the local landowner Baron László Solymosy, etc.) and from the personal diaries of Lajos Kelemen we can partially reconstruct the archaeological excavations, the scandal that followed, and later the fate of the objects discovered during the research.
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The Haban ewer presented here is an exceptional archaeological find that became part of the heritage of the National Museum of Transylvanian History following the rescue excavations on Gaál Gábor Street in 2021. The piece, inscribed with the production year 1700, was recovered from the decommissioned well of the old Calvinist parsonage in Cluj (the Herepei House). Archival documents from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, together with artifacts preserved in public or private collections, prove the widespread popularity of Haban pottery due to its technical and aesthetic qualities during the heyday of the craft of Anabaptist potter communities in Moravia, the Hungarian Kingdom, and the Transylvanian Principality. The formal and stylistic analogies, together with the dating of the piece, point to its most likely production in the pottery workshop from Vințu de Jos (Alvinc/ Unterwinz, Alba County). This specimen is of the blue‑glazed ceramic type, which became popular on the Transylvanian market during the second half of the seventeenth century and at the beginning of the subsequent one.
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The present paper focuses on the complex ties between the episcopal court of Alba Iulia and the elite of the Bistrița district in the half of century around 1500, based on several unpublished sources, rarely used by previous scholarship. These records highlight a collaboration between the episcopate and the local elite in various aspects, such as the ordination of priests, consecration of liturgical spaces, confirmation of parish priests, collection of church taxes, reinforcement of wills, resolution of disputes under canon law, defense of the kingdom boundaries, and management of relations with other political actors. On the other hand, attempts by the bishops to disregard the right of patronage owned by local communities or to increase the taxation were met with firm resistance, often supported by other members of the Saxon “spiritual university”. However, these conflicts, which were rather often in medieval Transylvania, did not worsen during the analyzed period and did not seem to indicate the imminent triumph of the Reformation in the Bistrița district.
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