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Rövidítésjegyzék és mutatók
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The file contains the abreviations used both in the article and in the indexes and the indexes of the names, of the geographical places and of the institutions that are to be found in the articles.
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In the text, I discuss the problems of the genocide experience in the context of mass tourism. I point out that large-scale Holocaust memorials and genocide museums incorporated into the mass-tourism industry are drowning out cries of remembrance. I propose three categories of commemoration: “Captions”, “Monuments” and “Stand-alone Works”. The latter category includes fine art photography among others. Using the case of the photographic series Koenigsgraben, I point out that the category of “Stand-alone Works” seems to have the greatest potential (next to historical enviro mental activeness) to free the cry of remembrance from beneath the concrete of the monuments.
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Review of: Milada Vilímková: Le ghetto de Prague. Prague, Artia 1990, 231 pages; Josef Krása, České iluminované rukopisy 13./16. století (Böhumische illuminierte Handschriften des 13./16. Jahrhunderts) - Praha, Odeon, 1990, 456 Seiten; Milan Kuna, Hudba na hranici života (Musik an der Grenze des Lebens) Praha, Naše vojsko, 199; Martin Buber, Chasídská vyprávění (Récits hassidiques) Traduit de l’allemand par Alena Bláhová, Prague 1990, éditions Kalich, 575 page; Vladimir Lipscher: Zwischen Kaiser, Fiskus, Adel, Zünften: Die Juden im Habsburgerreich des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts am Beispiel Böhmens und Mährens. Abhandlung zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät I der Universität Zürich. Zürich, Zentralstelle der Studentenschaft, 1983, 298 Seite; The Feast and the Fast. The dramatic personal story of the Tosfos Yom Tov Zt”L. Prepared by Rabbi C.U. Lipschitz and Dr. Neil Rosenstein, New York — Jerusalem 1984, 75 pp., 41 genealogical charts; Kieval, Hillel J.: The Making of Czech Jewry. National Conflict and Jewish Society in Bohemia 1870—1918. New York — Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1988, 279 pp. The Kaufmann Haggadah. A 14th Century Hebrew Manuscript from the Oriental Collection of the Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest, Kultura International, 1990. (Facsimile, 60 folios; introductory study by Gabrielle Sed-Rajna, 23 pp.)
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„Crossroads images”, as Régine Robin called them, monuments are central to processes of appropriation or disavowal of the past, while preserving their status as symbols of identity for individuals, various groups, a city, and the nation. They are concrete images of the relation to the past of the community that builds and, sometimes, destroys them. They can also be vandalized when changes in society occur, especially during revolutions and coups d’état. After the fall of the communism, the fate of the monuments built during the old regime can be broken down into two contrasting categories: those illustrating communist ideological figures and symbols were dismantled; those representing national heroes, however, remained standing, becoming objects of new politics of memory. Furthermore, new personalities and symbols joined existing monuments as key individuals for post-communist national memory were commemorated: anticommunist fighters, members of the Romanian royal family, or interwar politicians. The accession to the European Union was also inscribed in Romania’s memorialization practices, as monuments dedicated to leading European figures have been erected.
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The article approves the biographical approach and the case study method on a specific text fragment – the ancestral memories of a descendant of refugees from Lozengrad in 1903 about poverty, deprivation, humiliation, lack of social support and the difficult integration into the host community for three generations in a row. The empirical text is interpreted through the theoretical concepts of some of the most prominent researchers of poverty and its accompanying social dynamics such as Sorokin, Bourdieu, Simmel, etc.
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Armed conflicts affect many aspects of life. In addition to casualties from military impacts, conflicts often involve damage or destruction of cultural heritage. The significant challenges we face in the XXI century also complicate the protection of cultural heritage during military operations. The increasing use of social media provides instant viewing and propaganda for the destruction of cultural heritage and, in many cases, its irreversible destruction, on the other hand, precision munitions increase the expectation that cultural heritage sites will be spared during conflict. This expectation often leads to increased frustration and disappointment when sites are not protected or become collateral damage. This article examines the role of the targeting process in influencing cultural heritage during conflict.
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On the basis of extensive research in the State Archives of Montenegro in Cetinje (SAM) within the fund of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Principality of Montenegro for the period from 1880 to 1896, as well as relevant literature, we analyzed the situation in Nikšić. Nikšić with its surroundings was one of the largest regions that was annexed to Montenegro after international recognition at the Berlin Congress in 1878. We must emphasize that archival documents with these details were used for the first time in this paper. Documents of similar or the same provenance make an integral part of some monographs used in this paper, but not in this issue and with this much detail. They are about agrarian reform and the distribution of land to the families of Montenegrin soldiers. However, there is hardly no mention that the land was illegally taken from its legal owners, thus violating the provisions of the Berlin Congress of 1878. It is a well-established opinion of readers, including some historians, that Prince Nikola I Petrović Njegoš and the Montenegrin government did everything to comply with the decisions of the Berlin Congress in 1878, which recognized Montenegro internationally. However, the truth is completely different. Muslims who were in conflicts with the Principality of Montenegro for centuries had become its subjects. The best areas of land in the newly liberated regions belonged to them. Contrary to the decisions from Berlin, the Montenegrin authorities did everything to prevent the return of the refugee owners to their property. A huge number of families of Montenegrin warriors who fought against the Ottomans for centuries settled large areas of abandoned land. Cetinje’s secret policy was to prevent the owners from returning through bureaucratic pressure and delay of the process. We found that in relation to the opinion about the correct attitude of the Montenegrin authorities towards Muslims - subjects of the Ottoman Empire, who were almost entirely the population of the Nikšić region, the reality was quite different. Montenegrin authorities have been working for years to evict the Muslim population and appropriate their goods and real estate. Despite the provisions of the Congress of Berlin, which guaranteed all rights to Muslims, the Montenegrin government systematically carried out this intention to the end.
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The migration of Bulgarians from Macedonia to the territory of free Bulgaria represents a long and multifaceted process with significant political, demographic and sociocultural implications for the new Bulgarian history. This study provides an overview of the foundational stage of this process spanning from the Liberation in 1878 to The Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. Its internal periodization is determined by the various phases of the Macedonian question, characterized by uprisings, wars and diplomatic endeavors. Throughout this period, migration from Macedonia extended beyond refugees and their settlement, encompassing temporary stays and repeated permanent movements back and forth for economic and other reasons. In many respects and instances, these movements were regulated, restricted and even effectively reversed through the efforts of the Bulgarian state, which prioritized preventing mass emigration from Macedonia in order to avoid the de-Bulgarianization of the region. However, this dynamic shifted dramatically with the Balkan Wars and the First World War, after which the migration of Macedonian Bulgarians became unstoppable, predominantly refugee-driven (or at least forced) and irreversible. In perspective, a very significant part of the modern Bulgarian nation turned out to be Macedonian-Bulgarian in its geographical origin, genealogy and collective memory.
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After the collapse of the Russian Empire at the end of the First World War and the accession of Bessarabia to the Kingdom of Romania, a large Bulgarian population found itself within the borders of this country. The census of the population in the Kingdom held on December 29, 1930 allows to trace certain aspects of the demographic development of the Bulgarians in Bessarabia. This article focuses on the quantitative growth of the Bulgarian population, the territorial distribution of Bulgarian communities and the level of urbanization of the Bulgarians.
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The article is dedicated to the resettlement of Bulgarians from Southern Bessarabia and Northwestern Bulgaria to Northern Azov (Northern Tavria) in 1861–1862 as an integral part of a broad multinational and multi-vector migration process in this region. The place of the Bulgarian element in the context of this complex migration process is outlined. A conclusion is made that as a result of this migration process a separate group of the Bulgarian Diaspora was formed – the so-called “Taurid Bulgarians”
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In my previous announcements and publications, I have already paid attention to the expedition of the famous Bulgarian folklorist Rayna Katsarova in Dobrudza in the summer of 1944. The expedition is more deeply analysed in this article, the particular occasion being that after the finding of the file with the report by Rayna Katsarova about this travelling, I was happy to find her fieldwork records done in several living settings in Northeast Bulgaria: Balchik, Lyulyakovo, Dobrevo, etc. Their data is preserved in the Musical Folklore Archive of the Institute of Art Studies at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. A specific focus of Rayna Katsarova’s expedition in Dobrudza is the Bulgarian newcomers from Tavria (region which at that time was situated in the Ukrainian SSR), who bear specific vernacular, traditions and folklore. Our big folklorist did not know at the time being that just in several months they would leave their metropolis. In about 2000 Tavrian Bulgarians were deported back to the USSR. In their turn, the Tavrian Bulgarians in Dobrudza did not know that the meetings with a scholar like Rayna Katsarova were a unique chance to leave to the next generation a record of a small part of their cultural memory, rites and musical folklore as a document for the development of their culture and ethnic identity in the conditions of the Second World War.
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BEZDÍČEK, Viktor: Hledání světla: Portrét skladatele Zdeňka Šestáka. Praha, Nakladatelství Akademie múzických umění v Praze 2022, 552 s., ISBN 978-80-7331-615-0; BRÝDL, Miroslav – BOŠTÍK, Martin: Nezouvat, prosím! Vyprávění emeritního litomyšlského starosty Miroslava Brýdla o jeho životě a moderní architektuře. Litomyšl, Regionální muzeum v Litomyšli 2022, 302 s., ISBN 978-80-88464-02-0; FIDLER, Jiří: To ví přece každý: Zažité interpretace československých dějin. Praha, Fortuna Libri 2022, 272 s., ISBN 978-80-7546-433-0; FRIEDL, Jiří: Domů, a za svobodou: Role Československa v migracích obyvatel Polska v letech 1945–1948. (Edice 1938–1953.) Praha, Academia – Historický ústav AV ČR, v. v. i., 2020, 463 s., ISBN 978-80-200-3110-3 a 978-80-7286-353-2; HRUBÝ, Karel: Věřil jsem v budoucnost. Ed. Petr Zídek. Praha, Torst 2022, 316 stran, ISBN 978-80-7215-692-4; NAYA ORTEGA, Ramón – PRADES ARTIGAS, M. Lourdes: Hablamos diferentes idiomas, pero una misma lengua: Multilingüismo y pedagogías en las Brigadas Internacionales. Cádiz, Universidad de Cádiz 2023, 215 s., ISBN 978-84-9828-861-2.
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This article aims to elucidate the demographic consequences of the military campaigns led by the Wallachian voivode Mihai Viteazul south of the Danube River, as well as the possible events that took place during the First Tarnovo Uprising of 1598. The main sources used for comparison are the timar register of the Nikopol sanjak from 1579 and the two cizye registers from 1599–1602, which detail the non-Muslim taxpayers in the Nikopol and Tarnovo vilayets. The research method involves comparing data from different years across two or more registers, a preferred approach in previous ethno-demographic studies. This comparison allows for the calculation of population numbers and changes over time. The records clearly indicate significant demographic shocks in the regions of Oryahovo, Nikopol, and Pleven, with many villages and towns that flourished in 1579 becoming severely depopulated. The author attributes these changes to the devastation and population displacement caused by Mihai Viteazul’s 1598 campaign. According to the cizye register of the Tarnovo vilayet, drawn up shortly after the events of 1598, the total number of non-Muslim households in the Tarnovo region slightly increased in 1599–1600 compared to the 1579 timar register. This finding supports the notion that the First Tarnovo Uprising was not widespread and did not cause significant demographic upheavals, which would be expected in the case of a major uprising and subsequent Ottoman reprisals.
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The present study deals with a specific type of megalithic monuments – with menhirs in Bulgaria and on the Balkan Peninsula. At the beginning, some important methodological issues are discussed: definitions of megalithic sites in general and menhirs in particular – individual as well as grouped in various sets. Then information about menhirs on Bulgarian territory from the end of XIX till the beginning of XXI century is collected and presented in detail. Individual menhirs, menhir rows and cromlechs from North-East and South-East Bulgaria are described. They are compared with similar sites on Crimea Peninsula and in South Ireland. In this sense, Bulgarian megalithic area represents a significant transition region from West European and Mediterranean megalithic world in east direction towards the big Black sea megalithic arc: Balkan Peninsula – Crimea – Caucasus – Armenian Mountains Zangezur. The main methodological problem discussed here is the formal resemblance between prehistoric menhirs and medieval Islamic tombstones. Turkish researchers assert that nearly 2,000 orthostats registered in the area between Edirne and Lalapasha are menhirs and significantly differ from Islamic tombstones. Within the limits of Europe, this problem occurs only on the Balkan Peninsula and – if neglected – it can distort the overall picture of megalitism in the whole region. After a critical review of a number of similar sites in northeastern Bulgaria and Rhodope Mountains, this report comes to the opposite conclusion: The Edirne orthostats are most probably abandoned medieval Muslim gravestones and not prehistoric megaliths – menhirs.
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The devtashlari are numerous objects of megalithic character. The official opinion interprets them as proto-Bulgarian monuments which are created in VII–VIII cent. AD. The author examines the devtashlari in two contexts. Compared with the early Christian architectural monuments of Byzantine 122 origin in Bulgarian lands (IV–VI cent. AD) as well as with the temples in the old Bulgarian capitals Pliska and Preslav (built in IX–X cent. AD) the devtashlari appear as extremely primitive objects. The official interpretation is shown to be impossible from the point of view of a normal architectural evolution. On the contrary, the devtashlari find their adequate place among the numerous monuments of rock-cut and megalithic character in Bulgaria originating from III–II millenium BC. So the present analysis gives a more convincing dating and interpretation of the devtashlari. The devtashlari are in fact classic menhirs. Some of them are grouped in rectangular grids exactly like the famous menhirs in Menec, Brittany, France. Such specific grouping happens very rarely in the megalithic world. The mechanical treatment of the devtashlari and the state of their surface are also identical with the Menec menhirs.
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This study aims to clarify numerous interdisciplinary problems that arise at the interface between arhаeo-astronomy and ancient Roman Urbanism. The general scheme of a Roman city as well as its concrete implementation in the new cities built during the territorial expansion of Ancient Rome is described. The author discusses in detail various situations where it is possible to make mistakes in interpreting the street system orientation of the Roman cities. Referred to are those weaknesses in the description and publication of archaeological sites that do not allow adequate and reliable archaeoastronomical analysis. All the published data about the street orientation in Roman cities in Bulgaria are collected and presented here for the first time. Several classical Roman cities in Bulgaria are commented that have inherited earlier Thracian or Roman settlements (Ulpia Escus, Serdica, Philipopol, Seuthopolis).
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The locality Stalpishte / Dikili-tash (Russe) presents a combination of natural and historical objects which have a noticeable cultural and touristic potential. The present study collects all the data concerning the historical monuments from the Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages including photographs and original descriptions. An interpretative analysis is proposed of two monuments in the locality Stalpishte / Dikili-tash: (1) a rock reflief of a horseman and (2) a cave sanctuary crowned with a rock-graved pediment. The figure of the horseman has a Thracian origin, but its rock-cut representations have been spread over the whole Thracian-Phrygian region in Roman times. The Thracian horseman is depicted on the reliefs in various compositions (the hunter-god Heros, the war-god Ares, the local king possessing a god-dignity etc.) but always in the frames of the thracian mythology infiltrated into Phrygia. The cave sanctuary with a rock-cut pediment is a more complicated object. Rock temples and graves are created in Thracia as well as in Phrygia. Pediments are also widely used in both regions. Pediments graved over rock (or cave) temples or over rock facades are a typically Phrygian phenomenon. In this sense the rock sanctuary in Stalpishte / Dikili-tash is unique on the Balkan peninsula, i.e. for the Thracian area, and it has been built possibly in Roman times under the influence of the Phrygian architecture. However, the pediment over the cave sanctuary in Stalpishte / Dikili-tash contains a typical Thracian element – four graved trapezoidal niches which are known in the East Rhodope Mountain (i.e. in Thrace) only. We can conclude that the monuments in Stalpishte / Dikili-tash (Russe) demonstrate in an very impressing and convincing way the cultural interactions between Thracia and Phrygia in Roman times.
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