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Добри Чинтулов и неговите два вековни юбилея в родния Сливен

Author(s): Ivan Rusev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The article presents the two centenaries of Bulgarian national poet Dobri Chintulov, celebrated in his hometown of Sliven. On October 29, 1922, a great celebration was held in the city center, since then the poet has been designated as the patron of the Sliven High School, and an anniversary collection book has been published. One hundred years later, Sliven again became the center of celebrations dedicated to Dobri Chintulov. Now the emphasis is on a large scientific conference, the reports of which, reworked as scientific articles, are included in the present book-collection. A presentation of the contents of the collection book was made in this article.

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ULOGA HKD NAPREDAK U SARAJEVU POD OPSADOM

Author(s): Franjo Topić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The aggression against Bosnia and Herzegovina, by its nature, remains forever written in the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina and remembered by the people who suffered it. Painful and negative things are remembered more, especially the dead, wounded, and disabled people, as well as fear, hunger, and thirst. All those who lived through it and suffered it recount and will recount the events of that era for the rest of their lives. No matter how personal the memories are, they are still important, because they bear the mark of a concrete experience, and they have a context. Future scholars will try to objectify it, but they will always lack a context that is impossible to construct even close, let alone completely, later on. Who will imagine that people in Sarajevo first lived in a besieged and blocked city? It was a big prison, and we all know, even without personal experience, what a prison means. Who will be able to comprehend the situation in which numerous citizens for months received 200 grams of rice per week, that they did not eat anything serious for months, that they did not have water, electricity, transportation, telephone, cigarettes? Some said that they could not live with it, nor could they die. Some envied the dead. The Catholic Church and its Caritas and St. Anthony’s Bread tried as much as they could to alleviate the needs of hungry people, including by providing clothes and everything else necessary for life. At the beginning of the war in April 1992, HKD Napredak also registered as a humanitarian society and developed a significant humanitarian activity in addition to cultural and social activities, even though it had just been rebuilt (September 29, 1990). It suffices to say that Napredak organised 80 concerts, 37 exhibitions, several book promotions and various events in Sarajevo alone during the three and a half years of war. “The first musical event was organised by HKD Napredak, which, during the war-time years, took the lead in organising all cultural events in the city.” Moreover, Napredak distributed together with Vrhbosna seminary 403,000 meals, under which auspices it operated and protected. Napredak itself distributed 436 tons of food and medicine worth about two million DEM (= BAM, today 1 million euros). What is important for this context is that it provided a lot of humanitarian aid to members of other nations, at the time when exclusivity was dominant. Many living witnesses can testify to this.

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VOLJA GRAĐANA BILA JE PRESUDNA U ODBRANI GRADA SARAJEVA U VREMENU OPSADE OD APRILA 1992. DO NOVEMBRA 1995. GODINE

Author(s): Mirko Pejanović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Sarajevo as the capital of the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina, has been subjected to the longest military siege in a more recent history. The siege continued for 1425 days. The objective of the siege as to prevent legitimate authorities of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina to organize resistance and defense from the aggression executed by the Milošević’s regime against the sovereign and independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. The defense of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was organized and managed by the War Presidency on the basis of Platform for the operation of the Presidency of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina in time of war. The principal role in the defense of Sarajevo was with the self-organized citizens and the 1st Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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ULOGA I ZNAČAJ PRVOG KORPUSA ARMIJE REPUBLIKE BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U ODBRANI SARAJEVA

Author(s): Vahid Karavelić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Sarajevo, as the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the biggest urban, demographic, economic, and political centre, and the city which during the siege and defence had around 350,000 residents. The 1st Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was growing from the ashes, and its predecessors were Patriotic league and Territorial defence which with the state insignia became legal and legitimate force of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Government. In the period March-April 1992, the aggressors managed to achieve a deep operational military blockade and placed the city under the siege. The city was militarily and hermetically closed. With this closure of the city, the aggressor manged to create all preconditions to begin with an open military operation aimed at terrorising and disappearance of Sarajevo. It also believed that only several weeks were required to completely take over Sarajevo. The city was destined to die. The 1st Corps of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established on 1 September 1992 in Sarajevo and it encompassed all the military units, established up to that moment. The aggressor intended to remove from office the state, political and military leadership in Sarajevo, establish a new marionette presidency, occupy Sarajevo, declare capitulation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and thus and retain it within the ramp Yugoslavia, namely “Great Serbia”. The 1st Corps played a key strategic role in the defence of Sarajevo, during the longest siege observed in the history, and served as a principal holder the armed resistance and fight for the defence of Sarajevo. Valter was the 1st Corps, which based its fight for the defence of Sarajevo on his paradigm. This was the fight between David and Goliath, and despite the UN arms embargo, David won. It began with the groups, detachments, brigades, followed by Tactical groups, Operational groups and finally divisions with the total manpower of over 80,000 members. During the defence of the city, the 1st Corps manged to defend Sarajevo with the bodies of its soldiers. International community has left the 1st Corps and the Army to the mercy of the aggressor. At the end of the 20th century, the 1st Corps, in such an unfair fight from the aspect of the relationship of power in the technical factor, though fair from the aspect of justice and fairness, had to dig a tunnel under the airport, before the eyes of the entire world, which is the tunnel of the international shame and the tunnel of our pride, that had a strategic relevance for the defence of Sarajevo, including Bosnia and Herzegovina. International community has stopped the war with the architecture of the Dayton Peace Agreement, although the fight to make Bosnia and Herzegovina disappear by those same retrograde political forces, which started the war, continued, becoming even stronger in their ideology. That is the reason why the international community bears a huge responsibility for the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is obliged, responsible, and it would have to do everything possible to rectify those failures made in relation to Sarajevo and Bosnia and Herzegovina by way of ensuring its permanent prosperous future and building its political systema based on principles of civil democracy, as well as multi-ethnic and secular state.

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Sudbina samostana i redovnica nakon potresa 1667. godine

Author(s): Minela Fulurija Vučić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

On April 6th, 1667, Dubrovnik was hit by a disastrous earthquake. Seven nunneries were destroyed in the earthquake and the eighth, the Convent of St. Peter and Paul, burnt down in a fire that broke out as a consequence of the earthquake. The data on the number of casualties are contradictory; therefore, so are the data on the number of casualties among the nuns. Due to the vast number of casualties suffered by the nunneries and nuns, there was the issue of their fate after the earthquake. Archbishop Torres took advantage of the temporary absence of authority and decided to leave for Ancona together with the nuns. In his report on the journey he claimed that he had arrived at this decision because he deemed the nuns vulnerable as the government was not able to provide them with adequate accommodation and the necessary enclosure. However, one might argue that the archbishop, in making this decision, was actually more worried about himself than the nuns. As he was a representative of the head of the Church, should he not have stayed and provided spiritual comfort to the suffering population, especially, as he himself states in his report, because the survivors among the people were happy to see him alive? What prevailed was probably the fact that Archbishop Torres, just like any other foreign archbishop, was not satisfied with his post and had not been able to fully integrate in the town or with its people, the majority of which did not speak Italian. Maybe the fact that someone needed to take care of the nuns who had survived was his perfect excuse to leave the Republic. Although the nuns were extremely well received in Ancona and were opposed to an instant return home, the government wanted to bring them back as soon as possible. Apart from the intimate feelings of concern for their daughters, sisters and aunts, there were economic reasons that motivated the government as well. Nunneries had great shares in Italian banks and as long as the nuns were in Ancona the interest payments, which the government wanted to use for the reconstruction of the convents, were suspended. Patriotism may also have been a motivation for a quickest possible return of the nuns as the government wanted to have the nuns on their own ground, thereby showing that the earthquake had shaken them, but had not destroyed their ability to look after their citizens. Their eventual hurry in bringing back the nuns, whom they had, at first, accommodated at the Franciscan monastery in Ston, is also documented by the letters the nuns sent them, in which they mostly complained about the poor accommodation and food.

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On cutting off noses and pulling out beards: Face as a medium of crime and punishment in medieval Dubrovnik

Author(s): Nella Lonza / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In historiography dealing with criminality, much has been written on punishment as a social message communicated in various ways, among other things, by using a convict’s body as a medium (face branding, mutilation, etc.). By analysing the criminal procedures of medieval Dubrovnik and comparative material from Dalmatia and other European communities, the author poses an inverse question and investigates how the offender sometimes used the victim’s body as a medium for conveying his “message”. Hair cropping (and related forced removal of female headgear), pulling out of the beard, and nose amputation may be referred to as “coded crimes” because accent was given to symbolism over the bodily injury and pain. Sharing the same value system, the victim and his social environment could easily “read” the offender’s message from such a crime.

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Rhythm of crime in a medieval city – example of Dubrovnik

Author(s): Gordan Ravančić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

If we observe the crime as an integral part of the social reality, then we certainly have to bear in minds its changing phases and its general incorporation into a wider picture of social movements. Therefore, my intent is to demonstrate in which way crimes have (not) followed the rhythms of labor, leisure, and public celebrations of medieval Dubrovnik, especially regarding their typology and frequency. Thus, the analysis includes crime distribution in relation to the location where the wrongdoing has occurred, together with investigation of social provenance of perpetrators and victims within this cheerless statistic of everyday life. Given the fact that the total number of the extant criminal records of the medieval Dubrovnik would be too huge “bite” for a case study of this kind, author analyzes preserved judicial records from only one year (1415).

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Criminal offenses and violence in medieval Kotor (1326 - 1337)

Author(s): Valentina Živković / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The topic of the paper is the analysis of the types of criminal offenses mentioned in the earliest preserved judicial notary documents of Kotor (1326 - 1337), and which are defined and sanctioned by the Statute of Kotor. Protection of interests of the community and principles of good administration were the priorities upon which the criminal justice system of Kotor was based. On the other hand, protection of private property was the most common topic because of which civil litigations were initiated.

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“Our daily crime” seen through the letters and notes of Venetian government representatives in the communes of Brač and Omiš (16th – 18th c.)

Author(s): Lovorka Čoralić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The central topic of the paper is focused on research of material from the archival series Capi del Consiglio de’ Dieci: Lettere di Rettori e di altre cariche (Archivio di Stato di Venezia) which contains letters, notes, and reports written by Venetian government representatives in the communes of Brač and Omiš for the Venetian Council of Ten from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. The research is focused on the prevalence of offenses, incidents, and crimes in the stated material and, considering the historical circumstances and difference in development of those two communes, a comparative analysis of examples by their categories (minor offenses, exiles, verbal incidents, physical violence, murders, etc.) has been made.

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The crimes of minors in the cases of the Royal court table in Osijek

Author(s): Dubravka Božić Bogović / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Author analyzes misdemeanors and crimes of younger minors, contained in criminal cases from the archive fund of the Royal court table in Osijek, which were conducted by the District court in Osijek from 1930 to 1945. Moreover, author has attempted to determine the patterns in which the social environment and family, proprietary, and other conditions have affected the offenders, and relate them to specific causes and motives. Similarly, the society’s response to misdemeanors and crimes is investigated through the analysis of sanctions and other measures were taken against underage offenders.

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Ozračje dobrotvornih priredbi održanih u Zagrebu tijekom Prvoga svjetskog rata

Author(s): Vijoleta Herman Kaurić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

That more than 800 benefit concerts were held in Zagreb during the First World War bears witness to the care its citizens felt toward the soldiers and their families, especially the invalids and orphans of the war. Fellowship in the Croatian national body was often emphasized with pride, but it was tied to the faithfulness of Croats to the royal crown and the Habsburg dynasty. The total predominance of Croatian national colours along with the royal colours, but the noticeable absence of Hungarian ones, even though the military units, which the people without reservation considered their own, were within the framework of the Hungarian home guards, speaks to the conditions within the lands of the crown of St. Stephen at the time.

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The Political Background in Hungary of the Campaign of Jajce in 1463

Author(s): Tamás Pálosfalvy / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Following the 1458 accession of the young Matthias Hunyady (Corvinus) to the throne of Hungary-Croatia, the Hungarian public opinion as well as the papacy expected from the king to continue an active anti-Ottoman politics. Yet he had not been coronated and his position was threatened for several reasons. A number of leading barons turned against him in the early 1459 while the Ottoman pressure, culminating in the occupation of Serbia, continued to rise. The success of his Jajce campaign thus represented the first turning point in the reign of Matthias Corvinus. The unsuccessful siege of Zvornik that followed must have convinced the king to question the wisdom of continuing traditional offensive warfare against the Ottomans. This essay examines political-military processes that resulted in the Jajce campaign, Matthias’s plans in Bosnia after the fall of Serbia, political problems after 1459 as well as the slow consolidation of the king’s position that eventually made possible active intervention in Bosnia.

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The Castle of Jajce in the Organization of the Hungarian Border Defence System under Matthias Corvinus’s

Author(s): Richárd Horváth / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This essay explores the history of the castle and Banate of Jajce between 1463 and 1490. Following the fall of Serbia in 1459, Bosnia had become the main target of the Ottoman expansion and, in spring 1463, was occupied by the army of the Mohammed the Conqueror. Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia responded with a counter-attack in the autumn and winter of 1463, in the course of which the army of King Matthias Corvinus captured the castle of Jajce and some other nearby fortifications. The possession of these forts allowed defence from new Ottoman attacks in the following years. Thus the foundations of a new military-administrative unit in the southern part of the Hungarian defence system were laid. The goal of this essay is to discuss the way in which King Matthias organized this area. Particular attention is paid to the administration of Bosnia, from the temporary authority of Ban of Slavonia and real King of Bosnia, Nikola Iločki (1471-1477) to the plans related to Duke Ivaniš Corvinus and finally for Banate of Bosnia/Jajce, in existence until 1527. The essay traces chronologically different forms of the administration. It attempts to follow royal efforts to organize this region in the best possible manner, by bringing it together with extant centres of defence system such as Banate of Slavonia, County of Temes and Principality of Transylvania.

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Crkve i njihovi patroni u srednjm vijeku u Bosni i Hercegovini

Author(s): Andrija Zirdum / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Our study of the position of the Christian religion on the territory of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina is based on medieval sources: canonical visitations, papal bulls, building consents, dispensation of indulgences to churches, royal and aristocratic deeds of gift, results of archaeological research, records of the first two centuries of the Ottoman rule and the latest historiography. We know of 463 churches, three of which show traces of Eastern building traditions. 201 (43.41%) of these churches were dedicated to 46 patron saints. Sixty percent of patrons or 121 churches were dedicated to eight saint protectors: St. Mary (30), St. George (21), St. Peter (14), St. Elijah (13), St. Cross (12), St. John the Baptist (11), St. Michael (10) and St. Martin (10). The number and the distribution of no longer extant churches show that the medieval Bosnia and Herzegovina did not lag behind neighbouring Christian feudal states.

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Fortified Towns of the Babonić Counts in Central and Lower Pounje as Non-Agrarian Settlements (13th-14th Centuries)

Author(s): Hrvoje Kekez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From the ancient times, the Una valley (along with that of River Vrbas) was an important traffic and communication route connecting Pannonia and the eastern Adriatic, and it maintained this crucial function throughout the Middle Ages. This favourable geostrategic position led to the foundation of settlements in the Una valley during the medieval period, including the towns of Dubica, Kostajnica, Vodičevo, Zrin, Otoka, Krupa, Ostrožac, and Bihać, which were built at a distance of around 30 kilometres on the average, which was a day of journey for the merchants’ caravans.

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Urban Settlements (oppida) of Vinodol under the Rule of the Counts of Krk: Topographical Situation and Local Organization within the Feudal Manor

Author(s): Gordan Ravančić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

When discussing Vinodol’s past, one must keep in mind the antiquity of this geographic region, which becomes evident at the very first glance – the clear shape of the valley that stretches from Križišće towards the southeast, surrounded in north and south by mountains belonging to the Bitoraj-Viševica massif. At the same time, one should keep in mind that this geographical situation of Vinodol does not entirely correspond to the former Vinodol municipalities or towns. As it is known, the term “Vinodol towns” includes eight municipalities from Trsat in the northwest to Ledenice in the southeast, which together with Novi (Vinodolski) sums up to the nine towns of medieval Vinodol.

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Nobility of the Croatian Kingdom between Zadar and Its Hinterland during the Late 14th and Early 15th Centuries

Author(s): Ivan Majnarić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In the second half of the 14th century, Zadar became the centre of the Kingdoms of Dalmatia and Croatia. Then, and especially during the first half of the 15th century, it may be best described as a blooming town. The main reason for this situation was a combination of political, social, and economic circumstances, and the market of possibilities was equally open to peasants, craftsmen, merchants, educated administration, and the nobility. The city required personal presence and offered challenges in search for a better future or in establishing or improving one’s reputation. All these opportunities, and especially the last one, played a role in attracting the Croatian nobility, which will be the focus of this article.

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Property and Ownership in Dubrovnik's Confraternity of St Anthony in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Ages

Author(s): Zrinka Pešorda Vardić / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Throughout the centuries of its history, Dubrovnik’s confraternity of St Anthony was one of its most important institutions besides the official authorities and the Church. Established in 1432 by merging two earlier confraternities, that of the Holy Spirit and the Holy Saviour (founded in 1348) and that of St Anthony the First Ab-bot and St Peter (founded probably in 1363), it soon became the most distinguished confraternity in the city. It showed some typical features of a confraternity – focus on the spiritual needs of the brethren, care for the needs of its sick and dying members, offering the feeling of belonging to a community, the possibility of engaging in lay spirituality, and hope in eternal salvation. In the spirit of Christ’s words “Whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers and sisters of mine, you did for me,” con-fraternities were known for their charity work, which was not limited exclusively to its members, but also included the broader community and all people in need, which distinguished them from the exclusively professional guilds, who cared mostly for their own.

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Urban Elites and Real Estate in Medieval Town: Owners of Palaces in Medieval Gradec (Zagreb)

Author(s): Bruno Škreblin / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Exploring the property relations in a medieval city is often the only way to re-construct the financial status of citizens or families. In Central European cities, a citizen’s wealth was closely related to his political power, i.e. his administrative functions and honours, which is why social topography is essential when reconstructing the socio-political status of individual citizens. The urban elite of Zagreb’s Gradec is a representative example of such urban elites. Same as in other Central Europe-an cities, the urban elite of Gradec consisted of wealthy merchants, craftsmen, and members of petty nobility, all of whom can be identified as owners of various estates, urban houses, or land plots in the municipal territory. Owning real estate in the city was the basic prerequisite for obtaining civil rights, which were required in order to join the city administration. Therefore, ownership was closely related to authority in medieval Gradec. Nevertheless, this research focuses on ownership over a single type of property – the palace – as the most representative private possession, at least in principle. Naturally, we could not avoid raising the issue of what the term actually denoted, but since the analysis is mostly based on archival records, the final decision and definition have been left to art historians and historians of architecture.

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Uloga pravaša u osvajanju općinske uprave u Dubrovniku 1890.–1899.

Author(s): Ivo Perić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The first prominent ‘Rightists’ in Dubrovnik during the last decade of the 19th century were Ivan Matešan and Stjepan Čubretovic, instructors at the gymnasium, as well as Roko Mišetić, a doctor at the hospital. Their political activities were taken up and further expanded by Frano Supilo, at onetime the prefect of the agricultural department in Gruž, and later the founder, publisher, and editor of the ‘Rightist’ Dubrovnik weekly Crvena Hrvatska. In cooperation with Pero Čingrija, the Dubrovnik leader of the National Croat Party, Supilo aimed his political activity squarely at the coalition of the pro-Italian and Serbian parties, who since 1890 had dominated the municipal administration in Dubrovnik, negating the Croatian identity of Dubrovnik and directing it away from Croatian political ideas. This vehement struggle culminated in 1899, when the municipal administration in Dubrovnik came into the hands of Supilo’s ‘Rightists’ and Čingrija’s Nationalists, advocates of Croatian political ideas. The ‘Rightists’ proved to be the deciding factor in this struggle, who by their determination and conviction maintained the course and intensity of the struggle.

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