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This article describes the restoration process a Polish cavalry sword from the middle of the XVII-the century, belonging to the patrimony of the National Military Museum, Bucharest. It underlines the restoration operations and the conservation of the object.
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In Armenia discussions about the socio-political role of women started in the liberal press just before the Russo-Ottoman War 1877 – 1878. To prepare the Armenian public for the incoming war the participation of Armenian and foreign women in Balkan rebellion as the Dutch lady Marcus in Bosnia and Herzegovina received wide coverage. Different women public organizations were getting ready for the coming war. The majority of these organizations operated under auspices of the Russian authorities. Benevolent events were held by women to collect necessary facilities for military hospitals in Transcaucasia. During the period of war operations Armenian women served as nurses in the Red Cross hospitals in Yerevan and Alexandropol. Armenian media writes about these hospitals with admiration and particularly mentions the pious attitude of the nurses working there. After finishing the war women were active in education activities, social work and national enlightenment.
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This article is a follow-up of the material published in our journal no. 2 (42)/2016, entitled „CYBER ATTACKS, MAJOR THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES AGAINST STATES, ORGANISATIONS AND CITIZENS”. We considered this follow-up necessary due to the recent events and, mainly, to the situations created in Great Britain and United States of America by the massive and diversified cyber attacks intended to influence the political process in these countries. We also consider that it is very interesting to study the attacks against certain institutions and companies in some EU and/or NATO countries and the need to take some firm and diversified measures of defence.
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The main objective of the paper is to present a point of view on scientific approaches towards the security strategy so as to create opportunities to intensify the exchange of scientific ideas between scientists. On this ground the article is addressed tore searchers dealing with recent national and international security and security strategy and to strategic research/studies institutes, but also to National Defence Universities /Military Academies in the world. The main goal of the authors of the paper is to provide our readers with a brief presentation of the definitions of conflict, security and strategy, but also of security strategy, security concept and security science.
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We have written down our thoughts about the concept of security science under the umbrella of transdisciplinarity. The paper contains a trans-disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspective upon security and security concept in order to introduce security science among the order sciences. Thus, security must be analyzed as a whole, as a several independent parts working together starting from the premises that each sequence of security is unique and irepetable.
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The evaluation of the security environment at the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the more and more complicated interactions between the international stage actors, found in a process of re-finding a new balanced state, is revealing the fact that national security management is becoming a more and more complex process, with a structure formed of very divergent components, but which are yet perfectly interconnected.A very important aspect in this vast scheme is represented by the intelligence analysis meant for intelligence security, the latter being forced to reshape itself in new managerial paradigms capable of assuring the performance of the national security system.This new paradigm should form a new unitary system made of security management elements, which are innately different and have no direct links: security intelligence management, the management of permanent change (adjustment) to new forms of security environment, performance management as well as any actions and measures which lead to important changes in the structure and functions of the security system. Basically, which could be the nucleus of this new paradigm and the binding element applied to the national security management components? This and other related questions are waiting for an answer from the researches in the field.
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Security culture focuses on a broader scope: the ideas, customs and social behaviors, values of a group that influence the group and also society security at large. Therefore, there is a need to know the cyber risk, the geopolitical influence, the means of preventing terrorism, the security institutions, the warfare information for confronting these problems and global challenges.
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Service training military specialists in communications and informatics is part of the general system of training and education of the Romanian Armed Forces. Due to the place and the increasingly important role of the communications and information in the command and control of tactical, operational and strategic military structures, decision makers pay special attention to training this category of specialists, so that the technical support provided by them might meet all technical requirements and operational management of any military operation.There is a permanent concern to ensure the training principle of compatibility with modern armies of NATO, by choosing similar forms and methods of effective training, ensuring operational training.In this article we analyzed and proposed the most affordable and effective ways of training in communication and information, with suggestions for institutionalized training.
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The role of information was amplified in the “Information Age” while theories of information have developed continuously. The complexity of this term generated the existence of several definitions and interpretations and a multitude of meanings that are presented in this article in a synthetic manner.Military information became a purpose, a goal, a target, and a means of support for the military actions and sometimes even their result. Moreover, military information is considered “raw material” for “intelligence” that plays the main role within the informational component of military actions aiming at the procurement, processing and transmission of information in order to ensure the effectiveness of energetic component. Informational power, which is the fundamental component of strategic power,depends on the quality and quantity of information in a given time segment and on the ability to efficiently manage and use it in order to make optimal decisions.
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This paper addresses the center of gravity doctrine; this doctrine is applicable to some wars, at some moments, but not to all of them. Clausewitz predicted this and stated that “in war the result is never final”. We argue that attacking one party’s center of gravity results in its defeat only when both adversaries apply the same strategy,namely the classic war. Today, finding the center of gravity is an integral part of the planning process.
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This article is a prolongation of the material published in our journal no. 2 (42)/2016, entitled „CYBER ATTACKS, MAJOR THREATS AND VULNERABILITIES AGAINST STATES, ORGANIZATIONS AND CITIZENS AT PRESENT AND IN THE FUTURE”.We considered necessary this prolongation owed to the lately events and, mainly,because of the situations created in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and United States of America by massive and diversified cyber attacks intending to influence the political process in these countries.I also consider there are also interesting the attacks produced on some institution sand companies in some EU and/or NATO countries and the need to take some firm and diversified measures of defence.
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In the current information age, the most important aspect is the exploitation of information technology in order to use the impressive potential given by its rapid spreading and processing. In turn, the resulting products revolutionize the way in which states, institutions and people interact, radically changing the traditional principles of management and organization. The military implications of the new science of organization that adopts a comparative approach of the models of hierarchical and distributed systems are still under study. Obviously, the technology of the information age and the ideas of modern management exercise a great influence upon the armed forces with respect to their organization, endowment, training, combat and operation, protection and manner in which they take part in conflict management.
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After the years that passed since 1789, the humanity continued to study the science and technology history from many points of view. In this paper we present a short history of science, technology and military art in 19th and the first half of the 20th century. The science and the technology of those years have left their footprint upon the appearance of new products and weapons, and the mutations produced in the military art.The Technical and Scientific revolution had transformed warfare in just 150 years (1800-1950). The purpose of this study is to highlight the improvement/progress of the science and technology and the impact that these have produced on the military art during these years.
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The authors briefly present a series of essential aspects regarding the following issues: a new approach, made from the inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary perspective of the security concept and of the necessity of developing the security science through the common effort of scientists in various domains; security science as a science of connections, structures and synergies of operationalizing the new modalities of safe functioning of systems and processes; elaborating a unitary theory regarding security; the necessity of introducing a scientific language code specific to the domains of security.Nowadays, Mathematics is called upon to set the grounds for the security science through making use of a new methodology for Mathematics. Fractal analysis may be used in security analyses and studies.
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After a short characterization of the danger of terrorism practicised by the ISLAMIC STATE we emphasized the conditions that facilitated the appearence of that structure in Europe, as a result of radicalization of Muslim communities – especially among the youth – on this continent. For a better illustration of the danger of the adepts of the Islamic State in Europe, we chose the example the terrorist attack in France, in November 2015. This attack was analysed taking into account some possible motivations:military, propagandistic, ideological, historic etc.
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Security, climate and energy are perhaps the most pressing problems of the present and especially the future – risks that will threaten our existence.
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The most dramatic expressions of terrorism have been given by the states of war, as well as by the circumstances specific to war threats. In its turn, autocracy generates in administrative entities forms of administrative terrorism, as people are turned to submission, constantly being afraid of authority, chiefs, leaders. Terror is also spread by the organized social groups which do not yield to formal order, when the unyielding state is radicalized. Beyond these radical forms of manifestation of terrorism, a major role in conducting the direction of social becoming is played by the cultural terrorism acts, which are individualized at least in terms of political terrorism, educational terrorism and juridical terrorism. On the whole, the types of internal cultural terrorism act by slowing down and even stopping the normal tendencies of affirming social values and constitute landmarks of social reality justifying why one nation progresses while another one is left behind.
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The events and socio-political transformations that took place at the beginning of the third millennium had a great impact upon the national and international security environment. The contemporary society has known a significant process of profound transformations. We are now living in a new era of knowledge, of interconnections, of rapid evolution of advanced technologies; in a world characterized by the phenomenon of accelerated globalization. However, it is easy to notice that mankind has still preserved peoples’ own identities and moral values. Thus, religion plays a significant part in the security environment of an important number of states. The aim of the present article is to investigate the way in which the religious factor should be taken into account within the security analysis.
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Nowadays technology and particularly computers are controlling everything. Cyber threats against a controlled system refer to persons who attempt unauthorized access to a device and/or network using a data communications pathway.This access can be directed from within an organization by trusted users or from remote locations by unknown persons using the Internet. Threats to control systems can come from numerous sources, including hostile governments, terrorist groups, disgruntled employees,and malicious intruders. The potential threat posed by cyber terrorism has raised considerable alarm. Numerous security experts, politicians, and others have publicized the danger associated with cyber terrorists hacking into government and private computer systems and crippling the military, financial, and service sectors of advanced economies.Cyber terrorism is, to be sure, an attractive option for modern terrorists, who value its anonymity, its potential to inflict massive damage, its psychological impact, and its media appeal. To protect against these threats, it is necessary to create a secure cyber-barrier around; the states are facing the challenge of creating a “cyber proof” society while maintaining the actual democratic liberties. Also, they have to seek solutions to this complicated issue, without interrupting the current connections and systems in place, so the effect on society is kept to an acceptable level.
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Not long ago, the terrorist attacks across Europe showed that terrorism remains a real threat to Alliance communities. So does the risk that terrorist groups may consider the use of chemical, biological and radiological materials as improvised devices.So far, no terrorist group is known to have acquired nuclear weapons and the expectation of a nuclear terrorist attack remains low, because of the impediments in the successful development and delivery of a nuclear weapon. Nevertheless, chemical, biological and radiological materials are relatively cheap; their components are widely available on the market and therefore accessible to non-state actors.
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