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Laments are one of the most important verse forms of folk literature in terms of reflecting the common feelings of the people. They often express the pain of death. When we look at the contents in terms of content, it is seen that although it is improvised, it has a rich content in terms of folklore elements. In our work, anonymous lamentations and lovers' weights in the thesis entitled "Çukurova Anonymous Folk Literature and Oral History in Ashik Literature" (Adana-Osmaniye), which is accepted as a graduate thesis in 2012, will be examined in terms of folklore elements. The folklore elements in the lace that originated in the oral history of Çukurova will be classified and interpreted in the direction of the folk culture tradition by giving examples from the lamentary texts related to these elements.
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Legend is a kind of folk literature based on narrative, and is separated from destiny by lack of an artistic narrative. Legend s mostly deal with extraordinary events, superhuman powers, tell the events by moving away from reality and subject is a person, a place, or a cause. Part of the legends are sacred. The legends are classified as legend on the creation and the end of the world, legend on history, legend on extraordinary persons and creations, and legend on religion. Mythology is defined as a legend based on prehistoric. Mythology classified as teogonic myths, cosmogonic myths, anthropogonical myths, eskatological myths. Mythology is the science of the first man and consciousness of the first consciousness of societies. In this study, a general evaluation on mythology and mythology relation was made.
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The present research centers on a Bulgarian dialect that has not been described so far by any author — the Vrabnik dialect in the extreme South-West of the Bulgarian language territory (which is now within the borders of Albania).
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The purpose of the article is to present the attitude of Americans towards the First World War, and the rituals and ways to commemorate the soldiers fallen in the Great War. An important role in the creation of collective memory about the Great War was played by soldiers and veterans, among others through the preservation of soldier’s story, rituals during the annual celebrations of the Memorial Day and Veterans Day, and also the ceremonies of reburials of thousands of soldiers’ bodies repatriated from Europe.
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The Russo-Turkish War of 1877 – 1878 is one of the most researched topics of Bulgarian Revival history. The interest towards this war began as early as it was declared, and has not subsided until today. The amassed information of what was written or said regarding the events of 140 years ago is growing considerably around every milestone anniversary of the signing of the Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano. Several generations of historians, local researchers, political and cultural scientists have been studying for over a century one aspect of the war or another, and the number of thematic and documentary volumes, monographs, studies, pa-pers and reports dedicated to the Liberation of Bulgaria is now over 50001. It is enough to call to mind the publications of some war contemporaries such as Atanas Benderev and Georgi Dimitrov, or by reputable scientists like Georgi Genov, Hris-to Hristov, Konstantin Kosev, Tsonko Genov, Velko Tonev, Doyno Doynov, Georgi Valkov, to be assured that representatives of different historiographic schools have contributed to shape and deepen our knowledge on the events on the Balkans in the years of the Great Eastern Crisis of 1875 – 1878.
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The article seeks to answer the questions about the meaning of honour and its possible interpretations, together with that about the usefulness of this category in historical studies. The theoretical reflections are reinforced with an analysis of village court registers from the area of the Vistula Spit at the turn of the seventeenth century which proves the key role of honour within contemporary peasant communities.
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The paper aims to organise the issues concerning the great variety of manuscripts jointly referred to as the “election prophecy”, supposedly made by Georg Joachim Rheticus. The author proposed to apply a model showing how the original text of the “prophecy”, the autograph of which has not been preserved to this day, underwent contamination and interpolation after being introduced into manuscript circulation through correspondence and numerous copies, while at the same time serving as the basis for the creation of vernacular traditions of the text. These processes are depicted in source materials annexed to the paper, containing editions of the Latin, Polish and German variants of the text.
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The article presents the life of nobleman Jan Kunowski, a three times director of the Lithuanian Evangelical Reformed Provincial Synod in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There are various forms of his activity described – as a poet, condotierre, cartographer, diplomat, official, royal secretary, and landowner. His career was not as successful as it had been indicated by both his intellectual potential and patronage of his patron Aleksander Gosiewski. The study explains why he changed his place of residence four times, and every time he abandoned either his post or profession performed.
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In the rich repertoire of Polish Protestant hymnals many songs can be found, more or less explicitly intended for children or adolescents. The presence of such works was largely a result of Luther’s recommendations on religious education through music. The children’s repertoire included primarily prayers for reciting or singing during the day: the Creed, Lord’s Prayer, Decalogue, morning and evening prayers, various meals prayers.
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The Jan Laski Society of Lovers of the History of Polish Reformation in Vilnius, established in 1916, played a significant role in the propagation of history of the Reformation in the Polish lands. This was achieved thanks to an intensive activity of its members, including numerous meetings and lectures. In addition, the Society published books on the Evangelical-Reformed Church and the impact of the Reformation on the emerging culture and language. The growing prestige of the Society can be testified by the fact that at the end of its existence it almost doubled its membership in comparison to 1918.
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Proverbs are succinct enunciations that concentrate in just a few words a diversified human typology, tackled from the vantage point of appearance, ethics, social-cultural stance etc. Of the several thousand Romanian proverbs and sayings that I have collected so far, over 360 include some reference to plants from 75 species. Most proverbs refer to generic plant names such as flower, grass, (fruit) tree, weed, thistle or bramble. An analysis of such proverbs shows that half of them express observations regarding the morphology, physiology (particularly phenology), or the ecology of certain species (whether wooden or grassy, cultivated or wild). They are given in such a manner that turns them into: (potential) knowledge; moral precepts; culture (including agriculture, but especially horticulture and its branches: fruit and flower growing, viticulture, or vegetable growing); science (biology, ecology, medicine, dendrology) and so forth. One fifth of all proverbs indicate, via metaphors, physical and behavioural flaws that are either hereditary or not. The most frequent subjects are foolishness and ignorance (which lead to failure), ugliness, laziness (and its consequence, poverty), dishonesty, ungratefulness, impudence, intemperance, boastfulness, greed, witchcraft etc. Some proverbs reflect people's qualities, such as kindness, knowledge or skill, understanding, kindness, patience – features that sometimes go unappreciated by other people. One tenth of the proverbs are in the form of advice, teachings, or brief lessons in agriculture, behaviour (including ecological self-conduct). There are then proverbs that express a perception of false images or situations, or unpredictable happenings, surprises.
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The aim of this article is to provide a description of the linguistic-cultural vision of the manor on the Baltic-Slavic border. The object of the analysis is autobiographical narratives of the oldest residents of Polish villages in the districts of Meikštai and Smalvos in north-eastern Lithuania, on the border with Belarus. The people living there have perfectly retained the memory of old manors and estates, local nobility, and the relations between the peasants and the manor. The article aims to present their memories about the manor, the impact of the manor on the formation of their personalities and attitudes towards the surrounding world, and to characterise the places important for the formation of a multi-ethnic, multicultural borderland and its unique character. The analysis of the conceptualisation of the manor and the landlord by the residents of Smalvos district is based on the general assumptions of oral history, especially those concerning the narrator’s position, his/her worldview and his/her relation with the described reality. The reconstructed vision of the manor, based on the autobiographical narratives, is clearly positive. The described behaviour of the landlord to the peasants dispels the established stereotype of the landlord as a ruthless exploiter and the myth of relations with the peasants based on exploitation. Although cognitive definitions of the concepts under consideration describe the manor as a place distinct from the countryside, at the same time, however, it was a place where peasant children were welcome, taught prayers and the basics of reading and writing. The landlord is described as an educated, tolerant and understanding person who took care about his peasants and supported them.
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The article is a fragment from the forthcoming Memoirs of Radu Ciuceanu, a former political prisoner and vice-president of the National Liberal Party at the beginning of the 1990s. The author revisits the moment in 1992 when the National Liberal Party proposed King Michael I as their candidate in the presidential elections. The decision resulted into an electoral catastrophe for the National Liberal Party.
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