![Проф. д.ф.н. Донка Петканова (1930–2016)](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2016_29769.gif)
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In this article I present and analyse the narratives about the state border that I heard from the inhabitants of Chochołów – a village located at the Polish-Slovak borderline. All the narratives regarding various moments from the past, both remembered personally and constituting a kind of post-memory, I treat as elements of local heritage. I try to show in which way the Chocholovian people’s memory contribute to perceiving local borderline situation, even if nowadays the border doesn’t play a significant role in everyday life of inhabitants of the village.
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In the article, we propose the inclusion of methods used in linguistics and literary studies in the analysis of biographical narratives of representatives of the Polish community in Argentina collected by the KARTA Centre and the History Meeting House as part of the Oral History Archive. The use of methods developed on the basis of these disciplines in the study of oral accounts of the Polish community in Argentina may become an important step not only broadening the research perspective, but above all, bringing closer a fuller understanding of the Polish diaspora in the country on La Plata.
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After the US Army liberated Czechoslovakia and consequently left the country at the end of 1945, local women started to give birth to children fathered by American soldiers. As a result of their multifaceted origin these children had to face various challenges in post-war Czechoslovakia. Not only did the perception of their fathers change from liberators to enemies of socialism. Being illegitimate, children of US soldiers also challenged traditional social values. In the case of mixed-race children, their different physical characteristics (e. g. skin color) could make them targets to manifestations of racism in Czechoslovak society. Based on an analysis of available archival sources, this study asks whether there was a specific state policy towards children of American soldiers. Furthermore, with the help of oral history interviews the study also examines the impact the various aspects of these children’s origin had on their everyday life.
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24 lutego 2022 r. o godzinie 5 rano wojska rosyjskie rozpoczęły bezprecedensową w powojennej historii Europy inwazję na Ukrainę. To wydarzenie zmieniło układ polityczny na świecie, zmusiło kraje i społeczeństwa do podjęcia konkretnych działań. Już od pierwszych tygodni wojny było oczywiste, że powrót do status quo długo nie będzie możliwy i jesteśmy świadkami olbrzymich przemian społeczno-politycznych na wielu poziomach.
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On 29th September 1982 Stanisław Wałęsa visited his brother Lech Wałęsa (the leader od NSZZ Solidarność) who was interneed in Arłamów. The excuse of this visit was Lech’s birthday, but the real aim was the recording of a short interview for the western media. It was very top secret. Both brothers were celebrating Lech’s 39th birthday, drinking alcohol and having a dispute. It was registered by the SB officers; what is more, it was the beginning of one of the loudest actions in the 1980s against “Solidarność” and its leader – Lech Wałęsa. The conversation itself, initially its “transcripts” and then the edited recording was used several times. The circle of recipients was also gradually expanded. For the first time, the transcript of the interview was used even before the leader of “Solidarność” was released from internment. He was introduced to the priest Alojzy Orszulik who at that time was visiting Wałęsa as the representative of the Polish Episcopate. At last on 27th September 1983, the prepared material was emitted on TVP at prime-time. It was titled Pieniądze. The entire operation did not bring the expected results – it was not possible to compromise Lech Wałęsa.
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Mythical narration facilitates the functioning of some social institutions in societies. In this context, there are various myths belonging to each nation and these reflect the human desires of the societies they belong to and are linked to the lifestyles and beliefs of the culture they exist in. From this point of view, myths are important in explaining primitive cultures as well as great civilizations and religions. Although some events in myths are said to have emerged randomly and ambiguously, there are also similarities between some historical events and myths. Although the stories told in the myths consist of the remnants of historical events and exaggerations, these historical events are also a source of inspiration for many branches of art. Literature is one of these branches of art. For example, it is widely believed that the Kyrgyz Manas Epic emerged from a lament. This epic with its origins in lament contains many mythological elements. The Kyrgyz are one of the oldest Turkish ethnonyms and have a rich oral culture. Since lament is thought to be the oldest oral literature product among oral genres, the explanation of some elements in Kyrgyz laments can only be through mythology. The word "ege" in Kyrgyz laments, meaning God and owner, can be given as an example. Another mythological element in Kyrgyz laments is the horse. In old Turkish beliefs, a horse is defined as an animal sacrificed to its Lord. This is because the idea that there is a connection between the horse and the sky is common. In addition, the idea that this animal descended from the sky and interacted with heaven is a common belief in prehistory. "The horse is the wing of man." even the proverb is enough to show the meaning that the Kyrgyz ascribe to the horse. Considering the burial and burial ceremonies in Kyrgyz history, it is possible to say that in this proverb, the horse is conceived not only as a mount, but also as an extraordinary creature that plays an important role in the transition to another realm, as in the example of "Pegasus". In this study, "horse" will be examined as a mythological element in the examples of laments included in the doctoral thesis named "Lament and Lamentation from Past to Present (Batken, Toktogul and Kara-Kulca regions lament samples)" and firstly, the relationship between lament and mythology will be mentioned, then Turks and Horse, Horse and Horse in World and Kyrgyz Literature. Finally, the names of horses in some Kyrgyz laments will be determined and information will be given about the mythological origins of these horses.
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The article presents the monograph by Piotr Sitarski, Maria B. Garda, and Krzysztof Jajko Nowe media w PRL [New Media in the Polish People’s Republic]. The authors of the book presented how technological development was assimilated by society in the final stage of the existence of the Polish People’s Republic. Individual chapters describe the process of social assimilation of video, microcomputers, and satellite television in Poland. Referring to social history, the authors show the beginnings of the Polish digital society in the 1980s. They do this using modern methodologies from history of technology, social history, and oral history. The aim of the article is to show the processes discussed in the book against the background of social and political changes of the epoch. The documents cited (Uchwała generalna VI Kongresu Techników Polskich [Resolution of the VI Congress of Polish Technicians]) and events (Rok Nauki Polskiej [Year of Polish Science], II Kongres Nauki [II Congress of Science]) allow us to see the links between the modernization of the Polish and communist propaganda. The technology was aimed to certify the strength of the socialist system.
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The article deals with the usability of memories of socialism in historical research. The relationship between the past and the present in the memories is emphasized. Memories or oral sources are a valuable material for studying socialism as they offer perspectives that written materials do not. At the same time, this kind of material is constantly subject to change, forgetting or even falsifying. Memories of experiences are recalled from the past, whereas the present provides the values and standards through which the memories become actualised. With the collapse of Yugoslavia and socialism, the meaning of certain experiences has changed; this has influenced the memories too. Memories are additionally influenced by an individual's family history, the environment come from, their social and economic position, their political conviction and general worldview, and various public discourses.
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Aim. The aim of the article is to reveal the experiences and attitudes of pupils who attended schools in the late Soviet era (1960s-1980s) towards the implementation of egalitarianism policies in the schools of the Lithuanian SSR. The analysis of the qualitative research material focuses on the word “felt” in the phrase “We all felt equal then”, i.e., not so much on the fixation of social (in)equality by analysing the indicators of social class or economic status, but on the subjective experience of equality as a manifestation of human dignity. Methods. Following the methodology of oral history, material was collected during 32 in-depth interviews with people who had attended schools in the Lithuanian SSR in the late Soviet era. Results. Several themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews relating to the expression of egalitarianism in the Soviet school: the social class of the pupils; the economic situation of the parents; and the ability of the parents to have the socalled “blat”. Conclusions. The study revealed that the implementation of the policy of egalitarianism officially declared by the Communist Party in the education system was subject to several reservations. In Soviet Lithuania, just as in the whole society, there were a lot of manifestations of blat, corruption, and favouritism. These were influenced by the positions held by pupils’ parents, belonging to the nomenklatura and/or the ability to establish informal contacts. Pupils from rural schools had fewer opportunities to pursue higher education.
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This paper focuses on the epic poemby Ćamil Kulenović, the epic poet from Krajina. We will emphasize there presentation of identities of the epic heroes of Krajina in Ćamil Kulenović’s poems; how they are presented in his poems, their psychological characterization, interpersonal relationships, relationships to female subjects, as well as how interculturalism is manifested in them. Furthermore, the interpretation of Kulenović’s poems will prove thath is poems belong to theoralepic tradition of Krajina with its specificity: epic ambience, objective and subjective dimension, duels, Krajina heroes, weddings, abductions, use of books, describing, detailing, clichéd beginnings and endings, established formulas, repetitions.
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Romanian ethnology has yet to find a way to deal with important issues regarding the ethics of field research and field presentation. My article points to some of these issues. Starting from a theoretical discussion about what gets to be expressed versus what is suppressed in an ethnological document, I have tried to cover as many nuances as possible, in a sort of pheno-menology of ethnologic (self)censorship. The researcher cannot and should not hide behind the authority of his (field) interlocutors, nor should he or she rely solely on the fidelity of metadata, or on the national scientific traditions. One should own the truth of his or her research. The final product of any field research is, generally speaking, a text (documentary, film etc.) and the only responsible for its content is the researcher. Textualising the field information is a complex process, the implications of which I have tried to acknowledge through some examples taken from my recent research. The closing part questions our field description routine and the equivocal results we get in Romanian ethnology through the much too pious set of rules we are supposed to follow.
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This article provides a comprehensive analysis of English illocutionary speech acts' typological peculiarities of utterances-statements in dialogic discourse of Old-, Middle-, and Early Modern English. The research is the first attempt to identify and prove the relevance of English affirmative, imperative, interrogative statements' use as direct, indirect illocutionary speech acts in diachrony. Corpus data of the research are certified and argued in English utterances-statements as the illocutionary speech acts in the paradigm as: assertive or verdictive utterances, directive or exercitive utterances, commissive utterances, expressive or behabiative utterances, declarative or expositive utterances. Illocutionary force intensity feature is characterized by the speaker's intentional purpose in English utterances-statements of illocutionary assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, declarative goals, which actualize different types of illocutionary speech acts as "strong illocutionary force – weak illocutionary force". Direct / indirect illocutionary speech acts are highlighted in the objective / subjective content of an utterance, depending on the illocutionary force and purpose, the syntactic type, and conventionality / unconventionality of the speech acts as "affirmative statements", "imperative statements", "interrogative statements". Peculiarities of English illocutionary speech acts' relevant use in diachrony are outlined as the realization of speaker's intentional verbal proposition, depending on illocutionary paradigm of the main illocutionary verbs in utterancesstatements.
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Folklorists remain indebted to this day for exploring the possible occurrences of Jesus-patterns in folktales: this is a gap that I aim to fill in this study. The storytellers of the Carpathian Basin were fond of creating parallels between the life and deeds of the fairy-tale hero and Jesus. The narration of the miraculous birth, the divine origin, the hidden childhood, the healing activity, the crucifixion, the underworld passage, and the resurrection as parabolic narratives are presented in plentiful variants. The similarities and differences show that in peasant communities Jesus was imagined as an ordinary man, a teacher, and a helper of the poor. The image of Jesus in the tale narratives sheds light on the mindset and vernacular language of local religious communities.
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The study evaluates the current presence of elements from Turkish oral culture, such as mythology, tales, and stories, by comparing them with the contemporary state and historical evolution of similar content in Western culture. The aim is also to determine whether analogous content in Western culture is adapted and utilized as a sphere of cultural influence by massmedia worldwide. The study further assesses how these existing Turkish cultural elements are applied in daily life, drawing examples from Keloğlan tales and Dede Korkut stories. Through the analysis of these examples, the study emphasizes the significance of the discussed issue and highlights not only the necessity of preserving it but also adapting it. According to the conducted research, despite initial efforts to collect and preserve these cultural elements during the early years of the Republic period, similar to the initiatives in the Western world between the 17th and 19th centuries, it is concluded that the process was short lived and failed to secure a lasting place in the contemporary world. The study attempts to draw some inferences considering the relevance of these cultural values in the present time, utilizing sufficiently updated Keloğlan tales and insufficiently updated Dede Korkut stories. It underscores the role and importance of mass media in the context of Turkey and the Turkic World concerning this issue.
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The article deals with the great religious-political debate on the Neouniate movement, a new form of attraction of the Orthodox population to unify with the Catholic Church. During the pastoral conferences held in Pińsk, the Church tried to find arguments to convince Polish political factions to accept Uniate action in the Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic. It was shown that the intention of church circles was not to create a new national separatism in the Borderlands (modelled on the Ukrainian one in Eastern Lesser Poland) but to conduct a missionary campaign of a primarily religious nature. The article also shows an intra-church discussion on Byzantine influences in the Eastern rites, leading to the complete rigidity of the liturgy and a reduction of theological concerns among the Uniates exclusively to ritual issues. During the deliberations at the pastoral conferences, solutions were sought that included respecting the old Eastern Rite and teaching converts the basics of Catholic theology
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In the anecdotes told by his contemporaries, а famous Serbian politician from the 19th and 20th centuries Nikola Pašić is depicted as both a cunning and a capable politician. Those who wrote the anecdotes and published them, chose those anecdotes that depicted Pašić in a way that aligned with their own political backgrounds. In this paper, I analyze two collections of anecdotes about Pašić: „Bajade – Anegdote o Nikoli Pašiću” (edited by a Montenegrin satirist Nikac od Rovina, and published in 1924 and 1996) and „Anegdote o Nikoli Pašiću” (edited by a Serbian writer and satirist Milovan Vitezović and published in 2002). Using a basic thematic analysis and relying on methodologies suggested by Viktor Raskin and Snežana Samardžija, I analyzed the meaning of the anecdotes in the aforementioned collections and placed them in the historical context in which they had been written and published. The analysis shows that the two collections’ function was to correct a dominating political discourse of their time. While „Bajade” corrected a predominately positive stance towards Nikola Pašić among Montenegrian political group named „bjelaši” active in Yugoslavia in the interwar period, the second collection served as a correction of the dominant Marxist discourse which ignored the historical importance of Pašić and was falling apart under the influence of restored national sentiments during the last decade of the 20th century.
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This paper discusses how socio-communicative practices that originate in oral tradition, with a focus on Brazilian legends, manifest themselves in the digital environment. It foregrounds the production of discourse objects as a category of analysis and approaches the theoretical assumptions of linguistic and cultural studies through an interdisciplinary approach. It is a study of a theoretical-analytical nature that aims to answer the following research questions: How are Brazilian folk narratives constructed in multimodal texts-based interactions in digital environment? How are the objects of discourse constructed in the analyzed texts? The analyzed texts were collected through screenshots of interactions on public Facebook pages. It is hoped that the results will allow us to understand how digital texts are constructed and show how referential processes contribute to text construction and meaning production, deepening studies of language use in digital environments.
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This article pertains to the resettlement of the Carpathian Roma during Operation Vistula and their successive relocation to the Western and Northern Territories of post war Poland. The story of their displacement is absent from narratives regarding the sub-deportation social landscape in post-1947 Poland, just as there is very little information about their subsequent resettlement in the present-day Podkarpackie Voivodeship.
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Although Poland’s Jewish presence had been widely considered to be near-obsolete in 1980s, since the 1990s a small but visible revival of Polish-Jewish life has been taking place as many Polish Jews have opened up about and embraced their origins. By interviewing five Polish Holocaust survivors who never left their country of origin, I attempted to answer the question of why they remained while many others fled.
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