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Dziesięciolecie Polski odrodzonej w publikacjach książkowych – analiza edytorska na wybranych przykładach

Author(s): Joanna Kułakowska-Lis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

The aim of the paper was to analyse publications (compact editions) published on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of Poland's regaining independence in 1928 and 1929. The source of information on over 100 publications of this nature was Wykaz Druków wydawanych w Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej druków polskich lub Polski dotyczących wydawanych za granicą (List of Printed Works Published in the Republic of Poland and Polish Printed Works or Printed Works of Poland Concerning those Published Abroad), which had been published since 1928. The books analysed were grouped according to their subject matter: historical studies, publications devoted to Józef Piłsudski, poems and songs, publications on economic issues, etc. Selected issues were subject to detailed editorial analysis: Dziesięciolecie Polski Odrodzonej Księga Pamiątkowa (The Tenth Anniversary of Poland Reborn. Memorial Book), Złota księga Polski (The Golden Book of Poland) and Przemysł i handel (Industry and Trade), discussing issues related to the editorial concept, graphic design, layout and selection of illustrations, as well as the purpose of publication.

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Czerwiec 1989. Jan Józef Lipski i fundamenty demokracji nieświeckiej

Author(s): Marcin Kościelniak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2022

abortion, democracy, transformation, socialism, Church, June ’89, discourse, censorship

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Reżimy mobilności w postkolonialnym świecie: turyści, migranci, uchodźcy

Author(s): Natalia Bloch / Language(s): Polish Issue: 03/2022

mobility regimes, colonialism, tourism, migration, refugees, anthropology of colonial heritage, postcolonial perspective, India

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ANTITRINITARIANISM IN POLAND BEFORE SOCINUS A HISTORICAL OUTLINE

Author(s): Zbigniew Ogonowski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

The paper takes an in-depth look at an early, pre-Socinian stage of Polish antitrinitarianism. First, it outlines the historical reasons for the emergence of antitrinitarianism in Poland. Second, it explains how the early Polish antitrinitarians were able to develop a view substantial enough to provide a basis for Socinianism, a philosophical and religious movement with a pan-European reach. Third, it discusses similarities and differences between the two stages of Polish “Arianism”, pre-Socinian and Socinian.

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ROMANIA BETWEEN 1923 AND 1938. CONSTITUTIONAL ORDER AND POLITICAL LIFE

Author(s): Iulian Pînișoară / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 01 Supp/2023

At the end of the first world war, Europe was becoming increasingly optimistic about the establishment of an era of prosperity and democracy. The treaties that would seal the end of the world conflict seemed to have offered the most viable solutions regarding the borders established on this occasion. However, the optimist has a big flaw. It is based on the idea that good will finally triumph in the eternal battle against evil, and it only takes into account the positive aspects, ignoring the negative ones or hoping, without any cover, that they will not produce effects. It was believed then that Europe would enter a new era, in which democracy would spread to all parts of Europe. No great value was placed on the economic, social, political and demographic disaster. Economic problems led to the amplification of social tensions. These, in turn, determined the amplification of extremist tendencies, both left and right. The accession to power of some extremist parties led to the emergence of institutional disasters that few could have anticipated.

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WIELE TWARZY REPUBLIKANIZMU: WPROWADZENIE

Author(s): Rafał Paweł Wierzchosławski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article consists of two parts. In the first part, I offer various understandings of modern republicanism and the republican tradition that we can find in the contemporary literature in question. At the same time, I point out that the term functions in different senses: the republican tradition can be studied by classical scholars (ancient Rome), historians of different countries (Italy, Holland, Poland or England), historians of law and governance systems (e.g., American founding myth). Republicanism can be an inspiration for contemporary philosophers who seek a conception of freedom as non-domination that is distinctive and competitive in relation to other traditions (liberal, communitarian) and seek structural forms of its implementation in the body politic (the[TS1] question of justice and legitimacy of the state). At the same time, reference to modern republicanism may perform certain rhetorical and argumentative functions (the so called ‘historical costume’), that is, by projecting certain values and social relations that would be derived from them, and connecting them to certain valued historical identities (e.g., a common European heritage or a national tradition). In the second part, I explain the reasons for a selection of the authors of the texts published in the second part of this issue, which is concerned with specific theorists. I point to their achievements and to the mutual permeation of the Polish and Transatlantic republican tradition in the texts devoted to the tradition of freedom of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Gałkowski, Pietrzyk-Reeves, Grześkowiak-Krwawicz). The section on contemporary issues opens with a text by Philip Pettit to whose ideas, sometimes critically, refer to texts by the other authors (Lis, Grygieńć, CiżewskaMartyńska and Wierzchosławski).

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REPUBLIKANIZM, USTRÓJ MIESZANY, KULTURA SPRZECIWU OBYWATELSKIEGO. WOKÓŁ ODCZYTANIA MYŚLI JEANA-JACQUES’A ROUSSEAU PRZEZ PHILIPA PETTITA

Author(s): Rafał Lis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2023

The article proposes a discussion with Philip Pettit’s theses developed in his book On the People’s Terms: A Republican Theory and Model of Democracy and his article “Two Republican Traditions.” Focusing on the so called Italian-Atlantic tradition, Pettit emphasises the linkeage of the ethos of contestatory citizenry and that of mixed constitution as crucial for republicanism. It is no coincidence that understing the tradition of republicanism in such a way, Pettit does not include Jean-Jacques Rousseau, seen rather as a forerunner of communitarism. Yet, one can hardly agree with Pettit’s classification of the republican tradition and — especially — with his reading of Rousseau. In the first place, it is precisely Rousseau’s thought that helps understand that republicanism, after all embodying the idea of citizens’ government, could absorb the values of mixed government only temporarly and conditionally — only until the latter could serve limitate non-civic (non-elective) elements of power. Pettit’s suggestion that the theory of popular sovereignty initiated by Rousseau must undermine the ideals of civic vigilance is also difficult to accept.

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The Post-socialist Integralism and Its Non-religious Origins

Author(s): Juraj Buzalka / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

Against the background of several biographies of non-religious persons in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, this paper opens the discussion about the sources of reactionary conservatism in the non-religious sphere, parallel to the revival of religious fundamentalism after state-socialism. The argument is that the post-socialist conservative turn has to be analysed with regard to wider implications resulting from the transformations of social organization of politics under state-socialism and the post-socialist ideology that I define as post-peasant integralism.

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‘Uzbek Speculators’ Behind the Front Line. A Firmly Rooted Russian Colonial Stereotype Versus the Soviet ‘Friendship of Peoples’

Author(s): Jerzy Rohoziński / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

In my paper, I try to analyze the historical context of archival documents from the second half of 1943, where traces of the conspiracy theory that Uzbek workers were trading their food rations can be found. Accusations of trade and speculation in food drew heavily from the pre-revolutionary stereotypes and conspiracy theories from the period of the Revolution and the Civil War. Increasing theft and embezzlement in the trading network of food, textiles, and manufactured goods, the misuse of state and kolkhoz property, and conspicuous consumption were also reported from Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in the early 1940s. Some premises for the conspiracy theory about the Uzbek propensity to speculate and conduct bazaar trade remained valid until the early 1980s, as seen in the so-called ‘cotton affair’, which triggered a series of rumors and images about Uzbek nepotism and mafia structures among the Soviet public. I argue that this rather represents traditional work preferences among Central Asian populations, where it possible to identify one of the sources of the role of a ‘provider of stereotypes’ played by the region as a periphery of the Russian/Soviet Empire.

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Eva Šipöczová: „Stretnú sa v lietadle…“ Politický vtip v druhej polovici 20. storočia a v súčasnosti

Author(s): Peter Salner / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2023

Review of: EVA ŠIPÖCZOVÁ: „Stretnú sa v lietadle…“ Politický vtip v druhej polovici 20. storočia a v súčasnosti; [“They Will Meet on the Plane...” A Political Joke in the Second Half of the 20th Century and Today], Praha, Academia 2022, 290 s.

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Party Nomination Strategies in Flexible-List PR: Which Candidate Characteristics Lead to Realistic Positions?

Author(s): Petr Dvořák,Michal Pink / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2023

This article addresses the candidate selection process for realistic list positions with regard to multiple-office holding and personal characteristics in flexible-list proportional representation (PR) systems within the Czech context. More specifically, this issue is explored in the 2006–2017 elections to the Czech Chamber of Deputies. Results of binary logistic regression analysis with observations clustered by party or constituency indicate that incumbents (with or without multiple office holding) stand a significantly higher probability of being selected as a realistic candidate. This probability increases only if the incumbent also has the regional mandate. The results also show that candidates with a PhD degree or higher, with a higher public office position, at the age of forty-one to fifty years, or with residence in a regional capital or in Prague have a significant probability of being selected as a realistic candidate. A specific gender bias was also found.

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Between Ideological Loyalty and Political Adaptation: The “Agrarian Question” in the Development of Bulgarian Social Democracy, 1891–1912

Author(s): Kristian Stefanov / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2023

At the end of the nineteenth century, European social democracy found acceptance among some circles of the Bulgarian intelligentsia. However, the social base of this new ideology, including industrialization and urbanization, was almost missing. This contradiction confronted the young party with the challenge of adapting to local social reality, not only leading it to a chain of internal ideological dilemmas questioning its social democratic identity, but also stimulating various political interactions with the public environment, culminating in a change of national politics. The present article lays out the problem of social democracy’s political adaptation by focusing first on the “Agrarian Question” debates among the party elite through investigation of the public discussions in the congresses, newspapers, and letters, and second, on political practice in the field of electoral politics through analyses of electoral statistics and mobilization discourses. The article’s main conclusions are that (1) dialectics between the intensive transfer of modern ideas and the complex process of their adaptation to national conditions is one of the “moving contradictions” of Bulgarian social democracy’s development in the Balkan peripheral context, (2) the Bulgarian Workers’ Social Democratic Party’s (BWSDP) experience confirms the more general tendency in Second International social democracy of a strong interdependence between electoral politics and ideological debates, and (3) the efforts for political mobilization of the petty peasants and artisans through Marxist language led to its evolution into a socialist-populist discourse that stimulated massification of political participation and encouraged but also opposed the early Agrarian movement.

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Underestimated Ally: Ukraine during the Polish–Soviet War of 1920 in Polish Underground Publications (1976–1989)

Author(s): Vitalii Borymskyi / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2023

This article examines Polish underground publications (samizdat) interpreting Ukraine’s role in the Polish–Soviet war of 1920. The research analyzes a large number of underground journals, newspapers, and books. It shows the relationship between the political thought of Polish émigrés and the opposition within the Polish People’s Republic. The article argues that the Polish oppositionists considered rethinking the history of relations with Poland’s eastern neighbors an essential precondition for gaining its sovereignty. They regarded the Polish–Soviet war of 1920 as one of the most critical episodes in Polish–Ukrainian–Russian relations in recent history. A common feature of most opposition publications on the Polish–Soviet war was emphasizing the joint struggle of Ukrainians and Poles against the Bolsheviks. The authors often emphasized the combat value of Ukrainian units and stressed that Poland did not correctly appreciate their contribution to the common struggle. They also believe that the conditions of Polish aid were too painful for Ukraine. The defeat of the project for an independent Ukraine laid the foundations for the Soviet attack on Poland in 1939. The main conclusion from this historical episode, for most Polish oppositionists, was that supporting Ukraine’s independence was of strategic interest for Poland. In turn, Poland must abandon competition with Russia for Ukraine as a sphere of influence in the future. Only equal relations with its eastern neighbors will give Poland lasting security.

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Remembering on Command: Autobiographical Narratives of the Officers of the Polish Security Forces, 1944–1956

Author(s): Łukasz Bertram / Language(s): English Issue: 04/2023

The aim of this article is to analyse the archival collection of the memoirs of officers of the Polish security forces (Security Office and Citizens’ Militia) on their service in the Warsaw voivodeship in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Entangled in political violence, they were chief actors of the top-down “revolution in the county” and bottom-up “county revolution” that overlapped in Central Europe after the Second World War. This article presents their accounts as examples of fulfilment of a “narrative command” to present a vision of the past in line with the official ideological scripts of the Polish People’s Republic. At the same time, though, the approach employed here does not deprive the authors of their authorial subjectivity, and highlights their agency in attempting to express their individual agendas, interpretations, and emotions. This article distinguishes two types of accounts with reference to their perspective, structure, and language: “from a bird’s-eye view” and “a frog’s-eye” narrative, as well as one peculiar case of “an aspiring writer.” Then, in its main part, the article analyses how veterans reconstructed and interpreted various experiences related to their service in the 1940s and 1950s. The issues are the following: becoming an officer and transformation from “peasant” to “guardsman,” participation in violence and coercion, alcohol drinking, and possible fields of political criticism expressed by the officers.

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Podkarpatští Rusíni v diskuzích poslanců poslanecké sněmovny meziválečné Československé republiky

Author(s): Petr Kokaisl / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2023

Příspěvek ukazuje zcela jiný náhled na problematiku rusínské otázky v meziválečném Československu, a to pohledem rusínských zástupců z celého spektra politických stran v československém parlamentu. Přestože byla Podkarpatská Rus i její obyvatelé v Československu často idealizováni pro svou nedotčenou přírodu a patriarchální ráz a československé veřejné mínění bylo této oblasti velmi příznivě nakloněno, část rusínských politiků tento ideál rozhodně nesdílela. Především komunističtí poslanci kritizovali veškerou vládní politiku a přetrvávající všeobecnou zaostalost, ale zřejmě největší prostor měla mezi československými poslanci zastupujícími Podkarpatskou Rus tématika autonomie oblasti. Příspěvek klade důraz na čtyři hlavní témata, která se v parlamentních rozpravách objevovala nejčastěji: snaha o autonomii, řešení špatné hospodářské situace, situace ve školství a spory o používání jazyka, dvojí přístup k Rusínům žijícím na Slovensku a na Podkarpatské Rusi.

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Subcarpathian Rusyns in the debates of the Chamber of Deputies of the inter-war Czechoslovak Republic

Author(s): Petr Kokaisl / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The paper presents a very different view of the Rusyn question in inter-war Czechoslovakia through the eyes of Rusyn representatives from across the spectrum of political parties in the Czechoslovak parliament. Although Subcarpathian Rus and its inhabitants were often idealised in Czechoslovakia for their unspoilt nature and patriarchal character, and Czechoslovak public opinion was very favourable towards the region, some Rusyn politicians certainly did not share this ideal. The Communist deputies in particular criticised all government policies and the persistence of general backwardness, but the question of the region's autonomy was probably the most prominent among the Czechoslovak deputies representing Subcarpathian Rus. The paper highlights four main issues that emerged most frequently in the parliamentary debates: the quest for autonomy, the solution to the poor economic situation, the situation in education and disputes over the use of the language, and the dual treatment of Rusyns living in Slovakia and in Subcarpathian Rus.

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TRANSFORMATION OF GENDER ROLE AND IMAGE OF WOMEN IN UKRAINIAN MEDIA: HISTORICAL AND SOCIOPOLITICAL ASPECTS

Author(s): Olena Balalaieva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Issues of gender balance in Ukrainian media as a reflection of an urgent social problem remain relevant and require the study of new aspects – historical, sociopolitical, philosophical and many others – in the conditions of a full-scale war. Current epistemological and ontological approaches challenge established concepts and sex/gender dichotomy, the traditional representation of men and women in the media. The paper attempts to analyze how women are represented in the Ukrainian media, which involves not only studying the statistics of the presence of female experts and heroines but also analyzing the image of women in media, the historical prerequisites for its formation, and the socio-political reasons that led to its transformation. The material for the study are results of Ukrainian national and hyperlocal media monitoring, data from a survey of participants of Gender Media Forum, archival materials of the oldest continuously operating metropolitan newspaper "Vechirniy Kyiv". The research findings show that Ukrainian women have historically been underrepresented or misrepresented in stereotypical roles in media content. At the same time, we note the positive changes regarding the destruction of gender stereotypes and transformation of gender roles in Ukrainian society, reflected in changing representations of women in modern media.

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DIE DRAGOMANE UND IHR BEITRAG ZUR ENTWICKLUNG DER RUMÄNISCHEN FÜRSTENTÜMER

Author(s): Mihai Draganovici / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2023

Since ancient times, interpreters have enjoyed a high reputation due to their ability to mediate between cultures. The wide-ranging knowledge they had to acquire for their profession and during their assignments also helped them to hold political positions. Interpreters were probably held in the highest esteem at the Sublime Porte in Istanbul, where there was a whole team of experts on various matters regarding communication with other countries. The Grand Dragoman was the head of these interpreters and held a very high position in the Ottoman governing apparatus. In time, he led all diplomatic acts of the High Gate and became the most important element in the diplomacy of the Ottoman Empire. From the mid-17th century onwards, the Grand Dragomans were appointed mainly from the ranks of Greek Christians from Istanbul's Phanar district. By virtue of their position and talent, many of them were rewarded with the throne of one of the two Romanian principalities: Wallachia and Moldavia. Known as Phanariots, they and their rulers have been a controversial topic in Romanian historiography, with the negative traits being more the subject of discussion. In contrast, this article takes it upon itself to highlight the positive developments of these dominions, which took place thanks to the respective prince's qualification acquired in Istanbul as a Grand Dragoman.

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SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURES OF POPULATION FROM BUKOVINA IN INTERWAR PERIOD

Author(s): Alexandrina Popescu-Cruceanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The social-economical processes of the historical province Bukovina, in the interwar period, have followed, in a great part, the broad lines of entire Romania, influenced, at its turn, by a few political figures whose conceptions, perceptions and representations would make part from the programmatic documents of the orientations and political parties which influenced, in different ways, the evolution of Romania's social and economical life and also of the new united provinces. In the following, we wish to point out the main stages of the social-economical evolution of the interwar Bucovina, and also the natural and anthropic potential, the political and cultural factor which included, in space and in time, the social-economical phenomena, as they were reflected in the media at that time, in the official statistics, in the state of mind of the minorities and of the titular population, being known the fact that the representatives and the social preconceptions can differ among the different social-professional, cultural, political, administrative categories, leaders and opinion groups.

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Literature and art as transhumanist endeavors: Leon Trotsky

Author(s): Mihail M. Ungheanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2022

One of the most essential ideas of modernity is the idea of sovereignty. Usually, this idea is seen either in the context of international relations. Nevertheless, this concept has a moral and a theological meaning whereby the last one is the original. Sovereignty is something that pertains to God. It expresses a certain state of being. This state of implies mastery over everything and over oneself. The concept emigrated from its original theological realm to the realm of political philosophy and politics. Sovereignty determines the way humans and society see themselves. It also serves as an ideal for humanity. To become sovereign over nature and over oneself. This endeavor entails also getting dominion over one own nature. Man should become superman/overman. The image of the superman or self-deyfing man guide modernity and now that has found a powerful expression in transhumanism. The idea of the superman/ Übermensch can be found even in the writings of socialist/communist thinkers. Such is the case of Leon Trotsky.

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