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In August 2019, there is the 120th anniversary of the birth of an extraordinary woman. She was born in Vienna, her father was Karol Lanckoroński, collector, art historian, mother Małgorzata Lichnovsky. Karolina Lanckorońska was under the influence of her father and she always felt Polish. She was an art historian and was the first woman in Poland to become a lecturer (docent) at the Jan Kazimierz University in Lviv. During World War II, being a Home Army soldier, she was arrested by the Nazis, sentenced to death and imprisoned in the Ravensbrück camp. After the war, she lived in Rome. She devoted herself to work for Polish culture and science. She was a co-founder of the Polish Historical Institute in Rome and the Lanckoronski Foundation from Brzezia. She received many Polish and foreign decorations and doctorate honoris causa of Jagiellonian and Wroclaw Universities. She is the author of many scientific articles, memoirs, editors and the book War Memories. She donated to the Royal Castle in Warsaw and to Wawel Castle an invaluable collection of works of art inherited from her father. She was an extraordinary person, an unattainable model of a noble patriot.
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The article aims to approximate the public activities of Katarzyna Zamoyska née Ogstrogska (around 1600-1642), the wife of the second ordinate Tomasz Zamoyski (1594-1638), during the reign of Zygmunt III and Władysław IV. This inquiry intends to supplement known research, currently limited to few studies, link together, the political activities of the female representatives of the magnate elite of the first half of the 17th century and answer the question of the current stereotypical view associated with the alleged indifference of Baroque women to political matters and narrowing their prospects to only, private life (i.e. family matters, religious observances or, at most, to the magnates’ estate managerial and administrative activities).
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The Russian Revolution and the fall of the Romanov dynasty contributed to the revitalization of the national movements in the former empire. In the March 25-27, 1917 in Minsk the Belarusian Congress of Parties and Organizations on which the Belarusian National Committee, headed by Roman Skirmunt (1868–1939) was created. Its main task was to organize the mass of the Belarusian national movement and to achieve the autonomy of the Belarus within the framework of a federal and democratic Russia. However, the visit of the Belarusian delegation to Petrograd in April, 1917 and the negotiations with the Provisional Government was failed. The interim government is still regarded Belarus as the “North-West territory” of the Russia. The only argument that could change its position, was massive national movement in Belarus and the creation of its own military forces. However, in the spring of 1917 Belarusians had no such an argument.
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The article discusses issues related to information and publishing activity of official institutions of the Belarusian People’s Republic – the Council and government and other political and cultural organizations associated with BPR in 1918–1925. The survey covers the period of activity of the BPR institutions both on the territory of Belarus and on emigration.
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The article tells the story of a participant in the anti-Bolshevik guerrilla movement of Uladzimir Ksianievič (pseudonym Ataman Hrač). He is a man not known and known until recently in historiography. In 1924, Ataman Hrač crossed the Polish-Soviet border and made it to Soviet Belarus, where he was soon arrested and convicted. Files regarding the investigation are kept in the Archive of the State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus. Based on court fi les, the author of a given publication reproduces the subsequent stages of the fate of the guerrilla. The tragic fate of this activist was shown against the background of political events that took place in the region at that time.
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A number of political trends existed in the Belarusian national movement in Western Belarus in Poland in the interwar period. One such political trend was the “Belarusian sanation” (“Luckievič-Astroŭski group”), which arose after the Polish authorities dissolved the Belarusian Peasants Workers Hramada. Followers of the “Belarusian sanation” proposed to abandon the radical political struggle and begin a search for a compromise with the Polish authorities to preserve the existing Belarusian cultural and educational organizations. Based on these ideas, such organizations as Centrasajuz and the Belarusian Education’s Association were created. At the same time, the “Belarusian sanation” was quite critical of polonization policy and acted as a “constructive opposition” towards the Polish authorities. The reason for the decline of the “Belarusian sanation” was internal disagreement among the leaders of this political direction.
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The article is an attempt to study the problem of time discipline in the periodical press discourse of interwar Belarusian Christian Democracy. This discourse was an important element in shaping of an image of moral community comprising politically, socially and economically active Belarusians. However, not only political but also sociocultural factors to a large extent determined that the eff ect of this discourse on Belarusian village was rather limited. The article proposes a typology of social time which characterizes the attitudes toward time of Belarusian Christian Democracy and other political movements in West Belarus.
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Many Belarusian activists in Poland in the interwar period treated Protestantism as a “Belarusian national church.” This article tells about the linguistic and national situation inside the Protestant church. Protestant publications in the Belarusian language are analyzed. The article also deals with important fi gures of the Belarusian evangelical movement, which contributed to the national and spiritual revival of the Belarusians. They are shepherds, Lukaš Dziеkuć-Maliej and Jan Piatroŭski. The authors came to the conclusion that during the interwar period national and evangelical processes took place simultaneously in the territories of Western Belarus. Some representatives of the Protestant movement sought to make Protestantism the national church of the Belarusians. The Belarusian language was used in pastoral activities, and evangelical activity was identifi ed with activities in favor of Belarusian culture and language. Some of the Belarusian intelligentsia treated Protestantism as a church that does not divide the Belarusians into “Poles” and “Russians”, as was often the case with Catholicism and the Orthodox Church. In the end, these plans were not implemented. Among the believers of the Protestant movement, there were not enough people who sympathized with the Belarusian cause. In addition, a significant part of the Belarusian intelligentsia adhered to atheistic views. The links between Protestantism and the Belarusian movement are still poorly understood.
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As a result of the German army’s off ensive in the summer of 1941, Latvia was occupied by the Third Reich. The national structure of Latvia was characterized by diversity. Belarusians were among the most numerous minority groups. The German authorities, using the principle of „divide and rule”, were willing to give Belarusians a certain cultural and educational autonomy. The local Belarusian intelligentsia saw in this a chance to strengthen their infl uence in Latgale, which was treated as part of the so-called Belarusian ethnographic area. In 1941, the Belarusian National Committee was established in Riga and Daugavpils (from the spring of 1942 – the Belarusian Association). The main activity of this organization was social and cultural-educational activity among the residents of Latvia. There were choirs and artistic groups, publishing and cultural-educational activities. In addition, attempts were made to introduce the Belarusian language to Catholic and Orthodox churches. The aim was to fi ll the civil administration and local governments at the lower and middle level in Latgale with people of Belarusian nationality. The organization of education in the mother language was started. Belarusian activism has caused concern among many Latvians, because the leaders of the Latvian Belarusians counted on the possibility of joining Latgale in the future to Belarus. For a number of reasons, the „Belarusian action” in Latvia under German occupation was not a major success.
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The unit commanded by Oskar-Paul Dirlewanger has become an incredible scale of barbarism. Slavic Untermenschen – Belarusians, Russians, Poles and Slovaks – were the target of Dirlewanger’s soldiers for almost three years during the ruthlessly conducted Partisanenbekämpfung (fi ghting the guerrillas), which was quickly renamed Bandenbekämpfung (to fi ght the “band”) to emphasize humiliation an enemy with whom the police, SS and East European volunteers fought. One of them was SS-Sonderkommando Dirlewanger.
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The role of the Metropolitan of Warsaw Dionisii Valedynskyi constituting the wartime Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church The article deals with external transformation of Ukrainian orthodoxy during the World War II. Special attention is paid to the canonical relations between the Warsaw Metropolitanate and the Moscow Patriarchate. Under German occupation, ukrainian orthodoxy split into two groups. One trend was led by Metropolitan Oleksii Hromadskyi who created the Autonomous Orthodox Church under the Moscow Patriarchate. Metropolitan of Warsaw Dionisii Valedynskyi gave his blessing for the establishment of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and designated Archbishop Polikarp Sikorskyi as administrator of the church. In February 1942 in Pinsk Sikorsky consecrated the fi rst two bishops of the UAOC on Ukrainian territory (Nykanor Abramovych and Ihor Huba), and in May 1942 the Kyiv Council of UAOC bishops elected Dionisii as locum tenens of the Metropolitan See of Kyiv.
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The article is about the Belarusian religious press (Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant) published in the three Western German occupation zones in the fi rst post-war years. At that time, the largest number of Belarusian war refugees lived in West Germany. An important element of the emigrants’ life was religious activity, which included publishing. This activity had three main causes: social, political and national. It was an almost universal response by refugees in the face of an uncertain future. These people were deprived of their homeland, found themselves in an alien cultural environment without the possibility of influencing their own fate, completely at the mercy of others. In this situation, their sorrows, worries and anxieties were expressed on paper. Political dissension between post-war Belarusian emigrants contributed to the intensification of publishing activity. It initiated a heated polemic between supporters of two opposing camps: the Council of the Belarusian Democratic Republic and the Belarusian Central Council. Publishing activities also served to preserve the national identity of emigrants and propagate national and patriotic values among them (especially among young people).
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The article presents the complex history of the Uniates in Lipsk. The author also shows inter-faith relations in this area over the centuries. Shows the genesis of shaping the cultural and religious mosaic. Analyzes the state of knowledge of the region’s inhabitants about the past. The author writes about how the multi-ethnic and multicultural area gradually turned into a unifi ed religious and cultural area.
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U znak sećanja na pale borce Skopskog đačkog bataljona, 17. novembra 1935. godine u skopskom parku Idadija bio je otkriven spomenik. Prisustvovalo je 700 preživelih đaka bataljona. U ime roditelja čija su deca poginula, Branislav Nušić je održao ovaj potresan govor.
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No summary (see: summary of the article "The Mystery of Szmuel Winter Diaries" by Aleksandra Bańkowska)
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The purpose of the article is to show the history and impact of the phenomenon known as migrants unions (Yid. landsmanshaftn) of Polish Jews in the USA, from their emergence in the closing decades of the 19th century to their falling into oblivion in the latter half of the 20th century. These organizations were formed in the wake of the influx of millions of Jewish immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe. They organized persons coming from the same locality. Over a short period of time, thousands of such Jewish migrants organizations were formed their membership going into hundreds of thousands of members. The key objectives of them were to provide mutual assistance and the preservation of identity in the New World. The unions maintained contacts with their place of origin, especially in the interwar period and immediately after the Holocaust, when one of their main goals was to send aid to fellow Jews who remained in Europe. In addition to showing the broader context of the activities of the organizations, the author chose organizations set up by Jews from Bielsk and Orla, two localities in the Polish Podlasie region as a case study.The subject of the organizations of Polish Jews in the United States remains little known. At best, one can hope to come across one of the few articles on minor aspects of their activities or brief notes about the landsmanshaftn. Meanwhile the records of over a thousand such organizations kept at New York’s YIVO are a valuable and with regard to some matters the only preserved source material for the study of the Jewish history of many Polish localities.
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Abraham Finkelsztejn (1906–1968) was a merited physician and an activist of the Zionist movement. He was a graduate of the Michał Kreczmar Boys Junior High Philological School in Warsaw. In 1934 he graduated from the Warsaw University School of Medicine and got his first job in Dąbrowice near Kutno. While still at university he acted in “Jardenia” Academic Zionist Organization before joining the Organization of Zionists in Poland. Before the outbreak of World War II, he moved to Legionowo near Warsaw. During the war he was forcibly resettled to Legionowo’s Jewish District, established by the Nazis on 15 November 1940. The Judenrat President entrusted to him the demanding job of Sanitary Doctor of the Jewish District in Legionowo (Der Sanitätsarzt der jüdischen Wohngebiet in Legionowo). Finkelsztejn managed to procure the establishment of the Jewish Contagious Diseases Hospital, of which he became the manager. When the Legionowo ghetto was liquidated on 3 October 1942, he went into hiding in the town together with his mother. After the war he became head of the Municipality Hospital in Legionowo. In November 1945 he married Halina Skowronek, they had two children (twins). in 1847 the Finkelsztejns took residence in Sopot. Finkelsztejn remained an activist of the Union of Zionists–Democrats „Ikhud”. He wanted to leave for Israel, which he did in 1957. The doctor died on 8 March 1968, at the age of 61. He was buried at the old cemetery in Netanya.
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Economic relations of Gdansk and the Kingdom of Denmark date back to the Middle Ages. Danish – Gdansk relations on economic grounds are confirmed by the sources from 1368. Significance of Gdansk for Denmark in bilateral commercial relations is proclaimed by establishing trade and diplomatic representatives by the Danish government in Gdańsk where in the period from 1656 to 1920 there were 10 of them in following ranks: residents, consular agents, vice-consuls, consuls. After excluding Gdańsk in 1920, along with a small territory from the borders of Germany and the establishment of the Free City, the full-time consuls positions were held by Bent Falkenstjerne (1921) and Harald Koch (1922–1936). Then in 1937–1945, the duties of the honorary consul were entrusted to Holger Ditlevow Schrader.The inclusion of the Free City into the customs and economic area of Poland was a factor encouraging the Danish people to take various economic initiatives on its territory. The participation of Danes and Danish capitals should be noted in the ship owners -forwarding and brokerage companies registered in Gdańsk, such as: Branch of the United Baltic Corporation (Filia Zjednoczonej Korporacji Bałtyckiej), Baltic – American Oil Importing Company Ltd. (Bałtycko-Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Importu Nafty z o.o.), Gdańsk Shipping and Trade Joint Stock Company Artus (Gdańskie Żeglugowo-Handlowe Towarzystwo Akcyjne Artus). Furthermore, the activity of Danish enterprises and Danes in the Free City area was marked by trade, combined with forwarding, among which the following companies can be mentioned: Domestic and Foreign Commissions Company Limited Filiale Danzig, Skandinwisch – Danziger Handelsgesellschaft GmbH “Skandia”, Handelsgesellschaft Skandinavia GmbH, I. P. Kraberg & Co Aktieselskab, “Danobalt” Handelsgesellschaft mbH, Rudolph Als Aktieselskab and Langelandskorn GmbH. Textile products were dealt with by “Danopol” Dänisch – Polonische Gesellschaft für Auswärtigen Handel GmbH. A well-known Danish company ’Infico’ Internationale Financierungs Compagnie Aktien – Gesellshaft, operated on the insurance market. Danes’ activity in the Free City also occurred in the field of manufacturing. In 1926–1930 a refinery operated in Gdańsk started by the Danish company Aarhus Oliefabrik AS, equipped with the most modern equipment for the production of vegetable oils, margarine and other edible fats. Mention should also be made of cooperation established in the 1930s by Gdańsk Shipyard (Stocznia Gdańska) with the Danish company Burmeister & Wain AS in the field of diesel engine construction.
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