Martha Lampland: The Value of Labor. The Science of Commodification in Hungary, 1920–1956. Balogh Róbert
Martha Lampland: The Value of Labor. The Science of Commodification in Hungary, 1920–1956.Balogh Róbert
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Martha Lampland: The Value of Labor. The Science of Commodification in Hungary, 1920–1956.Balogh Róbert
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People have always been fascinated by time, and for its measurement natural rhythms (cycle of seasons, movement of stars) were first used, and then various devices with which help they organized their economic, social and religious life. In the Middle Ages the towers of the cathedrals and city halls were equipped with intricate mechanisms that could measure day and night, but not without errors for a 24-hour period. City clocks meant a lot in the life of society, becoming the subject of local mythology, and the buildings on which they were located became emblematic monuments.The clock installed on the tower of the Braşov Council House in the early 16th century was equipped with four dials located on the four sides of the tower. The bell had been setting in motion with the help of a wooden figurine. In the 18th century there was installed a bell sounding every quarter of an hour. In 1877, the city council acquired the mechanism produced at the Johann Mannhardt’s factory in Munich, which functioned until 2010, and then was replaced by another one, manufactured in 1890 by the same manufacturer.
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The article attempts to collect some materials about several buildings in Minsk that survive to this day and are associated with the events on June 23, 1941 – July 23, 1944: between the first and the last German bombing attack on the city, which set up a chronological framework for the period when the city was directly affected by the events of the World War II. The buildings that survive to the present day are listed alphabetically according to current addresses. The history of architectural objects before 1941 and after 1944 is reflected selectively, if it is essential for clarification of their fate under the German occupation.
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The article deals with the Pomeranian-Scandinavian relations during the reign of Erik of Pomerania, the union King of the North. He was adopted by Queen Margaret I, and crowned in Kalmar 1397 as king of the three Scandinavian realms, thus becoming the founder of a new dynasty, the Pomeranian Griffins. The Pomeranian Dukes supported the union King in his long struggle to secure the Duchy of Schleswig for the Danish Crown. Since Erik was childless in his marriage with the English princess Philippa, he designated his cousin Bogislaw IX as his follower. King Eric tried in different ways to secure his hereditary plan, which failed in the end because of the constitutional struggles during the second half of the 1430s with the Counsellors of the realms. During the crisis the Pomeranian Dukes tried to mediate between the king and the Swedish Counsellors. When Erik of Pomerania tried to recover his political-military position, he was dethroned in 1439–1441 in his Scandinavian realms. This meant the end of the dynasty of the Pomeranian Griffins in Scandinavia, and one of the consequences was that Denmark lostcontrol over the island of Rügen.
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SummaryThe paper deals with the problem of the place of Pomerania in imaginative geography of the inhabitants of the Polish lands since the rule of Mieszko I until beginning of the 13th century. The choice of the final date is justified by the political changes taking place at that time in Poland and in Pomerania itself, as well as the changes in imaginative geography, i.e. in the system of images of particular territories functioning in a community, in the case in question among the inhabitants of the Polish lands. The possibilities of reconstructing the images of Pomerania and the Baltic are limited because of the scarcity of sources, especially with reference to the earliest period. The article contains an analysis of the circumstances of creating and introducing into the written sources the names ‘Pomerania’ and ‘Pomeranians’. The picture of Pomerania in Gallus Anonymus’ chronicle has been extensively discussed, which results from the special position of that region in the spatial concept in that text. The paper indicates the main ways of the conceptualisation of the Pomeranian territory and its inhabitants by Gallus in the context of the contemporary system of learned geographical images, crusade ideology and political conditions of the textmaking and presenting the events. There is also a characterisation of the later mentions about Pomerania as a geographical space in the Polish sources of the beginning of the 13th century, among which the predominant place occupies Master Wincenty Kadłubek’s chronicle. The article shows how Master Wincenty Kadłubek presents Pomerania in various parts of his chronicle, especially in his narrative about the beginnings of the Polish state and nation, with possible causes and sources of the description. Finally, the article signals the changes which indicate that the period from the 13th to the 15th centuries should be regarded as a separate stage in the history of the Polish imagery of the Baltic and Pomerania.
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SummaryIn the interwar period the Norwegian merchant fleet was ranked fourth-sixth in the world. That is why Norway was an attractive economic partner for Poland, which in 1919 did not possess any merchant fleet. In the same year the Norwegian government sent to Poland an economic mission headed by Samuel Eyde, the Norwegian shipowners and their Union were represented by Thor Thoresen. Regrettably, at the beginning of the 1920s financial problems of Poland resulted in the lack of interest in operating the port of Gdańsk on the part of the Norwegian shipowners.In 1921 one of the biggest Norwegian shipowners, Det Bergenske Dampskibsselskab (BDS), took up transporting herring to Gdańsk purchased within the so called second Polish-Norwegian Herring Contract. In the same year BDS set up a branch in Gdańsk, and in 1928 – in Gdynia, Bergenske Baltic Transport plc (‘Bergenske’ or BBT). In 1921 BDS set up a navigational line to the Baltic ports and London, and in 1931 – together with Det Stavangerske Dampskibsselskab – another line to the ports of western Norway. BDS participated in the creation of smaller shipping companies (Nord Ost-See Reederei A-G, Standard Line Reederei A-G, Bellmore Reederei A-G, Norna Reederei-Gesellschaft mbH). The BDS ships also sailed in the South-American line, Den Norske Syd-Amerikalinjen (SAL). Among the Norwegian shipowners the biggest line to Gdańsk and Gdynia was operated by Wilhelm Wilhelmsen (Gulf-Gdynia Line, GGL). Thanks to that line a huge quantities of American cotton were delivered to the ports of the Polish customs area. Navigational lines were operated also by Fred Olsen & CO. (a line to the ports of eastern Norway) and Gunstein Stray & Sønn (Vore-Line to Antwerp). The Norwegian shipowners in many cases used tramps, which dominated in Gdańsk, and so were they in Gdynia with the exception of the years 1934–1936. An essential element of the activity of BBT was broking and forwarding. BBT was one of the biggest brokers in Gdańsk and Gdynia. In addition, thanks to the fact that ‘Bergford’ Holz-Speditions und Lager GmbH and ‘Berghof’ Lager und Warrant GmbH remained in the same hands, BBT exported a large quantity of wood from Gdańsk. ‘Bergenske’ cooperated also with Polish forwarding companies, the Polish Lloyd and C. Hartwig. All those companies had branches in Poland and abroad, which enabled BBT to run complementary transport, i.e. using sea and land transport.
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In the two last decades of the 20th century Poland’s impact on the history of all Europe was strong. The impact cannot be restricted only to political history. The example of artistic production of Einar Magne Flo, a Norwegian painter, shows how the figures of Lech Wałęsa and John Paul II have become part of the spiritual legacy of Europe and at the same time an inspiration for artistic creation of visions of freedom. The author presents his own sensations of the Martial Law in Poland, the ceremony of awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to the president of ‘Solidarity’, and the papal leadership, which have become an imperative impelling the author to activities supporting the values represented by the two figures.
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SummaryThe article outlines the achievements of the Polish historiography concerning the Nordic region, from the inter-war period to the present times. The problems dealt with are included in the two main trends of the Polish historical research concerning Scandinavian questions: the topics of Polish-Nordic relations of any kind, and the topics of the history of Scandinavia itself and of the Nordic region. The third trend, much weaker than the two others, comprises the comparative studies concerning the social history, the history of states and cultures. Still another trend, the edition of sources to the history of the Nordic region, is hardly to be found in Polish historiography.The article is also a review of the main centres of Scandinavian studies in Poland, both individual scholars, single historians functioning at departments of history at universities, and institutional centres of Polish Scandinavian Studies, especially the ones which carry out research into the whole region in an interdisciplinary approach: into languages, literature, culture, politics, economy and history. Some emphasis has been put on the weaknesses of the Polish research concerning the Nordic region, especially the ones resulting from the inability to use original archival materials and sources.
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Events in the country’s history are older, usually known by the vast majority of the population, some related to the current state, which is useful to remember. During the events of December 1989 Hungary insisted the UN intervention in Romania, during the disturbances preceding the date of 22 December. In the memoirs of Gyula Horn, Foreign Minister of Hungary at that time, he stated that the Security Council, China has protested vehemently against a Security Council resolution aimed at military intervention of Western countries in Romania!
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The aim of this article is to discuss conceptual food metaphors found in the works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Using the multidisciplinary framework of cognitive food studies, the writer’s poetry and journalism are shown to contain conceptualisations resulting from the changes in Victorian foodscapes. Gilman was aware of the commercial contamination of food, which involved its adulteration with harmful additives and unhygienic methods of industrial food production. These practices led to a gradual loss of trust towards the alimentary sphere. In this perspective, the anxieties of dealing with omnipresent adulteration and uncertain- ty about the quality of food delivered to the plate, which had weight in particular in the case of women in charge of a household, became recreated into food-based metaphors that helped to conceptualise the fear and later travelled into other do- mains of Gilman’s preoccupations, such as the social responsibility of journalism. In a curious mix of socially, historically and individually guided experiences, Gil- man’s metaphors serve as a testimony to the concerns of the late Victorian period.
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The author highly values the latest source edition contributive to history of Armenians from Lwów by prof. Edward Tryjarski (Zapisy sądu duchownego Ormian miasta Lwowa za lata 1564-1608 w języku ormiańsko-kipczackim (Records from the Spiritual Court of Lwów’s Armenian between 1564-1608 in Armenian-Kipchak language), Kraków 2017, v. 1 of the series Pomniki dziejowe Ormian polskich [Historical Memorials of Polish Armenians], s. 791, CD). It documents the activity of the institution vital both to the Armenian self-government and Polish judicial system. The reviewer includes a few transcriptions of texts in Kipchak-Armenian ethnolect used by Armenians from Lwów drawn up by himself.
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The presented text is a catalogue of possible reasons for the infidelity of husbands from the Polish landed gentry in the 19th century, and, at the same time, a list of pieces of advice and tips for wary wives intending to enjoy a happy family life. The problem of marital infidelity was vividly reflected in the handbooks that were fashionable in the era, especially those written for brides and honeymooners, in the narrative of codes of good manners, in social and family-related journals, as well as in belles-lettres. An equally important source of information on the subject matter are diaries and letters, which give us an insight into the sphere of private life of landowners, especially into mutual relations between spouses. On the basis of such diversified sources, it is possible to recreate the mentality of that time inclined to consider husbandly infidelity as a reaction to a malfunctioning marriage, especially to the disappointment with the wife. The basis of the indulgence for betraying husbands, which was justified in all possible ways, lays in the double morality characteristic of the times in question – manifested in separate moral standards of men and women.
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The purpose of the article was to remind Edith Stein and her activity on the field of the education and empowerment of women. As a young girl and student, she recognized herself as a suffragette, and her attitude and actions – pedagogical, social and political – fit her into the first wave of feminism. On the other hand, her further educational, scientific and journalistic activities let recognize Stein as a precursor of later academic feminism.
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The 10 documents published in this volume belong among the yet undisclosed manuscripts of the writer–politician. Among the heterogeneous texts there are genres such as bibliography, polemic article, statement, recollection, confession, interview etc.
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The beginning of icareteyn is one of the main problems of Ottoman legal historiography. While some studies dealing with the icareteyn are available, there currently remain unresolved questions about its structure, rules, and mechanisms on the theoretical level, and about its origin, early beginnings, and evolution on the level of actual practice. It is commonly accepted by historians that the icareteyn system started in 1611. However, some examples drawn from archival documents call this date into question.In spite of references to this disputed subject in early publications, there has been no detailed study on this subject. This work, based on archival documents, aims to shed light on the historical development of the icareteyn and to look closely at some sample cases from its formative period. First, it examines the general structure of the icareteyn, one of the pious foundations’ tools for securing revenue, and it traces the system backwards from 1611. It then discusses whether an alternative dating can be established in light of the concrete sample cases.
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Der Beitrag geht von der Tatsache aus, dass die Rezeption geschichtlicher Persönlichkeiten und derer Verdienste vielseitig und auch kulturbedingt geprägt ist. Um dies zu verdeutlichen, möchte ich verschiedene, mit Lutherjubiläen verbundene Lutherbilder miteinander vergleichen. Dabei wird ersichtlich, welche politischen, theologischen, geistesgeschichtlichen Anschauungen dominant waren, und wie diese die Rezeption der Reformation und das gegenwärtige Bild Luthers geprägt haben. Die diachronische Untersuchung wird hierbei notwendigerweise durch den Einfluss der heutigen Popkultur auf die Lutherwahrnehmung und -deutung ergänzt.
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