Początki pracy salezjanów w warszawie na Powiślu

Author(s): Jan Pietrzykowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

Pod koniec XIX wieku ks. Jan Siemiec rozpoczął działalność opiekuńczo-dydaktyczną wśród dzieci i młodzieży na Powiślu w Warszawie. Na zakupionym placu zbudował gmach mieszczący szkołę, internat, warsztaty i kościół rektoralny pod wezwaniem Świętej Rodziny. W 1919 roku zarząd Fundacji przejęli salezjanie, którzy rozbudowali zakład, przenieśli zarząd inspektorii z Oświęcimia, Wydawnictwo Salezjańskie i Centralne Biuro Pomocników Salezjańskich. Od 1923 roku w Salezjańskiej Szkole Rzemieślniczej wprowadzili Dział Graficzny. Warsztaty drukarskie i introligatorskie pełniły jednocześnie zadania drukarni salezjańskiej.

Polityka historyczna i kulturalna okupanta niemieckiego w Gnieźnie (1939-1945)

Author(s): Michał Sołomieniuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2019

W czasie okupacji w latach 1939-1945 niemieccy ludzie nauki i kultury, w imię ideologii narodowosocjalistycznej, rugowali polskość z dziejów Gniezna. Konsekwentnie w kulturze widzieli jedynie oręż do umacniania w nim niemczyzny. Ich reinterpretacja historii miasta, kłamliwa i niespójna, była teoretyczną podstawą polityki kulturalnej, adresowanej wyłącznie do Niemców. W proces umacniania niemczyzny wciągnięto zarówno kulturę masową (np. projekcje filmów), jak i kulturę wysoką, a także niezrealizowany projekt muzeum regionalnego.

Oficjum rymowane o św. Katarzynie w Pontyfikale Płockim z XII wieku

Author(s): Piotr Wiśniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

Pontificale Plocense from the 12th-century is one of the first Polish pontificals entirely preserved to this day. Among liturgical ceremonials, there is a rhymed officium about St. Catherine of Alexandria. Its music bears some explicitly characteristic features of the late Middle Ages monody. A condensed musical style reveals a departure from the initial esthetic assumptions and it presents another possibility of performing the Gregorian chant. This officium, apart from following the compositional principles prevailing in Europe at that time, provides evidence that the Middle Ages were also an era seeking new forms of expression.

The Arcybiskup Antoni Baraniak jako członek Episkopatu Polski, cz. I (1951-1967)

Author(s): Rafał Łatka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

The present article concentrates on the role of Archbishop Antoni Baraniak in the Polish Episcopate in the difficult period of the communist dictatorship. Despite numerous studies on the history of the Catholic Church in the People’s Republic of Poland, the steadfast bishop’s biography has not yet been written. The undertaken analysis is aimed at rectifying this lack of information on the activity of Polish bishops. The Metropolitan of Poznań became a recognized authority in the course of works on the forum of the Main Commission and the Plenary Conference of the Episcopate. He enjoyed the trust of other hierarchs, including Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński, who regarded him as one of his most important collaborators, especially in the years 1957-1967 when he became the second important figure of the Polish Episcopate. For this reason, he was entrusted with the most delicate and difficult tasks, such as the preparation of the Statute of the Polish Episcopate Conference, or the chairmanship of the Commission for the clarification of charges against Bishop Czesław Kaczmarek.

Biskup Ignacy Tokarczuk w działaniach operacyjnych Służby Bezpieczeństwa PRL

Author(s): Dominik Zamiatała / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2019

From the beginning of his service in the Przemyśl Diocese, bishop Ignacy Tokarczuk performed his pastoral activities with great vigor and dedication and was, therefore, the most important “object” of the operational work of the PRL’s Security Service (a Polish acronym: SB) in the south-east of Poland. The Security Service undertook number of operational activities against him. He was surrounded by an organized network of secret the security’s collaborators that informed about the bishop’s plans and deeds and realized some operational tasks. By means of disintegration and disinformation activities, the security tried to damage his reputation in the society and in the church circles as well as limit his pastoral activity. Despite great efforts, huge expenses and involvement of many people in this process, the security managed neither to intimidate nor to destroy the bishop.

CUM SĂ DEVII O „MOAȘĂ ÎMPĂRĂTEASCĂ”?FILE DIN ISTORIA ÎNVĂȚĂMÂNTULUI MEDICAL BUCOVINEAN

Author(s): Harieta Mareci Sabol / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

The midwifery education in Bukovina is neither a distinct episode of a single story nor a crucial innovation in the imperial province's history. It rather illustrates the way in which, in a highly agrarian region, the Austrian regime introduced new, uniform and modern medical practices. The model of midwives' professionalization was tested in Vienna then implemented throughout the monarchy. Thus, the article tries to capture the main stages of training for Bukovinian midwives in a school dedicated exclusively to this domain. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the midwives' education was formally initiated and regulated by central and provincial political representatives; with regard to the medical knowledge, it was offered by professionals, surgeons and physicians trained in academic centers such as Vienna and Lemberg. At first glance, this initiative would have led to the“medicalization” of a physical process commonly referred to as “natural” or “ordinary” , devaluing (but not suppressing) the activity of traditional midwives. The recruitment conditions of the candidates, the teaching strategies, as well as the restrictions and rules that needed to be followed by the future midwives reflects not only the social and medical imperatives, but also the unifying and modernizing intentions of the authorities. From a historical perspective, the response of the feminine population to the officials' calls for schooling and the statistical data showing the social realities and the mentality of the time are undoubtedly interesting and worthy of note. However, there remains the question that may lead to other socio-historical investigations: which was, ultimately, the benefit of “educated midwives”and how or whether the women of Bucovina took advantage of the medical knowledge acquired by their fellows in the Midwifery School of Chernivtsi.

„MURIND DIN NEBĂGARE DE SEAMĂ”. CONTRIBUȚII LA STUDIUL TUBERCULOZEI ÎN BUCOVINA (SFÂRȘITUL SECOLULUI XIX –ÎNCEPUTUL SECOLULUI XX)

Author(s): Harieta Mareci Sabol / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2019

Favored by precarious socio-economic conditions, lack of education and hygiene and a particular behavior, social diseases found in Bukovina in the 1900s a favorable land for their spreading. The statistical knowledge of social issues brought the doctors and provincial officials closer to a complex and sad reality. The medical reports unveiled a less pleasant image of society, showing a pressing need for reforms. The transition from “misery, poverty and carelessness” to “the danger of infections and diseases” imposed a great vigilance of the authorities towards the province’s population.On such a background, the fight against tuberculosis was born. Subsequently, the debates in intellectual circles were combined with administrative and legislative initiatives. Treating it superficially would have affected the vitality of the provinceʼs inhabitants, and this could represent a risk for the whole empire.Unfortunately, many of the projects elaborated in the years preceding World War I were partially implemented due to unsatisfactory financial aid.In spite of the plans proposed by doctors and public officials and the intentions of the “Association for the Fight against Tuberculosis”, the number of tuberculosis patients (relative to the population of the province) remained high enough to impose new measures to mitigate the risk of contamination and death.

Chile. Niedokończona transformacja

Author(s): Katarzyna Dembicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 778/2020

Aspecte mai puţin cunoscute ale vieţii comunităţilor româneşti din America în primul val (1900-1914)

Author(s): Bianca Karda / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 19/2012

Romanian communities from the U.S.A. established up to the outburst of the first world war had to face difficulties that could not be anticipated back home in their native Transylvania, but their members were able to cope with them due to their good qualities: young, healthy, hard working and their hope for a better life. Most of them had the thought of returning to their homeland and seeing again their loved ones as an incentive, this was the main reason they could resist to all kind of ordeals, some of them set up by their own fellows, some leaders of the first Romanian organisations from America. Even though there were cases of fraud, most of them were not deterred, but continued their life there following the dream they had come to America for: to gather enough money to come back to their homeland, or to start a new life on American soil.

Antoni Opolski – homoseksualny neofita w Warszawie okresu Oświecenia

Author(s): Paweł Fijałkowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2019

In the second half of the 18th century Warsaw was a rapidly growing town, diversified in terms of ethnic and religious background. One Warsaw inhabitant was Antoni Opolski alias Antonio Boretto, a Jewish neophyte, possibly a member of the Frankist community. He probably decided to change his religion due to his sexual orientation, but it remained a huge problem for him also in the new, Christian, entourage. Opolski’s homosexual contacts were the reason for his arrest and trial. His testimony during the investigation reveal how complicated the life of homosexuals in Poland in the age of Enlightenment was and what was the nature of the relationships he formed. Opolski was not sentenced to death, but the police authorities kept interfering in his life, put him in prison and pushed to the sidelines of society.

Podążając za imieniem – Rozalia Saulson (1807-1896) – nowe ustalenia

Author(s): Agata Rybińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2019

The author’s goal was to present new findings related to the biography of the Polish-Jewish writer Rozalia Saulson. This is the first time that archive sources were used which not only confirmed her place and date of birth and death but also revealed other facts concerning her life. The new sources and analyses also made it possible to get a new insight into her ties with the progressive Jewish milieux not only in Warsaw but also in Kraków.

"Konwertycka gorączka“ z początku XX wieku: teksty, autorzy, metahistorie

Author(s): Agnieszka Jagodzińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2019

At the beginning of the 20th century, about a dozen volumes were written in Polish, Yiddish and Hebrew in Poland about the converts from the Judaic to Christian faith. This subject united representatives of three milieux whose customary contacts used to bee limited to ideological wars and fierce battles fought in the press: (1) the promotors of Jewish ethnic movements and culture autonomy, (2) the so-called “assimilators”, and also (3) Polish anti-Semites. The objective of this article is to discuss the main theses concerning Jewish converts and the conversion process, published during the “conversion fever” in the years 1904-1938; and, first of all, to define the metahistory represented by each of the three groups and their legacy in contemporary historiography. As I am going to demonstrate in this article, the converts in these texts are like a litmus paper testing and contesting the limits of ethnic identity, both Jewish and Polish. The emotions they aroused a century ago stemmed precisely from the fact that they proved to be a challenge to the perception of these boundaries as rigid, clearly defined and inviolable.

An Interaction of the Rural Jews with Different Social strata in the 16th-18th Centuries Polish-Lithuanian Village

Author(s): Judith Kalik / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2020

The present paper deals with the forms of interaction between the rural Jews and different strata of the peasant rural society in the 16th-18th centuries in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Contrary to stereotyped views, both Jewish and non-Jewish rural population are not perceived here as homogeneous groups. Patterns of interaction between different categories of rural Jews and different social strata of their fellow villagers took different forms. These diverse forms of contacts are examined here on the basis of a variety of sources: rural courts' records, resolutions of Jewish councils, pastoral epistles, rabbinical responsa, memoir literature, etc

Judasze wśród ludu. Żydzi galicyjscy w polskiej etnologii i tekstach etnograficznych z okresu międzywojnia

Author(s): Olga Linkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2020

This article traces the presence and absence of research on Jews in interwar Polish ethnology. Using the case of Eastern and Western Galicia, it juxtaposes two types of texts which appeared in Polish language: professional academic studies and essays by amateurs. It shows that Polish professional ethnology – if talked about Jews at all – mostly produced studies based on amateur findings which, in turn, described Jews as seen from the perspective of their Catholic neighbors. Moreover, Polish ethnologists usually did not consider Jews as representatives of the folk culture. And even if they recognized Jewish folklore as a potential subject of an ethnographic analysis, they refused to see it as a means to a national culture; in other words, to accept the right to Jewish national claims. Additionally, as the Polish Sanacja authorities did not see the Jewish nationalism as a major threat to the national interests and security, the state practically did not invest its resources into the research of “the Jewish question.” These convictions, along with anti-Semitism and growing hostility toward Jews in the academic environment, hampered the development of studies on Jewish culture in interwar Poland.

Jews on the Sambor Crown Estate in the 18th c. A Study of the Sambor Court Records

Author(s): Grzegorz Wrona / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2020

In this article the author attempts to present the various reasons for the Jews appearing before the castle court of the Sambor crown estate in the 18th century. This court, also referred to as the administrator or deputy administrator court, was the court of second instance for the inhabitants of towns and villages in civil and criminal cases. It also examined appeals against the rulings of council courts and rural court (judicia bannita). Such judaica constituted grounds for examining the relations between the Jewish population and the Christian inhabitants of Sambor royal demesne and selected groups of the urban population (e.g., guilds). They also made it possible to present examples of harmonious cooperation and the most typical reasons for conflicts between them, the problems encountered by the Israelites in daily life, as well as the role they played in the socio-economic life of Sambor demesne in the 18th century. The analysis was based chiefly on source materials in the form of manuscripts from the Scientific Library of the Ivan Franko National University in Lvov and the collections of the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Lvov.

European Social Science History Conference – Belfast, 4–7 kwietnia 2018 r.

Author(s): Michał Gochna / Language(s): Polish Issue: 7/2019

„Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano”, or the Beginnings of health Prevention in Antiquity

Author(s): Judyta Krajewska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

The article makes an attempt at providing answers to questions necessary to clarify the doubts related to the universal conviction about the breakthrough of the nineteenth century for the development of health promotion and health prophylaxis. Can ancient texts provide any evidence that it was actually the antiquity that laid the foundations for preventive medicine? Can it be concluded, on the basis of the research conducted by archaeologists, anthropologists and historians, that the increased physical activity and use of diet in antiquity were deliberate preventive actions?

Social and Political Activity of Mykyta Bura in the Age of the Second Polish Republic

Author(s): Ruslana Davydyuk,Serhiy Troyan / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2019

The article analyzes the social and political activity of the native of Rivne region, First World War veteran, Mykyta Bura, the cultural and educational aspects of his work, kinds of effort to the Ukrainization of the Orthodox Church of Poland. It was proved that in the first half of the 1920’s teacher M. Bura was involved in the development of Prosvita and Volyn co-operation, and received the first experience of work in the organs of the municipality and the district self-government. In the 1930’s, sharing the idea of ​​Ukrainian-Polish coexistence, he became one of the organizers of the Volyn Ukrainian Association, “Ridna Hata”, developed the “Prosvita’s Hut” network, worked in the “Metropolitan Petro Mohyla Society”, “Ukrainian School”, Goryn sports club, was elected to the Polish Sejm three times. Arrested and imprisoned by Soviet extrajudicial bodies in 1939. Was released as a Polish citizen and entered the Anders’ Army. After the war, he emigrated to Great Britain, and later to Canada.

„Ecclesia est paradisus” – interpretacja Kościoła jako raju na „Planie z Sankt Gallen” z 819 r.

Author(s): Janusz Nowiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

Among manifold symbolic interpretations of the Christian temple, of special importance was the perception of the church as a projection of the reality of Paradise (ecclesia est paradisus). This interpretation was especially popular in medieval monasteries (claustrum est paradisus). The abbey church on the Plan of Saint Gall is presented as Paradise, with the entrance flanked by two towers dedicated to the archangels Raphael and Gabriel. The cross in the centre of the temple represents the Tree of Life (arbor vitae). An identical cross is placed in the centre of the monastery’s cemetery among the trees of heavenly arboretum, as the announcement of the reward to be received on the day of Parousia. Both crosses on the Plan of Saint Gall – the one in the centre of the church representing the Tree of Life in the middle of Paradise and the one in the centre of the cemetery epitomizing the promise of the Parousia and eternal life – are a synthesis of the history of Salvation whose beginning and end are marked by Paradisus and Parusia.

Dom wypoczynkowy księży polskich „Maksymówka” w okresie Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej

Author(s): Stanisław Piekarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2020

When Poland regained its independence in 1918, there was a need to launch a fight for the health of polish citizens, mainly the elimination of omnipresent tuberculosis. The state was not able to afford the intensive creation of preventive health care system by building medical infrastructure. In such circumstances, many holiday houses, health houses, and even sanatoriums were built and maintained under voluntary taxation of citizens.Polish priests also participated in this nationwide process by organizing the so-called “Księżówki”, holiday houses, where they could rest and improve their health condition. One of these centers was established in 1927 in the village of Maksymówka, in the Eastern Borderlands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, within the Stanisławów deanery of the Lviv Archdiocese.