Три писма Константина Великог код Евсевија Кесаријског, Теодорита Кирског и Сократа Схоластика

Author(s): Il Akad / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The literature on the Constantinian documents in Eusebius’ Vita Constantini ha been mostly concerned with the question of their authenticity. The relation of their language and style to the whole of the text has not received comparable attention. The stylistic analysis of these documents must rely on rare and irregular traits prone to scribal emendations. The ideal way of minimizing the impact these have on the textual tradition is to have an alternative source, or to be able to rely on the quotations of other authors. Luckily, there are three letters of Constantine (V. C) quoted by the later Church historians, Theodoretus of Cyrrhus and Sokrates Scholasticus. Comparing the text of these three authors also gives us a much needed means to check which linguistic traits were perceived as abnormalities by the scribes. By doing so, we can identify some traits typical of letters translated from Latin. In addition, these letters also exhibit some traits peculiar to Eusebius. Although there is no way of knowing in which language these letters were distributed in the East, their style was certainly retouched by Eusebius, which makes any reconstruction of a “Constantinian style” using them as a basis tentative at best.

O AGNODIKE, ŽENSKOM ZDRAVLJU , DISKRIMINACIJI

Author(s): Nataša Zlatković / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

Jedna mlada žena koja se zvala Agnodike, živela je u naprednom atinskom društvu u IV veku pre nove ere. Agnodike je želela da izučava medicinu, ali je ženama tog vremena bilo zabranjeno da se obrazuju. Uz podršku oca ošišala je kosu, navukla mušku odeću i počela da pohađa časove koje je držao poznati lekar Hierofilus (ili Herofilos). Leta 350. godine pre nove ere, položivši s najvišim ocenama, ona postaje lekarka ginekološkinja, još uvek krijući svoj pravi identitet.

Bestoenska biskupija u svjetlu dosadašnjih istraživanja

Author(s): Ante Škegro / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Recent scientific research shows that in the area of Central Bosnia Christianity was spread even before the reign of Constantine the Great (306.-337). After this emperor had declared Christianity as legal religion, it had spread around in all Roman regions, including Dalmatia and Central Bosnia. In Late Antiquity in Cental Bosnia there was an early medieval bishopric known for the bishop Andrew (Andreas episcopus Bestoensis ecclesiae, Andreas episcopus Bestuensis) who participated on the synods of Salona on 15th June 530 and 4th May 533. In contrary to the archbishop from Salona, Honorius II (527-547), Andrew did not succed to organise large and poor Bosnian bishopric during that synod. Recent research implies that Andrew’s bishopric was on the territory of municipium Bistuensium. Earlier historiography concluded that territory of the bishopric was in the area where there remained Antique structures of early medieval Bilimišće near Zenica (recently dated in late 6th or early 7th century), and in the area of Mali Mošunj near Vitez. Today, researchers locate the area of the bishopric where there was Antique settlement called Bistues at Grudne (Crkvina) and in Čipuljić, Bugojno. Bestoenian bishopric is being located in the area of Rama, upper Vrbas valley, Lašva and the area of Zenica in Central Bosnia and northern Herzegovina.

A sport értékelése a római császárkor egy görög szónokának műveiben.

Author(s): István Kertész,Gábor Szlávik / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Podoby stretnutí a komunikácie v stredovekom me

Author(s): Ján Lukačka / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Predstava, že by sme boli zrazu odstrihnutí od všetkých informačných a komunikačných médií a stroj času by nás vrátil späť do stredoveku, konkrétne do nie veľmi významného stredovekého mesta, by v niekom mohla vyvolať nepokoj a možno aj strach. Okruh našich známych a priateľov by sa zúžil na minimum a iste by nás začal trápiť problém nemožnosti komunikovať a stretávať sa s nimi. Možno by niektorí z nás museli čeliť aj abstinenčným príznakom, pretože sme si už zvykli na rýchly a plynulý tok informácií o dianí nielen v našom najbližšom okolí, ale i na celom svete. Stále mohutnejší príval informácií (a najmä tých negatívnych či doslova hororových) však vyvoláva u citlivejších ľudí stavy úzkosti a snahu zámerne sa chrániť pred ich negatívnym pôsobením.

Az ősi magyar vallásról

Author(s): István Fodor / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Muszlim pénzek a X. századi Kárpát-medencében

Author(s): László Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Az ősmagyarság etnikai tudata és a Csodaszarvas-monda

Author(s): István Fodor / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

Mire szolgáltak a szkíta aranyszarvasok?

Author(s): István Fodor / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

In 19th-century southern Russia, extraordinarily rich early Scythian tombs (6th-7th c. B.C.) were discovered containing large golden deer. In one burial mound in the village of Kostromskaya, a figure of a deer supposedly lay on an iron shield. Researchers therefore drew the conclusion that the deer were shield ornaments, a view that was generally accepted up until only recently. Not long ago, however, Alekseev (1996), having analyzed the history and documentation of the earlier digs, made it clear that neither the deer, nor a golden panther that had also been found there were shield ornaments. He concluded that they are far more likely to have been decorations for the gorytos (bow and arrow case). It must be noted here, however, that the possibility that the Scythian golden deer were also gorytos ornaments was mentioned as early as 1934 in a book by Nándor Fettich, a noted Hungarian archeologist and goldsmith.

Sacer Mons. Szakrális helyek a magyarság kereszténység felvétele előtti vallásosságában

Author(s): Endre Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

The Benedictine monastery of Pannonhalma in Northwestern Hungary was built in the 11th century on a small hill called Sacer Mons (Sacred Mountain). In the present study, I research the origin of this name. There is no such concept as "sacred mountain" in the Christian religion (peaks might be named for Christian saints, for example Mons Sacri Martini). However, the name Mons Sacer for the hill under discussion turns up as early as the 11th century. For this reason, it seems improbable that it took this name shortly after the foundation of the monastery because of the monks living there. The documents—which luckily survive in large numbers—and also the narrative sources tell us that the name Mons Sacer had no connection with the Benedictine monastery at first; it was the name of the hill itself. This naming cannot be tied to the Christian religion; it derives from the times when Hungarians still preserved their original native religion. The qualification of a mountain as "sacred" has many parallels in the Eurasian mountains where nomads once lived. The survival of this tradition in the Hungary of the 11th century is shown by the fact that King St. László I called a diet (at the Benedictine monastery) on Mons Sacer, and that a few years later King Kálmán summoned the Hungarian nobles to the Tarcal Hill in Eastern Hungary for the same purpose. This means that certain hills and peaks still preserved their pre-Christian cultic function as gathering places in the early Árpád era. The location of the first Benedictine monastery in the Kingdom of Hungary might have been selected merely to neutralize an ancient cultic place.

A csudaszarvas

Author(s): Vilmos Voigt / Language(s): Hungarian Publication Year: 0

It was likely in early 1926 that Ernő P. Ábrahám's A csudaszarvas (That Wondrous Deer), an overview of Hungarian history for young readers, was published in Budapest. It starts with early Hungarian history (more precisely Hunnic-Hungarian history) and takes us all the way up to the situation after World War I. It is illustrated with Romantic tableaux that depict spectacular scenes witnessed by a young prince named Árva (a name which means "orphan"), who is whisked from one part to the next by his magic steed Tüzes (meaning "fiery"). The mythical csodaszarvas, or wonder deer, appears in several scenes, but it is signified in the book with the more folksy form csudaszarvas (roughly, "that wondrous deer"). The book is very richly decorated, with embellishments, initials and full-page illustrations that portray key scenes from Hungarian history. These were produced in the studio of a contemporary graphic artist, the multi-faceted and renowned Álmos Jaschik. And one of the age's most prominent Hungarian politicians, Albert Apponyi, wrote the foreword to the book. On carefully surveying this foreword as well as the body of the work and the illustrations, one discovers that the book serves a legitimist goal and that it was created for a "boy who lives far away," who received the first, hand-painted copy. This boy was actually the son of the last Habsburg king of Hungary, Charles IV, who had by then died; the heir presumptive to the throne was Prince Otto. The article discusses the multi-layered and informative writing and iconography of the book as well as the author and the designer of the illustrations. A detailed study of both text and images brings out the several phases that went into planning and making the volume. Incidentally, the csudaszarvas variant in the title is well established in Hungarian literature and art. Interestingly, however, it is unknown among latter-day readers. It is revealing that the wonder deer not only shows the way to a new homeland, but also plays a role in the story of the founding of the church at Vác and brings the hero of the book all the way to the modern age. A discussion of the many-sided text and of points about content and iconography is useful insofar as it reveals well-known stereotypes about both early and later Hungarian history.

Czy wino może być zielone? ‒ zmiany parametrów barwy wina czerwonego pod wpływem wybranych czynników chemicznych i biologicznych

Author(s): Agata Ogórka-Tabiś / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The color of wine has crucial importance in relation to the quality of wine. Laboratory parameters of color are supervised by the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV), and is intensity I and tonality T. It is also found that the subjective visual impression of the consumer is an important in the first step in his purchase. Consumer research survey, conducted in Australia in 2005–2007 on the 1643 wines, shows that red wines with greater color intensity are characterized by a higher class market. Color of the wine depends on many factors: the variety of grape, their ripeness, the winemaking processes, and age of wine. In the case of red wine, its color is given by anthocyanins, whose chemical properties are presented: their copigmanted complexes, also uncoloured cofactors capable to specific interactions and color changes in the environment of varying acidity of wine. That phenomenons are independent on time and were presented in ancient Greek wine like also all users of wine today, which is directly bind with tradition. Maybe the most different is mode and necessity of wines description. Knowledge about the nuances of color tonality, perception of wine and its origin is part of the oenological visual organoleptic analysis. The color perception is subjective and individual, and depends directly on the light conditions, but also of education, cultural background, experience, emotional state. Analysis of visual color of the wine contains the skills of perception, discernment and naming. These abilities can be educated and improved through education.

Perperikon

Author(s): Vojtěch Merunka / Language(s): Slavic (Other) Publication Year: 0

This is a chapter of the Interslavic reader which is a collection of working texts for teaching the Interslavic language. / Tuto jest kapitola iz čitateljnika, ktory jest spisok tekstov do učenja medžuslovjanskogo jezyka.

Antyczna przestrzeń kuchenna w świetle literatury gastronomicznej i medycznej

Author(s): Zofia Rzeźnicka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the present article is to reconstruct the ancient kitchen space according to the recipes given in the Latin cookbook known as De re coquinaria (4th century A.D.), the agricultural work De agricultura by Cato the Elder (3rd/2nd century B.C.) and Greek medical treatises by Galen (2nd/3rd century A.D.) and Oribasius (4th century A.D.). On their basis the author describes the most important kitchen utensils and the way they were used. Moreover, she characterises the most common thermal treatments utilized in culinary art of that time.

Елинистически фигурални лампи от античното светилище на нос Свети Атанас край Бяла, Варненско

Author(s): Alexander Minchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Three plastic terracotta lamps of Hellenistic period have been published and discussed in this article. They were discovered at three different cult pits during excavation of the ancient Thracian pit sanctuary, located near Byala, Varna Region, Bulgaria. It is situated on Sveti Atanas Cape and was in function during 6th —1st centuries BC, or maybe a bit later.All three lamps are shaped as Negroid heads. The first one is made of brownish clay and is preserved intact. It is dated to the 3rd century BC and is possibly of Attic origin. It finds parallels among the finds of the second half of the 3rd century BC from Seuthopolis — the capital of the Thracian Kingdom of 4th —3rd centuries BC. The other two lamps are also shaped as Negroid heads, but fragmented and belong to another type. A lamp of the same shape was found in Burgas, again on the Western Black Sea coast. Based on similar finds from other regions of the Ancient world, both lamps from Byala have been dated to the 1st century BC. The author supposes that they are of Asia Minor origin and possibly products of Cnidus’s workshops.Based on the finds in the pits, it was established that this cult center was used, by no doubts, by the locals: Thracians and Greeks who lived around the cape in the vicinity, and in the ancient towns on the coastline. It was visited permanently also by a number of ancient sailors of various ethnic origin, who stopped there to make their offerings to the gods when sailing along the Western Black Sea coast in northern and southern directions. The three lamps were deposited probably as votive offerings by ancient sailors, who deliberately stopped at the sanctuary on Sveti Atanas Cape. Here, they were able to make their ritual offerings to thank the (sea?) gods for saving their lives during that sailing or for a safe return home.

Античная печь ІІІ в. на мысе Св. Атанас, Варненская область, Болгария

Author(s): Valeri Yotov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author examines a kiln for household ceramics, which was discovered on Sveti Atanas cape in Byala, Varna region, Bulgaria. The ceramic kiln was cleared in the horizon under the street (dated to the end of the 6th century), which was also traced in previous archaeological seasons. The kiln relates to a double-chamber structure with a vertical rod.The upper layer of the lower chamber contained a large number of fragments of tiles and pithoi among the burnt pieces of clay and ash. Many sherds of household ceramics were found under this layer. Inside the kiln chamber, at the bottom, in the layer of ash and coal, there was one whole bowl, fragments of several deformed bowls and a whole pot. To the west of the kiln entrance, a rounded pit was excavated. A large number of fragmented ceramics (with manufacturing defects) was discovered. Three bowls are restored. At the level of the broken grid, a strongly burnt chimney was found, which was probably reused with respect to the grid construction.A completely preserved and well-burned vessel in the shape of a cone was found in the lower chamber of the kiln. Fragments of a dozen other similar, but coarse and poorly burned conical vessels (restored four), were also found in the pit at the entrance in front of the furnace. There are several hypotheses about the use of such vessels/cones: used in ancient gardening; as polyfunctional funnels; to build a domed construction of kilns or in building construction.The oven and ceramics date from approximately the second half of the 2nd century — mid 50s of the 3rd century, and are evidence of a new provincial pottery production center of the Roman period in the Western Black Sea region.

К вопросу о датировании совместного правления Радамсадия и Рескупорида V

Author(s): Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The study was conducted to establish the fact and dating of the joint rule of Rhadamsades and Rhescuporis V. The inscription of CIRB 66 and the coins of these sovereigns became objects of this study. We believe that Rhescuporis V was co-regent of Rhadamsades since his assumption of power. Moreover, these sovereigns were not originally equal, judging by the fact that in the first years of their joint rule, only Rhadamsades had the right to emit money. Rhescuporis V received the right to mint his coins after winning a war with external enemies. Rhadamsades and Rhescuporis V jointly ruled the Kingdom of Bosporus until the former’s death.

Расписная керамика позднего энеолита на поселении Орловка-Картал на Нижнем Дунае

Author(s): Igor V. Manzura / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Fragmented painted pottery is uncovered predominately in the layer and structures of the Cernavodă I culture (the 2nd quarter of the 4th mill. BC). Part of fragments derives from complexes of the Early Iron Age cut into the late Eneolithic layer or is represented by stray finds. According to technological traits the pottery corresponds to painted ceramics of the Cucuteni-Tripolye culture. Several morphological types can be distinguished: cylindrical-conical bowls, relatively large pots with conical or cylindrical neck, jugs with high cylindrical neck, small widely open pots with globular body and small amphora with vertical handles on shoulders. The painting consists of two main kinds. The first kind embraces geometric or curvilinear ornaments composed from broad crossing or complementary bands which find best parallels mainly in the ornamentation of the Cucuteni B2-Tripolye C1 pottery. The second kind of the painting includes net-like ornament or compositions made of narrow crossing diagonal bands (“sparse net”). This kind of painted design is related only to the small vessels with globular body and amphora. Such morphological and stylistic types can be considered as manifestations of particular ceramic tradition of the Cernavodă I culture probably emerged under influence of the Cucuteni B-Tripolye C1 culture. They are broadly distributed in late Eneolithic graves of the Northwest Pontic region and can be regarded as additional evidence for attributing this territory to the area of the late Eneolithic Cernavodă I culture.

Комплекс раннего бронзового века с каменной фигуркой из Северо-Восточного Приазовья

Author(s): Sergey N. Razumov,Anatolii N. Usachuk / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The grave goods contained in the main burial complex of Zintseva Balka 2/17 (North-Eastern Azov Sea Region), a Pit Grave Cultural and Historical Community site, were very expressive, including a damaged flint biface and a stylized sandstone figurine, which was morphologically similar to the stele from the Early Bronze Age barrows. Analysis of existing analogies showed that use of small stylized stone sculptures, often in combination with cutting tools, was a part of the funerary rite of the cattle-breeding population of the steppe zone of the Early and Middle Bronze Age, reflecting its ideological representations. Presence of such figurines in graves may indicate a special social and/or sacral status of the buried.

Курганы бронзового века в низовьях Днепра (раскопки Краснознаменской экспедиции в 1991 г.)

Author(s): Gennadiy L. Evdokimov,Natalia M. Danilko,Sergei Zh. Pustovalov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article deals with the results of studies of the Bronze Age barrows by the Krasnoznamenskaya expedition in the Lower Dnieper region in 1991. Data about 53 burials of Pit Graves cultural-historical community (36), Catacomb Graves cultures (10), Babino culture (2), and the Berezhnovka-Maiovka Srubnaya Graves culture (5) are published here. There are many children's graves among the burials of the Pit Grave culture. The Late Tripolye influences were noted in the funerary rite of the Pit Graves population. Complexes of the Ingul Catacomb culture are the most interesting. The praying pose, as well as the pose typical for the Pit Graves burials (as another evidence of the simultaneous existence of the Pit Graves and the Ingul population), a batch internment, a rare ritual bowl of rectangular shape, sling stones, and a stone ax-hammer were found. Ordinary graves predominate in all cultures.