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This article offers a historical and artistic interpretation of the way the physical damages inflicted upon the French soldiers of the First World War were brought to the attention of the public through various paintings, sketches, and drawings.
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The centre of the ancient Macedonian state of Philip II and Alexander II, the medieval Bulgarian metropolitan Slanitsa and the Ottoman city of Enidzhe Vardar, founded by the conqueror of the Southern Balkans, Evrenos Bey, were located in the Lower Vardar region in different eras.
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Hajj worship has been one of the most prominent issues in Muslim societies throughout history as it brings many difficulties due to its nature. The social status of pilgrims in the Ottoman Empire, the preparations for the pilgrimage, the deaths on the way to and from the round trip, and the practices in this context are among the topics we will focus on. In addition to this, various issues such as debt-credit lawsuits, the status of slaves they possess will be included in relation to the inheritance law of the persons who have died on the way of pilgrimage. The difficulties faced by the pilgrims after the pilgrimage journey, and the pilgrimage will of the people who cannot go to pilgrimage due to different reasons are also within the scope of this work. In this article, the experiences of the people who went on a pilgrimage journey rather than the organization of pilgrimage made by the Ottoman State will be discussed from the court records. Although some studies have been conducted on the subject, more comprehensive studies are needed. The 16th and 18th century court records will be taken into consideration as well as the records of older dates. The inhabitants of other Ottoman cities will be mentioned in part, but the focus will be on the pilgrimage journeys of Muslims living in Istanbul, Rumelia and Cyprus.
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The current paper tries to examine the mystifications around the life and work of the XVI century French occultist and author Michel de Nostredame, better known as Nostradamus. The main questions posed in this study stem from a curiosity about the way Nostradamus shaped his own legendary status through his writings, healings, prophecies, and divinations.By looking into a number of historiographical, biographical and autobiographical sources, among which texts by Nostradamus himself and references by some of his contemporaries, such as Pierre de Ronsard, this inquiry has stumbled upon interesting models and patterns of self-mythologisation present in Nostradamus’s life and work.One of the main conclusions of the investigation would be that the French author’s Jewish background offered him a tradition of and an inclination towards the prophetic – a “prophetic guild” of sorts, in which he could seamlessly position himself. He adopted the lore of old-testament prophets and mixed it with a good dose of what could be considered the trendy teachings of his day - kabbalah, astrology, divination, and alchemy. He followed a path similar to the one laid out by fellow healer and occultist – the physician Paracelsus. Throughout his career as a healer and a “seer”, Nostradamus is known to have used his knowledge of healing potions to treat the very eminent patients seeking his help, some of whom were cardinals and members of the French royal family. In 1554, Nostradamus started writing his Les Prophéties (“The Prophecies”). Over time, his poetic musings on the future of the old continent grew to 942 quatrains and it happened so that they resounded greatly with the collective spirit of XVI century Europe, battered by outbreaks of the plague and terrified by the ongoing Ottoman invasions. By shrouding the message of his “Prophecies” in mystery, or probably never imbuing them with a definite meaning, Nostradamus would leave us insufficient reasons to think they aren’t merely obscure, apocalyptic poetry. Nevertheless, their author has done more than many self-proclaimed mystics to cement his status as one of the world’s most reputed and, at the same time, most disputed prophets, as controversial as the term, in itself, might seem.
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The study focuses on Petar Beron’s, Raino Popovich’s, Konstantin Fotinov’s and Sava Dobroplodni’s views on childhood revealed in their writings. Moments from their works tell us their answers to the question „What's a child?“, which the beginnings of modernization had put on the public agenda. For them, children should not be seen oximoronically as „little grownups“. One of their strongest messages is for a new understanding of childhood and children as a stage in human development, requiring from adults specific treatment. Along with Locke, they believed that a kid's mind is a tabula rasa focusing on its being free of the „original sin“. Childhood is „innocent“; corporal punishment should be abolished, and the other punishments should be inflicted on a strictly individual and equitable basis. Some of them were especially strong on defending the right of girls to school education. More traditional are they regarding the power distribution at home and school: free choice is the domain of adults; children don't have enough knowledge and experience to be vested with it (reminding one of Locke again). But unlike Locke, Beron, Popovich, Fotinov and Dobroplodni seem to see the goal of moral education to be the production of subjects, not citizens. Their belief that children should be trained to re-act in mâlchanie, blagochinie, pokorenie and smirenie (roughly: reticence, respect of one's betters, submissivness and humbleness) definitely points that way.
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The main purpose of this essay is to show that well before the beginning of the 20 century, in the face of the beginning of Italian colonial policy and of an ever increasing interest of Italian diplomacy towards the fate of the young Balkan state (especially the Kingdom of Serbia), during the epoch of Francesco Crispi, there existed well-proven, excellent projects of economic and financial penetration beyond the Adriatic sea, through the construction of a railroad which runned transversely the Balkans. The aim of these highly strategic projects was to subtract some important commercial positions to Austria-Hungary and Germani, which at the end of the 19 century dominated sud-Danube Europe. The basic sources for this study are inedited and edited Italian and Serbian diplomatic documents, in which are explained the potentialities and the reasons of the success and of the unsuccess of the Italian railway strategy.
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The aim of this work is the multi-factor analysis of motivational priorities which English privateers and pirates had in the second half of the 16th century in their naval battles with the Spanish fleet. The historical context allows to explain different impacts of material and spiritual motives on their behaviour in a new way. It has been concluded that religious motivation was essentially weaker than economic one, both among the robbers and among their promoters. The increased role of the economic incentives became possible due to the harsh economic crisis in England and popular rumours about extremely great loot taken from the Spanish ships. On the other hand, spiritual stimuli were weakened by the lack of the religious unity of the English nation, and, respectively, of the English mariners. In particular, the current study has shown that there were not only Protestants and atheists but also secret Catholics in the crews that plundered the Spaniards.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the artistic and stylistic features of carved candlesticks, to carry out the analysis of constructive schemes and to determine the typology of multi-branched candlesticks in the decorative adornment of the matsevahs of Eastern Galicia from the XVI through to the first third of the XX century. The methodology of the research involves the use of a number of methods: historical-comparative, formal-stylistic, structural-typological. For analysis of compositional solutions, art criticism categories, as well as practical experience of visual, stylistic, morphological-compositional and complex analysis were used. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time the basic principles of constructing compositions with the use of the candlestick motif have been analyzed for the first time, the artistic and stylistic features of carved candlesticks have been thoroughly investigated, their typology has been determined, the analysis of constructive schemes of the multi-branched candlesticks-menorahs in the decorative adornment of the matsevahs of Eastern Galicia XVI - the first third of XX. Conclusions. Through the analysis of the ornamental decoration of the matsevahs of the ancient Jewish cemetery of Galicia, one can distinguish several dominant motifs according to the nature of the image: zoomorphic, ornithomorphic, plant ornamentation, subject motifs, architectural elements, symbols of Judaism. The motif of the candlestick is one of the most commonly used motifs in the memorial plastics of the Galician matsevahs of the 18th and the mid-19th centuries, and its artistic and stylistic peculiarities are the embodiment of the high skill of Galician masters-carvers. Of significance is the different stylization of the form, the interpretation of individual structural elements of the candlestick in different regions of Eastern Galicia. In the formation of monuments, influences of stylistics from leading styles of European art are observed, in particular - baroque, rococo, secession. The completion of individual elements or details of the subject motif under investigation has been significantly influenced by the traditions of Ukrainian art, in particular.
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Kada u društvu usahne racionalan govor, onda svakakve kreature postanu tumači povijesti i ljudskih sudbina. Oni čekaju tu iza povijesnih promjena paradigmi društvenog života i bez imalo odgovornosti kroje sudbinu cijelih narodnih grupa. Tako se javlja na povijesnoj sceni model dominacije etničkog diskursa nad cjelinom društvenog života ljudi, a u političkom životu na mjesto demokratije staje etnokratija, na mjesto nacionalne (državne) političke orijentacije stupa partikularni etnopolitički totalitarizam i protiv demokratske politike nezaustavljivo raste etnopolitika, biopolitika i populizam.
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The Bosnian Franciscans, throughout their seven centuries-long history, have expressed the strong Franciscan spirituality which has been a dominant power of social change in Europe during the 14th-17th century. European Franciscans were a novelty during the structural crisis of the Church. Inspired by biblical sources, they were enthusiastic in the mission as witnesses and followers of Jesus Christ, ready for heroic sacrifice. On one hand, they were very independent and charismatically self-confident, but on the other hand, they were permanently integrated into the Church because of their faith, despite occasional conflicts. The Bosnian Franciscans came to Bosnia as inquisitors, teachers and healers of the Bosnian Church’s Christianity and survived there for five centuries under the Ottoman occupation. In such an environment, they gradually established a pastoral model of faith and of the church, in which religion pervaded the entire life of Bosnian Catholics despite the Islamic society.
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Will man einen Überblick über die Bibliotheksgeschichte Siebenbürgens in den letzten 500 Jahren bieten, geht man meist auf herkömmliche Weise vor und präsentiert eine konventionelle Zusammenfassung des Themas, mit einem besonderen Akzent auf die Geschichte der Büchersammlungen als Institution. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass Institutionsbibliotheken von vielen Menschen genutzt werden. Aus diesem Blickwinkel stellen die institutionellen Sammlungen den Grund und beinahe das einzige Objekt der Bibliotheksgeschichte dar. Die Problematik der sogenannten bibliotheca publica, das heißt der „öffentlichen“ Bibliothek ist allerdings komplexer.
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Cila Bosna i Hercegovina je prostor štokavskoga naričja. Presudna su tri kriterija klasificiranja štokavskoga naričja koji omogućuju odvajanje jednoga dijalekta od drugoga: 1. stupanj razvoja akcentuacije (je li akcentuacija novoštokavska ili nije); 2. refleksi jata (ikavski, ekavski i ijekavski); 3. šćakavizam ili štakavizam (šć, žǯ ili št, žd). Ti kriteriji govore i o genezi određenoga idioma i o suvremenim strukturalnim činjenicama. Jatski kriterij je i strukturiran i genetski (Lisac, 2003). Po kriteriju refleksa jata tri su dijalekta (i)jekavska: a) istočnohercegovački-krajiški (istočnohercegovački); „Po jezičnim kriterijima (i)jekavski novoštokavski; b) istočnobosanski ili nenovoštokavski (i)jekavski; c) zetsko-južnosandžački ili nenovoštokavski (i)jekavski. Dva su dijalekta ekavska: a) šumadijsko-vojvođanski ili novoštokavski-ekavski i b) kosovsko-resavski ili nenovoštokavski ekavski. Jedan je dijalekt ikavski (zapadni dijalekt ili novoštokavsko ikavski), jedan s različitim refleksima jata (slavonski ili nenovoštokavski arhaični šćakavski).“ (Lisac, 2003: 29).
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Review of: Stipo Manđeralo "Lučonoše", Buybook, Sarajevo / Zagreb, 2019; Review by: Rapko Orman
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One of the most merited Bulgarians of the national Revival period, who supported the national awakening in Macedonia in the 19th century, was the enlightener from Veles, Jordan Hadjiconstantinov-Djinot (1818-82). Por about years he worked as a teacher in Macedonia - in his native town of Veles, in Skopje, Tetovo and Prilep, and everywhere he preached for the opening of Bulgarian schools and for education in the Bulgarian language, instead, of Greek. This inevitably provoked a harsh conflict with the Greek Phanariots and the Turkish authorities and caused his exile to Aiden, Asia Minor (1861-3).
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In Hungary, official memory and history discourses often distinguish between ‘Jews’ and ‘Hungarians’, harking back to the Horthy-era concept of the ‘Christian national’ state. This dichotomy clashes with modern ideas of citizenship and acts as a carrier of antisemitism. This lecture analyses the role of political authority in fostering integration or exclusion over a long time span. It begins with the attitudes of those holding political power in the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages, when the distinction between Jews and Christians was based on religious affiliation. In particular, two processes will be examined: one leading to increased integration, granting protection and rights, and the other promoting segregation, demonisation and hostility. The lecture will then focus on key moments in modern history, exploring the functions of these two contradictory but related processes. It will finally tackle the question of the role of the state in (dis)continuities between medieval exclusion and modern antisemitism.
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The geographical location of the village of Bakici, surrounded by clearings and forests, gives an image of a naturally enclosed place with numerous remains of monuments in which six sites with monuments from the Middle Ages (Pod Klisa or Varosiste, Klisa, Grebljica, Vlaskovac, Slavanj) and one ( Svatovsko Greblje) from the period of administration of the Ottoman Empire in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The population is predominantly engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding, occupations that, together with mining, in the previous centuries influenced the formation of the cultural landscape of this settlement. The continuity of living and working in these areas is obvious. In the central part is the medieval site of Pod Klisa or Varosiste with two ornate chest-shaped stecak tombstones. Northwest of Pod Klisa or Varosiste, there is Klisa with the remains of a medieval church dedicated to St. Roko and a necropolis with 24 stecak tombstones. Southwest of the Klisa site, between the high cabinets by the road leading from Donji Bakici to the village of Krivajevice, is the Vlaskovac site with an obelisk-shaped monument made of limestone monolith. Between Klisa and Vlaskovac, there is a smaller ridge overgrown with pine trees, which houses the Grebljice site and a necropolis with 14 stecak tombstones. In the central part of the settlement of Slavanj, there is a necropolis with 43 stecak tombstones. At the foot of the settlement of Slavanj, on the site of the Svatovsko Greblje or the high ground, there are ancient monuments in the shape of a nisan tombstone. At this place, every year in June (June 24), a Muslim prayer is performed, giving the name of the locality itself - the sanctuary (dovište).
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This research should inform Serbian public about an important edition Monumenta Germaniae Historica, where – for two hundred years – were published sources about the history of western Europe and that greatly helps researchers of historical circumstances and the facts observed from a proper scientific methodology. In this way, almost two centuries has matured itself historical methodology in the context of history as a science, and has influenced the creation of new generations of researchers in the all world; which are, in the 21st century with the the Internet opportunities, able to access historical sources when writing about from State and Church topics in the medieval history of Western Europe. In the year of Jubilee, two centuries of the edition – Monumenta Germaniae Historica (1819–2019), this Institute boasts excellent cooperation with – perhaps the world’s largest Publishing House (Brepols) in the presentation of scientific research in the area of philosophy, history and theology. Also the Institute with Brepols may announce the possibility of a modern, simple and fast access to all publications published under their auspices, and to allow all international universities and institutes studing the sources of the history of medieval Western Europe.
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