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The aim of the article is primarily to present the etymology of the names and surnames of the Jubilarian as well as the way these onimas function both historically and today. The source material for analysis was excerpted from dictionaries of the Polish language: etymological, general (explanatory: historical and contemporary dictionaries), dialect, phraseological, and onomastic.
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Elżbieta is the name of biblical origin, and its appearance in Polish anthroponymy should be associated with the expansion of Christian culture, which in the Middle Ages covered almost all of Europe. It is a name taken from the Hebrew language. In Poland this name has been known since the 13th century. The first record of the name can be found in the document from 1198, then in the form Helisabeth: „Mesacho, Pollonie dux et prima uxor eius Helisabeth. For many centuries it was the name of a very popular, but since the sixties of the 20 th century, its popularity is decreasing.
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The article concerns the possibilities of Old-Polish apocrypha analysis from onomastic perspective. The research certifies that proper names observed in contexts of text, genre and most of all discourse can bring interesting answers to a question of apocrypha character. Two main functions of proper names are distinguished: speech genre forming and fear eliciting. One can affirm that the first function is connected with structural and semantic aspects of apocrypha speech genre, whereas the second one relates to pragmatic and partly style levels of the speech genre pattern. However both functions are important in the analysis of discourse level which is significant in the case of research on apocrypha understanding as an Old-Polish culture phenomenon.
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The article is a reflection on the stylistic status of the lexeme niewiasta in contemporary Polish — in connection with the text in „Tygodnik Powszechny” 2019 Niewiasty, wiejadła i inni winowajcy, which criticizes a term that is lofty, sublime in the biblical style. It takes into account dictionary qualifications and translation solutions of selected biblical places in four translations and the viability of this lexeme in religious and secular language. It touches upon the aspect of language and religious culture and suggests that the term sublime should be kept in the most important places in the Bible.
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The Hebrew root qrn appears in the Hebrew text of the Old Testament. Its meaning depends on the context. In most biblical verses it is vocalized to the denominative form qeren and means ‘a horn’. In Ex 34:29–30,35, according to the Judaic tradition, it is vocalized to the verbal form of qaran ‘to send out rays’. However, in the Latin Vulgate its equivalent in those verses is the lexeme cornutus ‘horned’, which corresponds to the Hebrew form of qeren. Polish Renaissance biblical renderings can be divided into two groups due to the translational basis. Catholic renderings, i.e. the Leopolita’s Bible (1561) and the Jakub Wujek’s Bible (1599), were based on the Vulgate. The Protestant renderings, i.e. Evangelical renderings — the Brest Bible (1563) and the Gdańsk Bible b y D aniel M ikołajewski ( 1632) a nd t he A nti- Trinitarian renderings — the Bible by Szymon Budny (1572), were based on the original Hebrew text. The choice of the translational basis resulted in the image of the horned Moses’ face of Moses (i.e. Pol. rogata twarz Mojżesza) in Catholic renderings, and the image of the radiating face of Moses (i.e. Pol. promieniująca twarz Mojżesza) in Protestant renderings. Such a Catholic vs. Protestant semantic and imaginative polarization persisted in the Polish cultural space until the second half of the 20th century, that is, until the new Catholic rendering of the Bible from the original languages appeared, i.e. Biblia Tysiąclecia [the Millennium Bible] (1965). From then on, regardless of the religious tradition, Moses’ face shines in the Polish imaginary sphere.
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The article deals with selected issues of biblical Polish seen as one of the stylistic varieties of the Polish language. The main aim of the study is to indicate the possibility of widening the hitherto attempts to describe this thematic domain of Polish language by means of approaches referring to the methods of rhetorical analysis originating both from the Hellenic and Semitic rhetorical tradition. The author has presented the application of such a research procedure on the basis of a selected sample of materials, including fixed units of Polish language of the phraseological and paremiological biblical type as well as wider textual sequences.
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The subject of the analysis in this article is the Code of Canon Law (of 1987). Generally all features of the officialese (legal) style and their exponents known from secular communication have been implemented in this document. The Code is distinguished by a special composition, i.e. a division into segments, ways of naming the segments and their arrangements. Standardization as a feature of the style is enriched by exponents implemented in a microscale, and so, first of all, the navigation formulas, contributing to cohesion of the utterance and being a manifestation of a pursuit of precision. The author sees the exponents of this feature in formulas defining the scope of norms and also clarifying the content of provisions. Yet, legal definitions are the most important manner of specyfying the content of legal concepts (terms). The Code of Canon Law contains a few schemata of such definitions, which strengthens and emphasizes the triteness of the wording. The ways of formulating the directives are also in conformity with the law, they also become the exponents of impersonality as a feature of the officialese. Wheareas manifestations of interference with the religious style are included in the content of the norms. The abovementioned features, occuring in the complementary relations, contribute to create a set of exponents of the genre style of a legal utterance which is a code.
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The observation of the scientific discourse related to the history of the Polish language, and more specifically the history of law, has become the general research goal of the article. Research interest is associated with the problem of the state and changes in linguistic awareness within a specialized communicative community. The analysed material is located on the border of two types of evidence that can constitute the basis for recreating the image of linguistic awareness: direct and indirect. A.Z. Helcel, a historian, by analysing old documents of Polish law written in Latin, gave an expression of a shaped and developed linguistic awareness. He introduced new proposals of research methods to the scientific discourse of legal historians, based on, among other things, linguistic analysis. He used a large repertoire of rhetorical and stylistic concepts to document the authenticity, antiquity and significance of a document. He called for attention to be paid to the stylistic formations considered by others to be trivial. He understood, distinguished and repeatedly used the terms: text, style, content, form, error, writing manner, habit. Most likely, he distinguished a functional style and an individual style. He understood the concept of a genre: he named various genres, mainly legal texts, and talked about genre-creation. He referred to the concept of a norm. He also noticed the need to simplify the graphy, i.e. he declared the use of transcription. He also included past Old Polish translations in the work, seeing them as a historical and historical-linguistic value. He was aware of the value of the old monuments of the Polish language, preserved in old translations.
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This article is devoted to a set of linguistics features of the diaries (1895–1920) by Janina Konarska from 1914–1918. The author of the study analyses the manifestations of the Literary Polish language and the Colloquial Polish language in the examined texts. The signs of literacy are: eruditional lexis: aeroplan ‘areoplane’, emablować ‘amuse (woman)’, fraucymer ‘maids of honor’, zeppelin; sublime collocations: kraina krzyżów i mogił ‘the land of crosses and graves’ (p. 159); metaphores: na szczyt chwały poprowadzić ‘to lead to the top of glory’ (p. 135). The commonness signals are some expressions describing everyday life and food needs: dużo jabłek ‘a lot of apples’, kartofle ‘potatoes’ and problems of supply difficulties: najgorzej z cukrem ‘worst with sugar’; Mięsa zupełnie nie jadamy ‘We don’t eat meat at all’ (p. 283). Some colloqvial verbal lexems are excerpted: drapnął ‘He escaped’ (p. 159) władze ruskie zmykają ‘the Russian authorities are running away’ (p. 111) as well as some colloqvial phraseologies, eg. chyba pójdziemy do Tworek ‘We will probably get mad’ (p. 186), w skórę dać ‘spanking’ (p. 1 50). The Nominalizations are confirmed by the both stylistic varieties. They reflect both war events: bój ‘fight’ (p. 130), wysadzenie mostu ‘blowing up the bridge’ (p. 170) and minor incidents: szukanie swoich torebeczek ‘looking for your bags’ (p. 145). The stylistic means of evaluation are demonstrated in the diary, eg. biedne te Kielce ‘poor Kielce’ (s. 121), okropne zajścia w Belgii ‘the horrible incidents in Belgium’ (p. 126), straszne czasy ‘terrible times’ (p. 122); dzielne Legiony ‘brave Legions’ (p. 284), wspaniały koncert ‘magnificent concert’ (p. 260). The superlative forms of adjectives are observed: Najokropniejsze jest to żołdactwo ‘The soldiery is the most horrible’ (p. 177), najpiękniejsze było to zjednoczenie duchowe całego niemal świata ‘The most beautiful was the spiritual union of almost the entire world’ (p. 262). The conclusion from the research is that the Konarska’s diary from the Great War is characterized by the stylistic diversity and richness of stylistic means.
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The article Issues related to biblical names in Judaism and Christianity consists of the following parts: 1. Historical outline; 2. Old Testament or Hebrew Bible?; 3. Old Testament languages; 4. Ancient Bible translations; 5. Significance of Apocrypha; 6. Hebrew Bible / Old Testament in Judaism and Christianity; 6.1 Three-part division of the Hebrew Bible and its significance; 6.2. issues related to understanding and authority; Ending. Issues related to the names in the Bible were analyzed from three perspectives: texts language; existence of ancient translations and question of collection content. The intention of the author was to present how today various religious communities (Christian churches and synagogue) perceive the same materials through various prisms, in different canonical orders, in different languages and with different emphases. Those differences are not the foundation for arguments who understands the text correctly. They point out to the text richness, interpretative traditions and human imagination.
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The author dedicates the text to Professor Elżbieta Umińska-Tytoń of the University of Łódź. The paper outlines poetic images concerning Mary contained in selected works of St. Ephrem the Syrian, Jacob of Sarug and in an anonymous fifth-century Hymn from the circle of Christian ancient Syriac poetry. They contain a kind of theological reflection operating with numerous comparisons, metaphors, symbols and associations, which often bring the truths of faith closer to the reader and in a more accessible way than theological treatises. The language of the works is closer to that of the liturgy. Apart from their poetic value, they bear witness to a rich Mariological tradition dating back to the first centuries. Particularly noteworthy in it are the motifs of combining the maternity and full virginity of Mary, her image as „full of grace” and mediatrix of all graces and intercessor with God.
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The aim of the article is to show the language of the Polish Episcopate used in its letters and messages regarding the COVID-19 pandemic from its beginning until August 2021. The research problem was to inquire about the role of metaphors used. The research material consisted of documents published on the website of the Polish Bishops’ Conference. The first part of the paper describes the phenomenon of metaphorisation in relation to disease, the second presents the types of metaphors used by the bishops, the third one presents the nature of these metaphors, while the fourth one describes the role they played.
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This paper presents the Sacrament of Reconciliation as a dialogue in a specific sender-receiver relationship. The expressions included in the Rite of Penance as well as the confession of sins are shown as dialogic. It recommends paraphrasing while in a conversation with a penitent as it can help him or her celebrate the sacrament in a deeper way.
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The article proposes a look at the world of values in the statutes of political parties on two levels determined by S. Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska: communication (interaction) and performance. The former is related to the sender, recipient, intention and communication situation, the latter — is clearly verbalized, showing the most important values for the sender. The value at the interactive level in the statutes of political parties is considered to be universal good: creating an institutional unity of action for the benefit of the supra-individual. Values important for political parties that appear at the level of representation are very similar to each other and, in fact, independent of the party’s slant. The differences in the statutes concern rather small things, a slightly different formulation of similar content, or a more or less detailed treatment of various issues.
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The undertaken study analyzes the persuasiveness of the speech of Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, delivered on October 14, 2021, which concerned Poland’s presence in the structures of the European Union, in connection with the allegations of the polexit by opposition politicians. The politician’s speech noted the dominance of the persuasive strategy over the information strategy. As for the content of the speech, the politician’s communication strategy was focused around the program as well as political and ideological values. In the Prime Minister’s statement, the politician did not promote his own personnel offer. In Morawiecki’s speech, there were means of positive persuasion (with regard to the political activities of the United Right) and means of negative persuasion (with regard to the actions of the opposition).
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The subject of the article is the farewell formula present in Polish epistolography of the 17th and 18th centuries. It is an important element in the structure of a letter and a determinant of its genre. The formula has primarily a phatic and pragmatic function, that is, it extinguishes and ends the contact between the partners in an epistolary dialogue while maintaining an atmosphere of politeness. In addition, it has a delimiting function, that is it sets the boundaries of the epistolary text and ensures its coherence. The farewell formula may be a statement of the end of the epistolary dialogue e.g. with these words I conclude (tymi słowy kończę), or it may signal an indirect intention to end the dialogue — by indicating the exhaustion of the topic e.g. I have nothing more to report; I have nothing more to announce (więcej nie mam co donieść; więcej nie mam nic do oznajmienia) or the necessity to abandon contact for the sake of the addressee e.g. I do not want to bother you reading my words, I do not tell old chestnuts (nie bawię pisaniem, nie zatrudniam ramotą).
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The purpose of the sketch is to identify the sender’s point of view and to reconstruct the city profiles defined by his prism (understood from the social perspective as residents, events they participate in, everyday experiences, way of thinking and experiencing the world) revealed in Maria Kietlińska’s 19th-century diary, Memoirs. The analysis revealed a clear point of view — it is the view of an aristocrat who wrote in a mature age, whose youth fell during the time of national captivity, and whose memoirs are written during the difficult post-war situation. Such optics allowed to distinguish three profiles of old Krakow: sentimental, for which the most important thing is the dissonance between the brilliant past and the disappointing present, national, in which patriotism plays an important role, and the salon one, showing family ties and customs of the nineteenth-century elite.
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