Petr Brod, Czech Republic

Author(s): Petr Brod / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This conference is subtitled “The View of Historians and Legal Experts”. I myself am neither a professional historian nor an expert on the law. Rather, I speak from personal experience as somebody who comes from a family that suffered in various ways under both totalitarian systems, and as somebody who lived in exile and in his own way took part in activities aimed against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia – in my case, at foreign radio stations. There are in essence two strands to what I would like to speak about. I will partly attempt to answer certain questions which come under this panel’s heading. And I would also like to consider certain aspects of these issues from the Jewish perspective. That is because we find in the histories of both the 20th century’s totalitarian regimes tragic and interesting links to Jewish history. Some have already been discussed, and I have my own perspective on them.

Životopis Pave Anđelića

Author(s): Tomislav Anđelić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Pavo Anđelić rođen je u Sultićima 1920. godine u pitoresknom selu u području Neretvice (Klis), općina Konjic. Osnovno obrazovanje stekao je u Seonici u Neretvici, gdje je još 1907. godine sagrađena osnovna škola. Nakon završetka škole u Seonici roditelji ga šalju u Visoko, gdje završava klasičnu franjevačku gimnaziju i gdje stječe solidnu klasičnu naobrazbu. Nastavak školovanja uslijedio je na Franjevačkoj teologiji u Sarajevu. Suviše nježna zdravlja, napušta studij u Sarajevu. Ubrzo izbija II. svjetski rat, a Pavo odlazi u Zagreb, gdje u vihoru rata služi vojni rok, te studira pravo. Položivši veliki broj ispita, vraća se u rodne Sultiće, u Konjic. U ranom poraću završava pravo i postaje sudac kotarskog suda u Konjicu. Na mjestu suca ostaje 6-7 godina. U to vrijeme počinje pražnjenje bazena za Jablaničko jezero. Trebalo je spasiti sve pokretne i nepokretne spomenike kulture. Pavo se, još od ranije zaljubljenik u kulturno-povijesnu baštinu, s kustosima Zemaljskog muzeja uključuje u arheološka istraživanja, rekognosciranja i zbrinjavanja arheoloških lokaliteta i pokretnih spomenika kulture. Sve više radi kao arheolog, sve manje kao sudac.

Heraldički problem vladarskog i državnog grba Bosne prema koncepciji Pave Anđelića

Author(s): Emir O. Filipović / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Since the correct interpretation of heraldry can result in knowledge about precisely defined political programmes and personal aspirations of Bosnian rulers in the Middle ages, the main aim of this paper is to present an outline of history of the medieval Bosnian coat of arms through the works of Pavao Anđelić, who is the first historian from Bosnia and Herzegovina to have systematically researched medieval Bosnian heraldry. His contribution to our knowledge of this subject is immense because he dealt with a large number of different heraldic problems, of which his work on the coat of arms of the Bosnian state and its monarch is certainly the most important one. The main issue of Bosnian heraldry is based on the fact that Bosnian kings used two different coats of arms during the same period of time. It is thought that one of these symbols represents the Bosnian state, while the other one could represent the king. If this assumption were to be right, this specific case of the Bosnian coat of arms would be documented as a rare occurrence in European heraldry. The other problem that arises with this question is of a more historical than heraldic nature; what were the motives for the inconsistent use of one symbol for representation of the king? Through his research Pavao Anđelić was able to form a specific concept of coexistence of these different heraldic devices used by Bosnian rulers. His theory rests mainly on the idea of territorial unity of Bosnian lands which was formed during the reign of king Tvrtko I (1353-1391). According to his works, the coat of arms formed by king Ostoja (1398-1404; 1409-1418) during his second reign represents the entire Bosnian kingdom (including the Serbian lands), while the old device of king Tvrtko I continues to be used as a symbol of the Kotromanić dynasty and Bosnia proper.

Miroslav Džaja i njegova kronika

Author(s): Drago Bojić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

U ovom prilogu kako to i sam naslov pretpostavlja riječ je o životu i spisateljskoj djelatnosti fra Miroslava Džaje u prvom dijelu, i o njegovoj kronici pougarskog kraja i župe u drugom dijelu. Džajin cijeli životni vijek obilježen je raznovrsnom spisateljskom djelatnošću, prije svega onom povijesno-znanstvenom, a jedno od vrednijih ostvarenja dugog istraživačkog rada jest i pougarska kronika, kako u znanstvenom tako i u literarnom smislu.

Crkveno graditeljstvo u Bosni Srebrenoj u vrijeme austro-ugarske uprave u BiH (1878-1918)

Author(s): Fra Marko Karamatić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

In der österreich-ungarischen Zeit in Bosnien und der Herzegovina (1878-1918) wurden von den bosnischen Franziskanern ca 60 neue Kirchen und einige Klostergebäude gebaut. Die wichtigsten Pfarr- und Klosterkirchen aus dieser Zeit sind in Bugojno, Fojnica, Plehan, Kraljeva Sutjeska, Podmilačje, Zenica, Vareš… In Kreševo, Kraljeva Sutjeska und Sarajevo wurden die neuen Klöster sowie das neue Gymnasiumsgebäude in Visoko gebaut. Der kroatische Architekt Josip Vancaš hat die Entwürfe für die meisten Kirchen gemacht. Fast alle Kirchen wurden in den historischen Stilen (Gotik, Romanik, Renaissance) entworfen. Die Ausnahme ist Sankt Eliaskirche in Zenica, die die Elementen des Jugendstils charakterisieren. Das kirchliche Inventar (Altare, Skulpturen) entstand überwiegend in den tirolischen und bayerischen Werkstätten der kirchlichen Kunst. Einige dekorativen Maler – Marko Antonini, Josip Oisner, Ferdinand Bender, Anton Huber – bemalten den Innenraum in mehreren Kirchen der Provinz Bosna Srebrena!

Franjevačka bogoslovija provincije Bosne Srebrene u Gučoj Gori

Author(s): Velimir Valjan / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Uvod. Školska uloga gučogorskog samostana bila je od velikog značenja kako za Franjevačku provinciju Bosnu Srebrenu, tako i za čitavu Lašvansku dolinu, a i šire. U njemu je jedno vrijeme bilo dječačko sjemenište, tzv. probandat, te novicijat i bogoslovija. Mi ćemo se ovdje posebno osvrnuti na vrijeme trajanja bogoslovije u njemu. Do školske godine 1904/05. Franjevačka bogoslovija Bosne Srebrene nije bila objedinjena. Do tada su u pojedinim samostanima bili poneki tečajevi bogoslovije, pa tako i u Gučoj Gori. Kad je godine 1904. četvrti tečaj Franjevačke bogoslovije završio svoje naukovanje u Kraljevoj Sutjesci, a ostala dva, prvi i drugi, u Livnu (trećeg nije ni bilo), odluči Starješinstvo Provincije Bosne Srebrene da se sva tri ova tečaja okupe u Gučoj Gori i da se ondje školuju studenti Bosne Srebrene. U ovom prilogu ćemo govoriti o bogosloviji u Gučoj Gori do školske godine 1904/05, dakle prije njezina objedinjavanja (I) i o školskoj godini 1904/05, kad je ona objedinjena u Gučoj Gori (II).

Od lašvanskog do gučogorskog samostana

Author(s): Velimir Valjan / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

The monastery in Guča Gora was built from 1857 to 1859, when it was legalized to exist in full juridical sense. In the building of the monastery the bishop fra Marijan Šunjić especially was engaged. Although 2009 celebrated the 100-year anniversary of the monastery, its history is much longer and reaches back deep into the middle age history of Lašva’s monastery and Lašna-Travnik parish. The goal of the article From the Lašva to the Guča Gora Monastery is to shed more light upon its stormy history. The article is composed of two parts. In the first part the monastery in Lašva and Lašva-Travnik parish are presented according to the reports of the provincials and apostolic vicars in Bosnia and concludes with the moving of the parish residence to Guča Gora. In the second part the division of Lašva parish, Guča Gora as curacy office of the parish Dolac, the parish Guča Gora as an independent parish, and finally the erection of the church and the monastery and their legalization are described.

Tradicijski nakit Hrvata Lašvanske doline iz 19. i početka 20. stoljeća

Author(s): Zvonko Martić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Traditionalistic ornaments made by Croats who lived along river Lašva in the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century are to be divided according residence: rural or urban ornaments worn by men and women; but also according to body parts when single ornament objects were worn. People didn’t use the word “nakit”, but gizdanje (decoration) – the present participle of the verb meaning the act of decorating or adorning something, Special ornaments of silver for the chest were called stamp (kov); there were three types and had not only an aesthetic purpose, but also served as boxes for blessed objects. Ornamental objects as craft art products have an immanent meaning in communication with family and a wider social community, like lending ornaments to poor girls, but some ornaments functioned as signs of betrothal. An Ornament is also the discrete right of women to free disposal. Generally common people give more importance to dress than to ornaments.

The diplomat Milan Rastislav Štefánik

Author(s): Miroslav Musil / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Milan Rastislav Štefánik has become a “classic” for many. It seems that there has been so much written and said about him that it is hard to add anything new. Nevertheless, many authors and academics have fallen to the bias of their predecessors and inadequately attributed the successes of the founding of Czecho–Slovakia to the other two leading figures at the expense of Štefánik. Too often they have used phrases such as “He opened the doors to the world leading politicians at the time for Masaryk and Beneš,” or even worse “What Masaryk thought of, Beneš said and Štefánik did” – creating an image depicting Štefánik as a good and obedient soldier. Where was then Štefánik’s brilliant ability to conceive ideas, improvise, lead and persuade skeptics lost?

Diplomat Milan Rastislav Štefánik

Author(s): Miroslav Musil / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Milan Rastislav Štefánik has become a “classic” for many. It seems that there has been so much written and said about him that it is hard to add anything new. Nevertheless, many authors and academics have fallen to the bias of their predecessors and inadequately attributed the successes of the founding of Czecho–Slovakia to the other two leading figures at the expense of Štefánik. Too often they have used phrases such as “He opened the doors to the world leading politicians at the time for Masaryk and Beneš,” or even worse “What Masaryk thought of, Beneš said and Štefánik did” – creating an image depicting Štefánik as a good and obedient soldier. Where was then Štefánik’s brilliant ability to conceive ideas, improvise, lead and persuade skeptics lost?

Stalni arbitražni sud

Author(s): Vladimir Čolović / Language(s): Serbian Publication Year: 0

The Permanent Court of Arbitration was established by the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, concluded at The Hague in 1899 during the first Hague Peace Conference. The 1899 Convention was revised in 1907 at the second Hague Peace Conference. This Convention from 1907 has the same name as the 1899 Convention. The most concrete achievement of the 1899 Conference was the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration – the first global mechanism for the settlement of disputes between states. But, today the Permanent Court of Arbitration provides the services for the resolution of disputes involving various combinations of states, states entities, international and intergovernmental organizations and private parties. Also, the Permanent Court of Arbitration has many commercial and investment disputes. Also, this Court provides the services for the resolution of disputes in the topic of the enviroment. The Permanent Court of Arbitration applies the Optional Rules of Procedure and UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. We can say, that the Permanent Court of Arbitration applies basic rules of the arbitatration. The Permanent Court of Arbitration has a three part organizational structure consisting of an Administrative Council, a panel of independent potential arbitrators (Members of the Court) and its Secretariat known as International Bureau, headed by the Secretary General. Members of the Court are potential arbitrators appointed by member states. Each member state is entitled to nominate up to four persons. Members of the Court are appointed for a term of six years, and their appointments can be renewed. Up to now, the Permanent Court of Arbitration has about 50 disputes. The Republic of Serbia is the member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

The expulsions and resettlements of people in the German-occupied territories of Poland (1939 – 1945)

Author(s): Maria Rutowska / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Germans as perpetrators and victims

Author(s): Zbigniew Mazur / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Vzostupy a pády Floriána Tománka

Author(s): Maroš Hertel / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Životná púť Floriána Tománka, katolíckeho kňaza a politika Slovenskej ľudovej strany (SĽS) obsiahla najzložitejšie obdobie moderných dejín Slovenska prvej polovice 20. Storočia – od rozpadu Rakúsko-Uhorska cez medzivojnové Československo, Slovenský štát až po komunistický prevrat vo februári 1948. Tománek patril k tomu typu politikov, ktorý už svojím prirodzeným zjavom a vystupovaním zaujal široké publikum poslucháčov, resp. spoločnosti ako takej. Súdobé pramene ho označovali za veľkého fešáka, so zápalom pre vec, ktorý si svojím emotívnym prejavom dokázal získať priazeň verejnosti a presvedčiť široké vrstvy pospolitého ľudu o správnosti svojho boja za jeho práva.

Jozef Rudinský a denník Slovenský hlas v rokoch 1938 – 1939

Author(s): Róbert Letz / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Osobnosť Jozefa Rudinského (30. júl 1891 Turzovka – 13. marec 1972 Dorfen, Nemecko) je pomerne málo známa a azda najviac sa spomína v súvislosti s cestou Andreja Hlinku na mierovú konferenciu do Paríža v roku 1919. Pritom tento rímskokatolícky kňaz bol aktívne prítomný v slovenskom spoločenskom a politickom živote prakticky až do 60. rokov 20. storočia. Hral úlohu „sivej eminencie“. Prívrženec A. Hlinku, intimus M. Hodžu, od roku 1939 exulant v Palestíne, Veľkej Británii, Kanade, USA a napokon v Nemeckej spolkovej republike. Na tomto mieste sa sústredím na vrchol Rudinského životnej dráhy, ktorým bolo založenie a vedenie prvého nadstraníckeho denníka Slovenský hlas v roku 1938. Tento denník možno právnom pokladať za dobový vrchol slovenskej žurnalistiky.

Sovětofil, nebo sovětský agent? K úloze Zdeňka Fierlingera v zahraničním odboji za druhé světové války

Author(s): Jan Němeček / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Osoba československého (čs.) politika a diplomata Zdeňka Fierlingera vzbuzovala, vzbuzuje a bude vzbuzovat celou řadu otázek, spojených zejména s jeho kontroverzním vystupováním v roli čs. (vel)vyslance v Sovětském svazu za druhé světové války. Je s podivem, že ač jeho úloha v posilování sovětského vlivu na Československo je zcela nepopiratelná, až doposud nevznikla na toto téma žádná větší práce, ba neexistuje ani žádná jeho biografie.

Pozemková reforma v politike dominantných politických strán na Slovensku v období 1.ČSR (s ťažiskom v 20. rokoch)

Author(s): Pavol Martuliak / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

In the First Czechoslovak Republic, Slovakia remained its backward agrarian part because of its less developed economic structure. The Slovak agriculture suffered from unequal distribution of land, which caused the “hunger for land” among the poorest farmers – a majority of the Slovak population. The land reform, expected to solve this problem, was carried out according to laws issued by the Parliament, usually in agreement with the Agrarian Party’s policy. The study briefly outlines the development and results of the reform. It also shows the relations and political attitudes of Hlinka's Slovak People's Party and the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia to the land reform and its accomplishment in Slovakia. The focus is on the 1920s.

Ilegálna KSS vo vzťahu k HSĽS, HG a HM v rokoch 1939-1943

Author(s): Karol Fremal / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

During World War II, Hlinka´s Slovak People's Party (HSPP) and the Communist Party were opponents, trying to politically eliminate each other as the most powerful enemy and rival. After taking over the power in Slovakia on 6 October 1938, the first steps of HSPP were to put the Communist Party and its organizations and associations under ban. After the Slovak National Uprising broke up, the Slovak National Council, which had incorporated representatives of the Communist Party, used its first resolution issued on 1 September 1945 for getting rid of HSPP and the regime it represented. After the 1945 liberation, activities of this political party and its mass organizations were not restored. The study analyses and clarifies the relationship between these rivals in 1939-1943, i.e. in the first period of Slovak Resistance movement and in the period of relative consolidation of the Slovak state´s regime.

„Ľudácke tiene“ v Komunistickej strane Slovenska (a nad ňou) po roku 1948

Author(s): Jan Pešek / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Two “shadows of Hlinka´s Slovak People´s Party” seem to have harassed the Communist Party of Slovakia (CPS) after the turnover in February 1948, when it became the governing party. They both emerged from the country´s recent history – the period of the Slovak Republic in 1939-1945 and, to a certain extent, the course of events in 1945-1948. The first “shadow” standing over the Party was the so-called “Bourgeois Nationalism”. Its manifestations began to be compared to the “spirit of Hlinka´s Party“ (“spirit of Ľudáctvo”) to such an extent that these two were taken for identical phenomena. The second shadow gathered directly inside the CPS from those members who had behind them the “past” as members of Hlinka´s Slovak People´s Party, the Hlinka Guard, the Hlinka Youth or the Hlinka Guard Emergency Units. Whilst the first “shadow” was only devised to be purposefully implanted from outside into the then political situation, the second one was borne directly inside the Party ranks, and so objectively existent. Being deformed under the pressure of the permanent campaign against the “Bourgeois Nationalism and the spirit of „Ľudáctvo”, it took on a dangerous shape. Both of the “shadows” retreated only at the beginning of the 1960s (more precisely at the end of 1963) when the leaders of the regime were compelled to re-evaluate the accusations, seemingly unshakeable up to that time, and rehabilitate the so-called Slovak Bourgeois Nationalists.

Biskup Samuel Štefan Osuský ako spoluformovateľ historickej pamäti na Ľudovíta Štúra

Author(s): Peter Macho / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Samuel Štefan Osuský (1888 – 1975) pochádzal z Brezovej (pod Bradlom). Po skončení teologického štúdia pôsobil ako evanjelický kaplán a farár na viacerých miestach Slovenska, od roku 1919 bol profesorom Slovenskej evanjelickej a. v. teologickej akadémie, v rokoch 1933 – 1945 zastával post biskupa Západného dištriktu Evanjelickej cirkvi augsburského vyznania na Slovensku. Okrem teológie sa venoval socioló- gii a psychológii náboženstva, dejinám filozofie a histórii, predovšetkým dejinám evanjelickej cirkvi a evanjelikov, najmä ich úlohe v národnom a kultúrnom živote Slovákov. Jeho cirkevno-náboženská, pedagogická, vedecká, kultúrna a organizačná činnosť bola naozaj mnohostranná. Patril k zakladajúcim členom Učenej spoločnosti Šafárikovej, bol predsedom literárneho a filozofického odboru Matice slovenskej, predsedom Štúrovej evanjelickej spoločnosti, ale aj tajomníkom (a predsedom) Spolku pre zbudovanie pomníka generálovi Milanovi Rastislavovi Štefánikovi na Slovensku (rozumej: Štefánikovej mohyly na Bradle). Angažoval sa aj v ďalších spolkoch a organizáciách cirkevno-náboženské- ho, kultúrneho, vedeckého, či sociálno-charitatívneho zamerania – napr. v roku 1937, teda v čase, kedy už niekoľko rokov zastával úrad dištriktuálneho biskupa, ho za svojho riadneho člena prijala Štefánikova astronomická spoločnosť slovenská, ktorá si kládla za cieľ vybudovanie ľudovej hvezdárne v Bratislave. Ako jeden z najvýznamnejších brezovských rodákov svojej doby bol zvolený za predsedu Vlastivednej spoločnosti Tomáša Tvarožka, rovnako patril k členom rodáckeho spolku s mierne bizarným pomenovaním Cech Tatarov.