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The border between Spain and Portugal, known for centuries under the name of La Raya, appeared gradually during the Middle Ages, when the Kingdom of Portugal and other countries on the peninsula defined their sovereignty. This process developed throughout the Middle Ages up to the beginning of the Modern Times. Even today, despite several contracts, which eliminate restrictions between the two countries, discrepancies in sovereignty and legitimacy are common at some parts of the Spanish-Portugal border. After the accession of Portugal and Spain to the Schengen Agreement (25 June 1991) the situation at the border started changing.
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The author pointed his attention again on the interesting findings of 1943 in Sfântu Gheorghe, Covasna County in Rumania: a destroyed grave and the discovered inside it sword. According to the hypothesis of A. Kiss and R.R. Heitel, the grave was connected with the early penetration of Hungarians in Transylvania. The author launched a new opinion on this case, using several available data connected with this topic. First of all, most authors who investigated the region of Central Southern Carpathians agree that there are no early Magyarian necropolises (of first half of 10th century) found there. Secondary, the ritual characteristic of the 1943 grave in Sfântu Gheorghe is not typical only for the Magyars in the 9th – 10th centuries, but it is typical also a for other ethnic groups and people who lived in the region before them, among them – Avars and Proto-Bulgarians. It is interesting that until now there was no attempt to connect the 1943 Sfântu Gheorghe grave with the well documented evidence: both by historical sources and finds of material culture of Bulgarian presence in that region as well as cemeteries. They are mentioned by a numbers of authors with the term Bulgarian expansion in Transylvania the 9thand 10th centuries. The author totally agreed with the thesis that the sword in the above mentioned grave of 1943 in Sfântu Gheorgheis of Byzantine origin but this is another find which evidenced the Bulgarian invasion in this region during that period.
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Аfter occupying power in 1917, the Council of People’s Commissars has set the task to build a strong army to consolidate the achievements of the October Revolution and overcome their opponents. The article examines the initial phase of compilation of the Red Army and the actions taken to organizing and centralizing. The original image of the Guard is an undisciplined army with poor morale and low military value. The principle of voluntariness in the formation of red lines have a negative effect. The choosing of L. Trotsky for military commissioner changes the situation. By voluntarily composed of red squads, the army of the new government for a year and a half turns into a wellorganized, trained, regulated and politicized huge military machine.
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The article examines the publications in New Bulgarian History (1878–1944) on the pages of Epohijournal throughout the years. Different problems concerning that period of Bulgarian history are discussed as well as the authors working in that field of history are mentioned. The author concludes that during the first 7 years of the journal there were more articles devoted to New Bulgarian history compared to the recent years. There was a whole issue of the journal devoted to Stefan Stambolov in 1994 as it was the year when the 140th anniversary of his birth was celebrated.
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In the works of sculptor Boris Gondov the historical theme occupies an important place. He transforms vivid events and personalities of the story deeply and masterfully into a plastic direction. Our near and distant pasts excite the author and he creates memorable images such as those of Patriarch Evtimii, King Boris I, King Samuel, Kolyo Ficheto, Dimitar Blagoev and many others. Through them he discovers his attitude to a certain historical period and the personalities of history. Boris Gondov always looks for the original compositional and plastic solution and transforms his images in the light of their role and appreciation of their work in history.
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The personality of the Orthodox priest Pompiliu Piso (1886–1944) is less known in specialized literature. A native from Hunedoara county, he began his ecclesiastical career in the village of Cărpiniș near Abrud. As the parish priest of this village, he participated as a delegate with credentials at the Great Union from December 1st, 1918. In the interwar period, Pompiliu Piso became protopope of Zarand. In parallel, he also got involved in political life, oscillating between the People’s Party and the National Liberal Party. The distinguished cleric was a member of the Romanian Parliament, both as a deputy and as a senator. The most important dignity he held was that of vice-president of the Chamber of Deputies. He retired from the office of protopope for an economic career, within the “Mica” Society specialized in gold mining.
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Linie napięć. Marzec 1923: granice II RP. W marcu 1923 – dwa lata po traktacie ryskim – Konferencja Ambasadorów ogłosiła ostateczny kształt wschodniej granicy Rzeczpospolitej. Jej decyzja miała kluczowe znaczenie dla Polaków, Ukraińców i Litwinów.
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Uwięziony w łagrze Władimir Czernawin opracowuje szczegółowy plan, jak wraz z żoną i synem uciec ze Związku Sowieckiego
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Zamknięci w krakowskim getcie Żydzi dowiadują się, że planowane jest ich przeniesienie
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Popularny litewski pisarz, należący do partii, relacjonuje w dzienniku swój ambiwalentny stosunek do prowadzonej przez nią polityki
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Jan Józef Lipski porzuca bezpieczny azyl w Londynie, by stanąć przed peerelowskim sądem obok współoskarżonych z KOR-u
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Wnuk stalinowskiego czekisty rusza ze Stanów Zjednoczonych do Rosji i Ukrainy, by skonfrontować się z ojcem i dziadkiem
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This paper examines interpretations of Trianon in the Slovak historiography. The dissolution of Austria-Hungary is a sensitive topic in both Hungarian and Slovak historiography. On both sides, the historiographies of Trianon have developed along different conceptual and interpretative frameworks. Slovak historians mainly trace the entire post-war sequence of events back to the formation of Czechoslovakia in October 1918. In their treatment of the period prior to the creation of the new state, they primarily emphasize the shortcomings of nationality policy in Hungary and the ‘topos of oppression.’ These points were present in the Slovak historiography not only between the two world wars, but also after the democratic changes of 1989. Assessments of the disintegration of the historical Hungarian state and the creation of the Czechoslovak nation-state in the Slovak ‘sphere’ are strongly influenced by the political and ideological orientation at the time. The study places particular emphasis on the period following the 1989 regime change. It also reveals that in recent research, Slovak historians have moved away from one-sided views of political history in favour of a socio-historical, cultural and memory policy context, which sheds significant light on the roots of national frustrations in Slovak historiography.
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This study does not intend to change the perspective on the publication it refers to, namely Marx’s Notes about Romanians, published by the Romanian Academy Publishing-House, in which the famous author – quoting a 19th century French source – records the abuses suffered by the Romanian located within the extra-Carpathian principalities (due to the Tsarist interventionism), as well as in Transylvania (under the pressure of the Hungarian nobility). The publishing of these notes during strained times between the Romanian Labor Party and the other parties in the communist block-generated by the more and more apparent orientation of Romanian leaders towards a national politics – was seen, especially by the Soviet and Hungarian communists, as a gesture of defiance of the “friendly countries” and even of revisionism. Consequently, the diplomatic resonances became apparent. The Soviet and the Hungarian responses are the most renown, and both are worthy of the consideration that this study will give it.
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The aim of this article is to present little known memories of a Serbian officer Dragan Mihajlo Sotirovič of the 1943-1945 Lviv guerilla war. The presented account, written presumably at the order of the authorities of the Polish 2nd Corps in the West, does not bear a date. We may speculate, though, that it was created soon after the first one, dated 27 April 1946, already known in historiography. Some fragments here are identical with certain motifs of the first account. It seems that in terms of the subject matter it is rather factually reliable, as it finds confirmation also in other sources.
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Review of: Ko mums šiandien trūksta? Povilo Višinskio publicistika; sudarė, įvadinį straipsnį ir komentarus parašė Dalia Jakaitė Šiauliai: Šiaulių apskrities Povilo Višinskio viešoji biblioteka, 2020, 414 p. ISBN 978-609-8237-08-5
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Majer Bałaban (1877-1942) was a leading researcher of the history of Polish Jews in the interwar period and the author of numerous bibliographical compilations on the history, culture and life of the Jewish community in Poland. In 1903 he published a literature review of the history of Jews in Poland (1899-1903) in Kwartalnik Historyczny. This is how M. Bałaban's public bibliographic activity began, the ultimate achievement of which was the “Bibliography of the History of Jews in Poland and Neighboring Countries 1900-1930”. Its first issue was published in 1939. The work was created with the participation of students from the University of Warsaw who attended Bałaban's seminar. The bibliography recorded the entire literature on the history of Jews in Poland and Polish Jews abroad -in neighboring states and other European and overseas countries. Territorially, it covers the historical borders of the Polish state. In terms of chronological range, the bibliography includes publications relating to the history of Polish Jews from the earliest times to 1930, published in the years 1900-1930. The bibliography registered works in Polish and foreign languages (German, English, French, Russian, Hebrew) regardless of where they were published. In terms of the description, each entry is usually just registered, although it is often supplemented with comments about the content of the works. The entire bibliography was to have a systematic layout, consisting of 25 main sections and a number of subsections. It was designed to be provided with an index of people and geographical names. The outbreak of World War II arrested the publication of subsequent issues. However, even before the publication of the first volume, the reaction of the Jewish scientific community to Bałaban’s work was enthusiastic. The fundamental importance of the Bibliography for the historiography of the Polish Jewish society is evidenced by the fact that the first issue was published in the form of a reprint in Jerusalem in 1978 by World Federation of Polish Jews.
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