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The personality of the composer Sofia Gubaidulina represents a model of creative force, being an active presence from the second half of the XXth century until today. Her compositional style is tributary to a so-called moderate avant-garde, in which innovative language techniques are intertwined with certain elements belonging to the legacy left by the great composers of music history. The interest in spirituality and religion is demonstrated through a compositional concept called Christian symbolism, applied in many works. Of these, Sieben Worte for cello, bayan and strings is a special one by the versatility of the use of Christian symbols, differentiated in certain distinct typologies, which place this piece among the most unique concert creations of the '80s.
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The royal family of Romania participated in the inauguration of the National Exhibition in 1906. The two sovereigns visited for several days the pavilions of the exhibition organized on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the reign of King Carol 1. Romanians from all over contributed to this celebration, the historical provinces, as part of a single nation, then separated from the vicissitudes of history. The presence of the most representative exhibits at the exhibition in Bucharest also demonstrated the idea of unity, anticipating the Great Union of 1918.
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Avtorici v članku proučujeta ukrajinski art nouveau v okviru njegovega vseevropskega razvoja v arhitekturi poznega 19. in zgodnjega 20. stoletja. Z navedenim slogom so posamezni narodi izražali identiteto. Avtorici sta postavili hipotezo, da razvoj tega sloga v arhitekturi Poltave na začetku 20. stoletja izraža identiteto mesta in narodno identiteto prebivalcev ter ponazarja način izražanja narodne zavesti z arhitekturo. Opredelili sta in ponazorili posebnosti tega sloga kot izraza narodnih prvin v arhitekturi Poltave na začetku 20. stoletja. Njuna raziskava je temeljila na metodah kulturološkega pristopa v okviru splošnega kulturnega razvoja mesta. Avtorici sta predstavili tudi splošne značilnosti razvoja arhitekturnega sloga v Poltavi na začetku 20. stoletja in položaj ukrajinskega art nouveauja v polistilizmu proučevanega obdobja. Na koncu sta analizirali vpliv ukrajinskega art nouveauja zgodnjega 20. stoletja na nadaljnji razvoj arhitekture v Poltavi.
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The Republic, which was founded with difficulties, showed great progress under the leadership of Atatürk and reached an important point after 10 years. A special effort has been made to make the celebrations of this important day for the state and the nation more magnificent than the previous ones. Committees were established from the center to the governorships and villages, and a coordinated celebration program was prepared by sending instructions to the relevant places. Thus, this important holiday was celebrated in a planned and glorious manner. The 10th anniversary of the Republic was celebrated with great enthusiasm in Adapazarı, one of the leading cities of Anatolia, which entered the Republican period from the time of the Ottoman Empire with a significant accumulation. The people coming from the villages and many parts of the city properly celebrated this important day in the Government Street and Cumhuriyet Square in the center of Adapazarı. In this study, Adapazarı application of the 10th anniversary celebrations of the Republic was discussed and the social reaction experienced in the city was tried to be conveyed.
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The atmosphere of freedom, which started with the re-declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy in July 1908, brought along a new aspect of the political climate. The emergence of new societies and sects and the publication of new newspapers were a clear indication of it. As a result, the political environment revived incomparably with the previous period. This paved the way for the establishment of political sects and societies with different understandings. However, the political rivalry between the Committee of Union and Progress, which played an important role in the restoration of the Constitutional Monarchy and claimed power, and these sects and societies quickly turned into polarization during this process. Increasingly excessive politicization, also fueled by the press, led to the 31 March Incident with the combination of various factors. The country suddenly faced the problem of regime and survival. In such an environment, sects and societies formed a committee aimed at political reconciliation under the name "Heyet-i Müttefika-i Osmaniye", with the support of the press, in order to protect the Constitutional Monarchy and restore the security of the country. In this study, the establishment process of the "Heyet-i Müttefika-i Osmaniye", its goals, actions and how this process resulted were explained. In the study, newspapers, memoirs, and research works that witnessed the period were used.
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Csíkmadaras is in the southern part of the microregion called Felcsík. The latter has always been a preferred area for ethnomusicologists, beginning with Béla Bartók. After I started collecting folk songs in the area in 1993, I set out to make a monograph of vocal songs of Csíkmadaras village. Between 1999 and 2011 I spent 18 days on the field, recording more than 12 and a half hours of vocal folk music. The collection contains 441 distinct melodies, along with variants and those repeated several times, a total of 644 tunes. What surprised me during the processing of the material was the great number of songs from the old strata. Along with the new-style melodies they represent almost 2/5 of the total collection. In comparison, the relatively small number of less valuable songs was below previous expectations. From the result of the collection, it appears that, at the beginning of the XXI century, in Csíkmadaras there is still very valuable folklore material.
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The object of this article is to show the reasons for the emergence and the basic assumptions of the new dimension of Marxism (referred to as the cultural Marxism or neo-Marxism). Despite its certain transformation, the essence of the ideology remains unchanged, namely its pursuit to establish a materialistic and totalitarian dictatorship. The world today appears to be dominated by communism, in one form or another. It is thought-provoking that the theses, which are in fact Marxist, are seen today as having no connection with Marxism. Likewise, the international community undertakes extensive cooperation with China (the People’s Republic of China). Since communism moves towards the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship, and the modern world is dominated by communism, are we heading towards a servile future?
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The series of terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 in the USA, the largest in the history of the world, was carried out by 19 people. Among them were 15 Saudis, two UAE nationals, a Lebanese and an Egyptian. Three of the four formed the Hamburg cell, which was the backbone of the entire plot. It was led by the Egyptian Muhammad Atta el-Sayed. He flew Boeing 767 aircraft American Airlines Flight 11, which first struck the North Tower of the WTC. Marwan al-Shehhi was the pilot of Boeing 767 aircraft United Airlines Flight 175, which crashed into the South Tower of the WTC. Hani Hanjour sat at the controls of the Boeing 757 aircraft American Airlines flight 77. It was the third machine to target the Pentagon. The pilot of the fourth plane - Boeing 757 aircraft United Airlines Flight 93 - Ziad Jarrah failed to reach his destination, possibly the Capitol, because the passengers decided to take over the control of the plane from the terrorists. The machine crashed in Pennsylvania. In the events of 9/11, a total of 2,996 people were killed, including 19 terrorists, and 6,291 were injured . Six Poles were among the fatalities. 343 firefighters died in the rescue operation.The attacks caused enormous material losses. Particularly high costs were incurred by insurance and reinsurance companies, airlines and aircraft manufacturers, as well as the tourism industry. The huge losses related to the destruction of the New York City World Trade Center and the disruption of the financial system had to be covered by insurance companies involved in the operations on the American market.The terrorist attack on the USA was the impetus for the largest reform of the American secret services since 1947. Washington made a decision regarding the need to create a system that would effectively counteract terrorist threats and effectively warn in the event of their occurrence. This was related to the strengthening of structures with operational and reconnaissance powers, increasing the scope of their tasks and improving their ability to coordinate. Most of the legal regulations were expressed in the document commonly known as the USA Patriot Act of 26 October 2001. The most critical, however, were the international repercussions. By the attacks on the WTC and the Pentagon, al-Qaeda influenced world politics by prompting Washington to declare a “war on terror”. Within its framework, American forces, supporting the so-called Northern Alliance led to the collapse of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, and then entered Iraq, which in the long run turned out to be one of the most spectacular and deadly strategic mistakes in the history of the military.At the same time the September 11 attacks sparked many conspiracy theories. Their propagation in the media, in documentaries, as well as in articles, contributed to undermining trust in the American government. An organization called Architects and Engineers for 9/11 Truth which boasts 3.3 thousand architects and engineers from all over the United States, is still very active in researching the case of 7 WTC. Its mission is to establish the truth that the twin towers did not collapse due to the impact of terrorist-piloted planes, as well as the destruction of WTC 7 was not a result of the detachment of a fragment of the second plane. In the opinion of members of this organisation, the damage caused by the planes was far from sufficient to lead to such a catastrophe. They believe someone must have planted explosives.
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With reference to the unpublished archival materials, the published sources and relevant literature, the article gives a general outline of the relations between two neighboring Balkan states during the Second World War. The first part of the text gives a general overview of how Yugoslavia and Bulgaria found themselves on opposite sides. Then, in the second part, attention is dedicated to the Bulgarian military and civilian apparatus in the annexed and occupied area and to the war crimes against the civilians. In the specific circumstances of the Second World War in the Balkans, the influence of the great powers was decisive, so third segment of the work analyzes their very complex relations towards institutions, groups and individuals from Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. The last part of the article shows the rapprochement of the two countries and the establishment of the diplomatic relations on the end of the Second World War.
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Djordje Karadjordjević, the eldest son of King Peter I, was remembered as a brave and honest person, who didn’t agree to compromises. In public opinion, this impression often overshadowed the fact that his inappropriate behavior caused numerous incidents. Because of them, he renounced his right to inherit the throne in 1909, and was isolated and under medical supervision from 1925 until the beginning of the Second World War. During the Second World War, the German occupation authorities allowed Prince Djordje to live in Belgrade under certain conditions. He was under surveillance by the police and intelligence services, but despite this, he maintained contacts with representatives of the resistance movements. Both among the population and among the representatives of the resistance movements, there was an expectation that he would support and participate in the fight against the occupiers. In this sense, numerous rumors appeared in the public, and some of them were consciously created. Prince Djordje refused the offers of the occupation and collaborationist authorities to engage in their favor. Through his secretary Milorad Panić Surep, he provided financial assistance to the communist organization and tried to join the People’s Liberation Movement, but these efforts were not realized. After liberation, the authorities treated him with respect, but he was marginalized and his support and assistance to the People’s Liberation Movement remained unknown to the public. His fate was used for the propaganda of anti-dynastic views, primarily through the promotion of his memories, which only reached the beginning of the Second World War and portrayed King Aleksandar Karadjordjević in a negative light. Although seen as brave and determined person like his ancestor Karadjordje, Prince Djordje was also seen as a tragic figure, as a new Hamlet, whose fate, despite his personal courage, was embodied in the tragedy and suffering caused by his closest environment.
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The paper focuses on different expressions of the subculture of illegal construction under socialism in the area of Ljubljana and its rural surroundings. Through this example, it tries to show the discrepancy between state-enforced rules, that is housing policy and people’s plans to achieve their particular interests within the socialist ideal of appropriate housing for everybody. The reasons for illegal construction were numerous, ranging from lengthy procedures and high costs for obtaining a building permit to inefficient spatial planning and insufficiency of state-built housing. However, it can also be considered as a cultural phenomenon. The authorities were aware of the multifaceted situation, both of illegal construction arising from necessity and of those arising from the pursuit of lower construction costs. They blamed the citizens for non-compliance with building regulations, but on the other hand, exercised ineffective control themselves.
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Review of: Štefan Cek, Spomini na Istro, Goriška Mohorjeva družba, Gorica 2019, 128 pp.
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The author features several tokens that were put into circulation, at the end of the 19th century, by two economic entities from two different localities, Sinaia (Prahova county) and Tarcău (Neamţ county). These two companies, The Sinaia Factories and “Tarcău” Limited Partnership Society were both owned by Emil Costinescu. He was an economist, financier, industrialist and a prominent politician of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a supporter of the need for a national industry to capitalize on the indigenous raw materials that Romania had in abundance. All the tokens were inscribed with the name Emil Costinescu, a reason enough to present them in a single paper and to bring back to attention the personality of this outstanding Romanian politician. The tokens were received by the employees as part of the remuneration due for the work performed and relieved the employer of the need to circulate large sums of cash. These currency substitutes were used by the employees of the respective companies to pay for food or other necessities purchased from the canteens that served them.
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The aim of this paper is to investigate how Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom uses her sense of humour to communicate with her people and answer why the monarch has invited Paddington Bear for tea at Buckingham Palace during her Platinum Jubilee celebrations. The analysis also tries to identify features of visual humour (incongruity and surprise) and investigate the queen’s verbal humour using the isotopy disjunction model theory. Our research also underlines how visual humour and verbal humour articulate together in a royal context in order to help the monarch convey a powerful message to the nation in an authentic and equally entertaining way.
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Highlighted even in the Bible within the famous episode of liberation of Israelites from Pharaoh’s slavery under the leadership of prophet Moses, intelligence as an action of collecting information about enemy for the purpose of creating an advantage for own side or as a way of fortifying own security has constituted a realm of ideas from immemorial time. Many scholars illustrated different examples and gave different reasons for researching the paradigm of intelligence yet the aspect less emphasized was the importance of connecting and discussing intelligence in relation with the effectiveness of diplomatic and military undertakings correlated to specific strategic cultural and geopolitical contexts. This paper discusses the importance of reshaping intelligence in accordance with the 21st century security challenges and indicates that intelligence should suffer profound transformations for the purpose of backing the settings of nations’ foreign policies according to their desired geo-strategic status. Overall, intelligence might be nowadays the silver bullet reaching the minds of soldiers, society and policymakers for a secured world.
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Followed are the life and creative path of Professor Dr. Vasil Mollov – a distinguished Bulgarian internist, parasitologist, professor and author of numerous publications. An emphasis is placed on the contribution of Prof. Mollov to the fight against malaria in Bulgaria which consists of organization of the process, preparation of the first Regulations regarding battling the malaria and formation of the first stations for combating the disease in our country. Prof. Mollov holds scientific and managerial positions, he was elected dean and rector of Sofia University. He is a member of a number of scientific societies and academies.
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By dedicating this presentation to Prof. Dr. Todor Zahariev, his main contribution to building and strengthening the authority of the then Higher Medical Institute - Plovdiv is highlighted with respect and admiration. The intensive construction initiatives and realizations for the expansion and erection of landmark buildings on the territory of the University and a mountain recreational facility for its employees are also highlighted. His creative and career development as Rector of the higher educational institution (1957-1964) is outlined. He headed and held management positions in healthcare institutions nationwide. Personal recollections during the period of renewal and the spirit of the atmosphere under his leadership are shared. Emphasis is placed on research interests and innovations gravitating in the area of social hygiene and history of medicine, the contribution to the current field of ergonomics of medical work. The logical vision of healthcare organization in the conditions of democratizing reality is present even after the end of his active professional activity. A bow to the Man, always benevolent and dedicated - the colossus Prof. Dr. T. Zahariev!
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