Configurarea unui sfânt imaginar în spațiul tradițional românesc și sud-est european: Sântoaderul

Author(s): Elena Rodica Colta / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 30/2016

Ignoré aujourd’hui par des uns, oublié par des autres, le Saint Toader a été, à l’origine, une présence quasi-générale sur le territoire de la Roumanie, mais aussi sur les territoires voisins de l’espace balkanique. Stimulateur des énergies vitales, le cavalier nocturne a engendré plusieurs hypothèses concernant son origine dans l’imaginaire collectif de la part de certains mythologues et ethnologues renommés qui ont essayé d’établir certaines filiations pour le Saint Toader (divinité archaïque, centaure, déité nommée « Le chevalier thrace »). Par la progression du temps, le Saint Toader connaît deux directions de configuration imaginaire qui vont s’entrecroiser dans la mémoire collective, mais sans se superposer jamais parfaitement. En parallèle avec son évolution rurale et sa transformation en être nocturne qui erre dans le village, d’après un certain calendrier, le dieu thrace passe, par la christianisation, dans une hypostase de saint militaire, en devenant le Grand Martyr Toader et étant associé au Saint Gheorghe et Saint Dimitrie, dans la mentalité populaire. Cette « christianisation » du dieu thrace est en relation directe avec la spiritualisation de la guerre. Inscrit, par la suite, dans le calendrier orthodoxe le jour du 17 février, on le trouve représenté monté sur son cheval dans l’iconographie, tout comme les autres saints militaires. L’autre « saint » a dans le calendrier une entière semaine d’interdictions qui culmine avec le samedi du saint Toader, c’est-à-dire le premier samedi du carême de Pâques, le jour où on apporte du gâteau de blé à l’église. Sauf que ce blé cuit et adouci nous renvoie vers Toader Tiron, auquel l’église attribue l’invention du gâteau de blé (confirmé par la merveille accomplie par celui-ci après sa mort). Mais le but et la présence de Saint Toader dans l’imaginaire populaire ne s’arrêtent pas ici. Les apparitions de ce saint nocturne et de ses chevaux, rigoureusement inventoriées par la mémoire collective des villages, sous forme d’expériences vécues, configurent une géographie mythique régionale, sud-est européenne qui couvre toutes les provinces roumaines (Bucovina, Moldova, Dobrogea, Muntenia, Oltenia, Banat, Arad) et, par extension, également, les villages des roumains d’Hongrie, Serbia et Timoc, mais aussi les villages bulgares et serbes où le Saint Toader devient Todorov ou Sveti Todor et les Saints Toader, Todoroti. En liaison directe avec pouvoirs magiques du saint dans l’entier espace qu’il domine, on identifie plusieurs types d’activités : compétitions de chevaux, le coupage et le lavage des cheveux, des pratiques prénuptiales (qui cachent une sexualité prêt à exploser au début du printemps) et des pratiques funéraires. Les actions sont doublées d’un précieux corpus de textes narratives (des narrations, des histoires) qui thésaurise l’imaginaire d’un monde archaïque avec une mentalité mythique-magique, aujourd’hui, en cours de disparition.

Структура и източници на Бешеновската хроника

Author(s): Elia Marinova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

The article presents the content of Historia Parochiae Oppidi Óbessenyő, the parish history of the Bulgarian settlement in Banat, Old Beshenov. The manuscript is still unpublished although being of great value for the reconstruction of the fate of the Bulgarian Catholics after the defeat of the Chiprovtsi revolt in 1688. The parish of Old Beshenov was founded in 1738 by a large group of Bulgarians (Pavlikyani) from Donau Bulgaria who left their home for Austrian Vlachia, and consequently, resumed their journey to Banat after the unsuccessful wars of Austria with the Turkish Empire in 1737-1738. Far from being just local records of the hard life of the colonists, texts like the Old Beshenov chronicle always began with the foundation of the First Bulgarian State as a distant event which eventually led to the establishment of their community. A distinctive feature of these Latin writings, composed on the territory of the Habsburg monarchy, was that they were strongly affected by the contemporary Hungarian and Austrian historiography, a fact which reflected upon their interpretation of some crucial points in the Balkan history, sometimes in a strong divergence with the later vernacular tradition. Our intention is to show the tripartite structure of the Old Beshenov history and to offer some conclusions about the date and the authorship of the manuscript.

Кирилометодиевистиката в БАН – 100 години между науката и политиката

Author(s): Slavia Barlieva,Desislava Naydenova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 25/2016

The Article illustrates the process of embedding Cyrillo-Methodian studies within the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences from 1914 onwards. Then it was founded the Kliment committee called to organise the celebration of the thousand anniversary of the Assumption of St. Kliment of Ohrid. Its activities, inspired by patriotic motives of creating national identity becomes a productive structure that paves the philological work of Bulgarian medieval studies for a century. There are two different prospects for evaluating the commission’s activity. One should confess, that this learned body was a nice decoration on Bulgarian national goals and strategies. However, it was also a real research structure which has defined the development of Bulgarian palaeoslavstics a century onward. The patres of Bulgarian Slavistics Alexander Teodorov-Balan, Yordan Ivanov, Benjo Conev, Vasil Zlatarski have led down its main tasks: an edition of the main Cyrillo-Methodian sources, including text and modern Bulgarian Translation; a critical edition of St. Kliment‘s works; publishing a book on St. Kliment‘s Life and activity. Some of this tasks are fulfilled only in our times, others are still pending. A direct result of creating the commission was the first Bulgarian research missions abroad: for the purposes of preparing a scientific archive the palaeographer Vladimir Sis visited Mount Athos, Vasil Zlatarski and Yordan Ivanov were sent to Croatia, Rumania, Frushka Gora and Russia. They work comradely supported by their well-known colleagues Sresnevski, Tunicki, Florovsky. Generally speaking, the missions brought good results – more than 1000 copies of manuscripts and manuscript fragments, needed for the envisaged edition, constructing the base of the future Cyrillo-Methodian scientific archive , now in the digital repository of the Cyrillo-Methodian Research Centre (Cyrillo-Methodiana Digital). After the activity of the Kliment‘s Commission was officially completed in 1916, but its members‘ research was not ceased at all. This resulted in creating the next Cyrillo-Methodian institution affiliated at BAS and funded by it – the Commission for editing the Cyrillo-Methodian sources. It was created with a resolution of the Congress of Byzantine Studies in 1934 and successfully worked until 1944 when it was cancelled because of discrepancy with the soviet idea of the leading role of the Russian literacy in the Slavic medieval world. The commission was revitalised in 1971 and in 1980 was established the Cyrillo-Methodian Research Centre at BAS. Although rated as one of the only two humanities units of the Academy with excellent, internationally recognised research performance (2009), the Centre was suspended by the General Assembly of the Academy (on demand of the Humanities representatives). A month later it was recovered by the same authority because of many negative reactions by Bulgarian and foreign Slavistics institutions and by the Bulgarian Parliament.

KADA NAUKA SAVLADA IDEOLOGIJU

Author(s): Milivoj Bešlin / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1/2018

Živko Andrijašević, Crnogorska ideologija 1860–1918. Državna ideologija Crne Gore u vrijeme vladavine Nikole I Petrovića Njegoša, Cetinje, 2017.)

Okrugli sto posvećen prof. dr Branislavu Batu Kovačeviću

Author(s): Marijan Premović / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1/2018

Okrugli sto posvećen prof. dr Branislavu Batu Kovačeviću

Wprowadzenie

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

Tożsamość narodowa, tożsamość etniczna, identyfikacja narodowa jednostki – rozważania metodologiczne na przykładzie środowisk polonijnych

Author(s): Anna Popielarczyk-Pałęga / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

Migration flows force their participants to intentionally define themselves as members of a society with a particular national identity. Before these issues can be investigated, it is crucial to clarify the difference between an ethnic group and a national group. This is not as easy a task as it might seem. The authors of this paper have carried out a theoretical analysis of key terms defining changes within a population brought about by migration processes. The study will focus on terms which are crucial for this process – assimilation, acculturation and adaptation. For the purposes of this publication, the authors define these terms as reflecting the natural processes which inevitably, though with various pace and intensity, take place in immigrant communities, including Polish expat communities across the world.

O Polonii francuskiej na łamach „Głosu Katolickiego”

Author(s): Damian Zakrzewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The article “Life of Polish community in France in «Głos Katolicki»” briefly shows how the oldest Polish emigration newspaper in Western Europe presented the life of a Polish community in France. It is analyzed in various perspectives. In particular the article describes the life of Polish organizationsin France, integration of Poles with the French society, preservation of Polish national identity andrecommendations for its readers.

Problematyka Polaków mieszkających w krajach byłego ZSRR w zbiorach i projektach Centrum Badań nad Polonią i Polakami na Świecie Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego

Author(s): Jolanta Ślęzak-Gotkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The article is published for information and it is a guide book about the resources the University of Rzeszów Research Centre on Polish Diaspora and Poles in the World. It should be useful for researchers interested in Polish diaspora issues in post-Soviet countries. The aim of the article is the presentation of archival materials connected with that issue. It is composed of two parts. The first part contains the characteristics of the University of Rzeszów archival materials. The second part presents projects which were carried out by the Research Centre on Polish Diaspora and Poles in the World and which are related to the Polish diaspora in post-Soviet countries.

Ku odrodzeniu Polaków na terenach poradzieckich. Studium przypadku na podstawie środowiska polskiego w Berdiańsku (Ukraina)

Author(s): Andrzej Bonusiak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The purpose of this article is to analyse the situation of people of Polish descent living in post-Soviet area through the lens of a small Polish community in Berdyansk (Ukraine). The most important issues characterising Polish communities abroad (such as broad cultural, educational and organizational issues as well as external conditions of their functioning) were taken into account. The analysis of the presented facts allows us to state that the discussed environment is, on the one hand, a classic example of ethnic groups acting in relative minority isolation and, on the other hand, unique. Its general capabilities, position and opportunities seem to be significantly greater than expected. The cause of this situation is hidden in the skills and abilities of local facilitators of Polish identity.

Wpływ „Głosu znad Niemna” – organu prasowego Związku Polaków na Białorusi, na kształtowanie propolskich postaw młodzieży

Author(s): Zbigniew Tomasz Klimaszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

An important instrument of the work of the Union of Poles in Belarus is its publication “Głos znadNiemna”, currently coming out with a note „in Exile”. Above all this weekly plays a significant social role: (1) - it causes the increase of the Polish minority rights, (2) – it strengthens the sense of national identity of our compatriots. (3) – transmits unadulterated (which means true) information to Poles in Belarus, (4) – supports the development of Polish community education, (5) – has an influence on the formation of pro-Polish youth attitudes in Belarus. „Głos znad Niemna na Uchodźstwie” („A voice from the Neman River in Exile” ) deepens personaland spiritual development of its readers. Its great importance is also appreciated by the Polish authorities and for this reason Polish people financially support the publication of this weekly.

Wychodźstwo polskie a struktury duszpasterstwa polskojęzycznego

Author(s): Wojciech Necel / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

Polish-speaking Roman-Catholic pastoral care outside Poland is in most cases based on its own specific structures. Their foundations were laid by the episcopate of interwar Poland. Nowadays in Polish-speaking pastoral centers often three generations gather on the Sunday Mass. This situation puts the chaplain in specific language challenges, including the use of local language in contacts with childrenand the youth. The way of communicating the truths of faith, liturgical singing and the preservation of customs must also be adapted to such a diverse audience.

Wiara katolicka jako element tożsamości narodowej na wychodźstwie na przykładzie Polaków w Kazachstanie w latach 1936–1990

Author(s): Błażej Michalewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

In the article entitled “Catholic Faith as an Element of National Identity in Exile on the Exampleof Poles in Kazakhstan in 1936–1990”, the importance of faith and Catholic religion in the preservationof the national identity of Poles who have been deported, and subsequent generations born and broughtup abroad has been presented. The Catholic Church in its universality also contains certain elementsbrought by particular nationalities, thus contributing to the transfer of cultural and national values, aswas the case with the Polish population deported by the Soviet authorities in the 30s and 40s of thetwentieth century. The loyalty to the Catholic faith, passed on to next generations, contributed to thepreservation of national identity by the young generations of Poles. Prayers, religious books, religiousliterature, as well as nativity plays, prayed and written in Polish, often became textbooks of the nativelanguage. Special devotion to the Mother of God and related to it services were another element ofshaping Polish identity in the young generation. Especially older generations, namely grandparentsand Polish priests operating in the Soviet Union, were particularly concerned about conveying Polishidentity. It is their commitment that contributed largely to preservation of Polish identity and Catholic faith among the young generation despite ubiquitous atheization and russification.

Bez przeszłości nie ma przyszłości – wiedza o kościołach rzymskokatolickich na Zaporoskim Przyazowiu

Author(s): Olga Pavliuk,Aleksandra Gancarz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2018

The national and religious identity of Polish minority in the north-eastern Ukraine for centurieshas been shaped under the influence of different factors than in the western part of the country. Theproblem of self-identification of homo postsovieticus is strongly linked with the idea of multiculturalismand a conscious choice of ethnicity. Poles from the Zaporozhye Priazovye have lived thousandskilometres away from the Motherland in a multicultural society consisting of over 130 nationalities. Inorder to understand how the Polish minority identity from the Zaporozhye Priazovye has been shaped itis important to learn about the history of the Roman Catholic Church in that region. The article presentsthe history of the above-mentioned Polish minority via the history of the churches in Dnipro, Kamianske,and Zaporizhia. The image of a Catholic Pole in reference to the Polish minority often turns outto be ambiguous, because for a long time the development of religion in those regions was impossible.

Opieka duszpasterska nad Polakami we Francji w latach 1939–1944

Author(s): Anna Pachowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

The main aim of the article is to present and discuss various aspects of pastoral care for Polishcitizens (civil and military) in places where Poles reside in France, i.e. in Polish shelters, work, companies,hospitals during the time of the Welfare Society for Poles in France in the years 1939–1944.In the difficult period of the Second World War, the pastoral care enjoyed by the Polish immigrants inFrance was of great importance to them. The pastoral care helped to survive this difficult time, unitedher expatriates, gave them hope to change the situation. The priests working in the Polish communitysurrounded with their pastoral care all Poles who wanted and needed such a ministry, many of themwere arrested and imprisoned for this activity, and some were killed.

Rola kardynała Mariana Jaworskiego w kształtowaniu świadomości religijnej i narodowej młodego pokolenia Polaków na Ukrainie

Author(s): Maciej Zaborski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

At the request of the Order of the White Eagle chapter in recognition of merit among others for restoration of religioous life on the Eastern Borderlands, in 2017 father Marian Franciszek Cardinal Jaworski was decorated by the President of the Republic of Poland Andrzej Duda. This leader of the Roman Catholic Church was born in Lwów on 21 August 1926, he is a lecturer of philosophy and theology. He served the Church both in the Ukraine and Poland. Senior Metropolitan Archbishop of Lwów and former Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Łuck and the President of Ukrainian Episcopate is an example of a pastor of people who retain their Polish identity as Catholics residingin post-Soviet countries. He was actively involved in the regeneration of religious and patriotic lifein the Ukraine after 1991, recreating the system of parishes and setting up new institutions such as: Lwów Archdiocese Seminary in Brzuchowice and many other church structures. He supported different kinds of organizations and institutions aiming to form a new generation of Poles. In 1995–1997 he carried out the Archdiocese Synod implementing provisions of Vaticanum II. He contributed to the rebirth of women’s and men’s religious orders in the Ukraine. Moreover, he is a prominent character who serves Poles outside the current borders of Poland. Furthermore, his unquestionable pastoral impact on sustaining the national identity has to be pointed out as well. The article presents not only detailed explanation of the Cardinal’s achievements but is an attempt to pay tribute to Cardinal Jaworski and commemorate his input. In an attempt to maximize the reliability in portraying Cardinal Jaworski the author has chosen an analytical and critical research method.

Arcybiskup Józef Gawlina wobec polskiej młodzieży na emigracji

Author(s): Damian Bednarski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

The Polish post-war pastoral care of emigrants was shaped in great measure by bishop Joseph Gawlina, who on 28 January 1949 was appointed a patron of Polish emigration by the pope Pius XII. Among his important tasks there was a concern for the shape of education of Polish youth on emigration.Information about that can be found in personal notes, correspondence, addresses by archbishop Gawlina and monographs on pastoral care of the Polish community abroad. Archbishop Joseph Gawlina saw the future of the Polish community abroad in young people. Often in his letters and speeches he underlined the significance of the work with young people and their in volvement in social life. His pastoral care for young people took different forms. They included: influencing the form of educational system and school catechesis, formation of students through college chaplaincy, encouragement to involve young people in parish ministry and church youth organizations, development of the charity care and care of formation of seminarians.

Ksiądz Mikołaj Sasinowski – duszpasterz i działacz harcerski w Lotniczej Szkole Technicznej dla Małoletnich /Gimnazjum Nr 2 w Halton (1943–1946)

Author(s): Józef Łupiński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

The article presents the scouting activity of Rev. Mikołaj Sasinowski, a chaplain of the Polish Air Force in the West in Great Britain during World War II and a chaplain of the Aviation Technical School for Junior Students, Secondary School no. 2 in Halton. Rev. Sasinowski is an example of a priest actively working among young Polish students in the school in Halton in the years 1943–1946. The students of this school were orphans whose parents died during the deportation from Poland to Siberia in 1940–1941. The personalities of these young people had been distorted during their stay in Siberia. Deep inner wounds and a sense of being lost were visible. The scout team at the Halton Technical School led by Rev. Sasinowski and his organizing and directing of summer vacations in the form of summer camps demonstrate very well his profound understanding and the fruitful realization of scoutingideals among the former young exiles to Siberia, educated in Great Britain during World War II. His personal example and charm, authentic piety, zeal and sense of humor positively influenced the education of new scouts and future scouting instructors, who in the later years worked fruitfully in the structures of the Polish Scouting Association outside Poland.

Rola czasopisma „Junak” (1943-1947) w kształtowaniu postaw młodzieży szkół junackich na Bliskim Wschodzie

Author(s): Jacek Pietrzak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

During the Second World War more than 120,000 Polish war exiles came through the countriesof the Middle East. More of them were soldiers and civilians evacuated from USSR in 1942. There were more than 20,000 young people under 18 among them. Polish authorities organized various schools and educational centers. The so-called “Young Soldiers” and “Young Women Auxiliary Service” schools were established in 1942 in Palestine and Egypt for children and youth under care of the Polish Military Forces. There were elementary, secondary and trade schools among them. From March 1943 to May 1947 the headquarters of the schools and Polish YMCA published a paper “Junak”. Theauthor analyses texts published in “Junak” and main ideas and values dedicated to pupils. Links with pre-war “state education” as well as with political thinking characteristic for General Anders’ Armycircles are examined.

Stanisław Kara – sekretarz generalny Unii Kulturalnej Polaków w Brazylii

Author(s): Anna Ambrochowicz-Gajownik,Tomasz Gajownik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2018

In the spring of 1944, Stanislaw Kara, an officer of the Polish Armed Forces in the West, arrived in Brazil with the aim of assuming the position of the military attaché at the Polish Embassy in Rio deJaneiro. In 1945 after the demobilization he remained there and became actively involved in the daily activities of Poles in exile. He was instrumental in developing both social and propaganda activities, attempting, at the same time to restrict the actions initiated by the Communist regime and its representatives. Stanislaw Kara was one of the founders of the Cultural Union of Poles in Brazil, the organization which united various groups of Polish emigration. He served as the secretary general until his death in 1955.