Образите на св. Теодор Студит в България и техният балкански контекст

Author(s): Elka Bakalova,Tsvetan Vassilev / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

Saint Theodore the Studite is undoubtedly one of the most prominent representatives of Orthodox monasticism. He is known primarily as an abbot of the famous Studion monastery in Constantinople, as a monastic reformer, theologian and ardent enemy of heretical iconoclastic policies in the Byzantine Empire. The sources about him emphasize above all his adamant character, his brilliant abilities as a preacher and his willingness to champion the rights of the church, even at the price of deep personal sacrifice. As a writer he is pointed out mainly with his polemic against Iconoclasme, but he is also the author of other sermons, letters and hymns. He is credited for the creation of important works of Byzantine hymnography. We especially highlight this aspect of the work of Theodore the Studite, because it turned out to be particularly essential in the representation of the saint in monumental painting. Our task here is to present the images of St Theodore the Studite in the monuments in Bulgaria as compared to similar images (mainly unpublished) from other churches in the Balkans from the period XII–XVIII c., as we add to the presented material in the study of Doula Mouriki. We have discussed the images of the saint in the Boyana church (1259), in the church of “St Stephan” (a New metropolis) in Nessebar (1599), “St Athanasius” in Arbanassi (XVII c.) and the church “The Nativity of the Virgin” of the Rozhen monastery from 1732. We pay special attention to the texts of the scrolls held by the saint. The texts inscribed on the scrolls held by St Theodore vary. This fact indicates that the image of this saint often was associated with a particular aspect of the iconographic program in which his portrait was incorporated. According to the findings of Doula Mouriki, which are confirmed by the reviewed by us monuments and texts written on the scrolls held by the saint “in so far as church decoration is concerned, Theodore appears in his role of great doctrinal personality in the icon controversy, the preacher of ideal life within monastic communities, and the composer of pertinent ecclesiastical hymns.” In addition to many new examples of frescoes in Bulgaria and other Balkan countries we should point out the especially included image of St Theodore the Studite with the corresponding hymn in the composition of the “Tree of Jesse” from XIII c. on.

Les sources des citations peintes sur les phylactères des saints de la rangée inférieure de la façade de l’église de la Résurrection de Dieu du monastère de Suceviţa

Author(s): Constantin I. Ciobanu / Language(s): Bulgarian,French Issue: 1/2015

Образите на св. 40 мъченици в арбанашките църкви oт ХVІІ век

Author(s): Elena Popova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Issue: 1/2015

The Presentation of the Forty Martyrs of Sebasteia in medallions is typical for the monumental programs of Postbyzantine churches in the Balkans. In Bulgaria their images were especially concentrated in the church murals dated from 17th century located near old metropolis Turnovo, mainly in the village of Arbanassi. In St Demetrius church (1621) 9 images were remained and partly identified, in St Athanasius (1667) – 8, in the church of the Virgin monastery (between 1684 and 1692) – 17, in the old chapel of Kilifarevo monastery (second part of 17th century) – 24; probably in the Nativity church also some of the Forty Martyrs were depicted in medallions but without forming any detached rows. Functions of the presentations. There are three general types of functions of the painted images of the Forty Martyrs of Sebasteia in the monumental programs: 1. Liturgical; 2. Preventive; both of them are universal in the all Orthodox area; 3. Historical – it is peculiar to the mural decoration of the churches in Arbanassi, connected with the royal cult to the Forty Martyrs of Sebasteia in Turnovo dated from 1230 when in their holly day tsar Ivan Asen II won the battle of Klokotnitsa and ordered a temple dedicated to his celestial patrons to be built in his capital. Iconography and identification of the martyrs. There are a great many discrepancies of the names of the Forty Martyrs in all the Greek and Slavonic aghiographical and panegyric literature dated from the time preceding our depictions in Arbanassi up till now. Indications of the iconography of their images in the old Ermineias (16th – 18th cc.) are not in unity also. So the works of the painters in 17th century are full of contaminations and incorrect inscriptions. A brief attempt for identification of every personal image presented in medallion on the south wall of St Demetrius church in Arbanassi may be an illustration of the problems.

İLKEL DİNLERDEN EVRENSEL DİNLERE: DİNİN SOSYAL HAYATTAKİ YERİ

Author(s): İbrahim Aksakal,Ali Osman Engin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 32/2016

Religion has been existed in all time periods from primitive societies to contemporary societies and a fulfilled some kinds of needs. The conditions that the religion derived from and ever its influence power have began to be continuing to change have been a necessity of social life and had functions either individually or socially. When it is looked at the social functions of religion it may be understood that it was changed from time to time. The religion a kind of understanding instrument of nature and themselves in primitive societies for controlling the nature had changed the influence power in the social life in the later societies (especially with scientific developments). But it had had an important influence in the culture and identity of society every time. Religion had sometimes been influenced by the actions and sometimes had influenced the social life. That is to say religion had became either an influencing or influenced variables.

«ТАЙНЫЙ» АСКЕТИЗМ СВ. РАДЕГУНДЫ: КОНСТРУИРОВАНИЕ СВЯТОСТИ В АГИОГРАФИИ РАННЕГО СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬЯ

Author(s): Nataliya Yurevna Bikeeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2016

This paper critically examines the hagiographical image of St. Radegund, the patroness of Poitiers, Frankish queen, and the foundress of one of the first convents, in the Vita written by Venantius Fortunatus. The author of this paper concludes that the hagiographers represented ascetic practices and, thus, saint-hood itself differently. It depends on many factors: the author’s personality, inner intentions, and self-interest; hagiographers’ social status and their potential auditory. Special attention is paid to the motif of “secrecy” in the description of the ascetic practices of Radegund, as well as to the explanation of V. Fortunatus’ attention to the aspect of the holiness of Radegund. Similar motives for secrecy are not found, either in other Vitae by V. Fortunatus or in the spiritual biographies of other holy women of the period compiled by different authors. In our opinion, this is largely explained by the following reasons: 1. Firstly, the hagiographer wanted to glorify the heroine and to establish and promote her cult. The motif of secrecy was one of the ways to emphasize the Christian virtues and humility of Radegund. 2. Furthermore, V. Fortunatus wanted to show that he knew something that was hidden from others. Thus, the motif of “secret” asceticism is used to emphasize the influence and significance of the Vita’s author. 3. Finally, the writing of the sacred biography of Radegund might have promoted V. Fortunatus’ own career. He became the bishop of Poitiers a few years after the writing of the life of Radegund, the famous and powerful queen-nun of this region.

Alt kültür gruplarında suç ve toplumsallaşma ilişkisi: Karaman Çingeneleri örneği

Author(s): İsmail Güllü,Kerim Yildirim / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 1/2016

In this study, the relationship between crime and the socialization process in Gypsy subculture is examined. This is is a qualitative study analysing the relationship between crime and the socialization process among Gypsies in different parts of Karaman between the years 2014-2015, especially the “Yeni” neighborhood known as Abdali district. In-depth interviews helped us to group Gypsy families into four different family types. It can be said that during unique socialization process of Gypsy subculture, Gypsy individuals’ attitudes to crime is shaped in the context of its unique dynamics through their families, relatives and friends. Unlike other social groups, the Gypsy subculture allows forming a habitus conducive to be involved in crime. Although they have common social characteristics with Gypsies living in different parts of Turkey, Gypsies in Karaman have a distinctive lifestyle and habitus due to their unique socialization process.

Personifikacje cnót w dramacie liturgicznym „Ordo Virtutum” Hildegardy z Bingen i na romańskich kolumnach kościoła św. Trójcy w Strzelnie

Author(s): Debora Wiąckiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04 (31)/2016

Composed by Hildegard of Bingen in the Rhine-Hessen region in the middle of the 12th century, the liturgical drama Ordo Virtutum depicts a symbolic internal struggle for the fate of the soul between the virtues and the devil and is originally transposed into the language of low-relief found in the church owned by the Canonesses Nuns convent in Strzelno, a little town situated on the border of Kujawy and Wielkopolska regions in Poland. The aim of this article is to present how two visions of the same concept complement each other in an intriguing way, although they are expressed by two separate, yet merging languages of music linked with the text and low relief. Most of the musical and literary personifications of both Ordo Virtutum and low reliefs featuring figures in Strzelno are still comprehensible, despite being created eight centuries ago. They introduce the audience to the world of medieval sermons, theological treatises, lectures on ethics and moral theology. Both works show a holistic vision of the world, held by people of the medieval era. In that vision what is spiritual, mystical and elusive for the outward physical senses intertwines and is closely linked with what is tangible, material and directly perceptible. Hildegard’s music praised not only the works of God but also the virtues as deeply human attributes, linked with effort and choices of a free human being, capable of establishing a relationship with God. The column of virtues in Strzelno introduces to the sacred sphere a multitude of figures that become an icon of widely accessible perfection. It seems that both artists aimed at educating their audience as beauty was supposed to ennoble by giving the strength to the truth so that it could lead to good, also the ultimate good — God.

Jüdische Legenden in der Historiographie des Karmeliterordens zwischen 1240 und 1696 - Zwei Beispiele zur Jonas- und Elijas-Tradition.

Author(s): Piotr Nyk / Language(s): Polish,German Issue: 1/2014

Jewish Legends and old rabbinical Traditions could be find in the Hystoriography of the Carmelite Order. In its Beginnings in Europe the Legends served to defend the biblical Identity of the Order. The Article deals with a Study about two Examples of Jewish Legends: 1. Jonah as the Son of the Widow, 2. Elijahs Water-Miracle (10 Springs Gushing from his Fingers).

BİLİM-DİN ÇATIŞMASI TEZİNİN DOĞUŞU VE BİR İSLÂM SAVUNMASI: AHMET MİDHAT EFENDİ VE “NİZÂ-I İLM Ü DÎN” ADLI ESERİ

Author(s): Mustafa Yildirim / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 30/2016

In the nineteenth century, in the face of weakening religious institutions, materialist and positivist thoughts had risen in Europe. Starting in the second half of the century, these ideas affected the Ottoman intellectuals of the Tanzimat period. In a time which saw a process of disintegration, refutations were written against those who claimed that Islam was the reason for the recession of Muslim countries. The last quarter of the century was dominated by Ahmet Midhat’s struggle of idea against missions and materialism. He translated John William Draper’s 1874 attack on the Catholic Church, History Of The Conflict Between Religion and Science into Ottoman Turkish. In his critical edition, He criticized some of Draper’s mistakes concerning Islamic thought and the Prophet of Islam. His primary objective in this work was to protect the youth of the Ottoman Empire from materialism.

Храм „Св. Пророк Илия", с. Беласица (Елешница), Петричко

Author(s): Vladimir Dimitrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

The paper focuses on a monument painted by the Minovs family of iconographers in the National Revival period. I came across it after publishing my study on the heritage of this family of icon-painters. The church is located in the village of Belasitsa (Eleshnitsa) in the region of Petrich and is dedicated to the Holy Prophet Elijah. The text presents the murals and the icons at the church.

Rzeczowniki ʽm i gwy w hebrajskiej wersji Ewangelii wg św. Mateusza (ShemTob)

Author(s): Piotr Goniszewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

The following article focuses on the two Hebrews nouns, ʽm and gwy, in the Hebrew version of the Gospel according to St. Matthew (ShemTov). In the first three sections we present the presence of nouns ʽm and gwy in the Hebrew Bible, the Dead Sea scrolls and rabbinical literature. Then, we make a brief introduction to the Hebrew Gospel of St. Matthew (ShemTov) and we analyze the terms in the text. In MtShemTov term ʽm is ambiguous and could mean: Israel as the chosen people of God (1.21; 4.16; 13,14.15; 15.8, 27.25), a group of different peoples (10.22; 21.13 ; 24,9; 27,27), and a community of people, mostly members of Israel (3.10; 4.23; 7.28; 14.5; 14.14; 14.19; 15,30.31.33.35.36; Mc 9.25; 20.34; 21.11; 23.1; 26.5; 27.20; 27.24; 27.27; 27.64; in the construction smichut: 16,21; 21, 23; 26,3.47; 27,3.12.41; 28,12). The second noun, gwy, in MtShemTov is used to refer to the pagan nations (4.15; 10,5.18; 12,18.21; 20,19.25; 21.43; 24,7.14; 25.32). Both nouns, ʽm and gwy, are related to the problem of the relationship between Israel and the Gentiles, which may shed more light on the genesis of MtShemTov and Sitz im Leben of this text.

Król Saul jako przykład osoby chorej psychicznie w Starym Testamencie

Author(s): Klaudia Rosińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

Mental illnesses are an enormous problem in the contemporary world. An increasing number of people suffer with psychiatric disorders and almost every family has members with some such difficulty. This dissertation presents an analysis of the mental state of Saul, the first king of Israel. Saul’s case is certainly complex, and simultaneously provides a greater certainty of the first king of Israel’s psychological problems. Three illnesses appear to be most likely in his case: schizophrenia, a delusional syndrome, or bipolar disorder. Three criteria have been adopted to make a better identification of the illness that affected Saul. The first criterion is related to the subject’s age at the onset of symptoms. This criterion eliminated schizophrenia as the first symptoms of Saul’s illness appeared after he was thirty, which does not usually occur in cases of schizophrenia. The second criterion pertains to the type of delusions experienced by Saul. They were paranoid, relatively logical and without hallucinations. This type of delusion attests to the likelihood that Saul suffered from paranoid syndrome. The final criterion is related to the changeability of the king’s behaviour. Consequently, it revealed that the changes were not significant enough to be identified as a bipolar affective disorder. Since a direct confrontation with the patients and observation of their behaviour is impossible, these considerations are only an analysis of symptoms described in the Bible. It is unknown how accurately they were described by the author, and thus a diagnosis cannot be certain in the end. The case of Saul also reveals that rejection and isolation are at the foundation of psychological illnesses. The risk of mental illnesses significantly increases in the contemporary world when so many people do not feel accepted or loved.

Pozorny smutek sprawiedliwego w Księdze Mądrości

Author(s): Marcin Zieliński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

The article analyzes the issue of the suffering of a righteous man in the part I of the Book of Wisdom. It is often treated by the exegetes as a sad reality that affects the just, yet after a careful analysis it turns out to be apparent. The text’s analysis shows that the author intentionally avoids joining suffering with life of the just, and emphasizes that a pious, virtuous life and divine providence defends the just against suffering. The only case of suffering experienced by the just (Wis 8,9) is considered as the result of mistakes of which there is no one to be free, even a sage. Suffering can be removed by enacting the instruction of wisdom, which reveals herself not as a comforter but as the one who respects and teaches. The article also suggests the influence of the stoic thoughts which portrays the just as a true sage who lives virtuously and consequently, does not suffer.

Kwestia kapłaństwa kobiet we współczesnym Kościele

Author(s): Justyna Groblewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

Article “Issue of the priesthood of women in contemporary Church “is an attempt of the answer to a question what place of the woman is at the Church in the perspective of aspirations which are occurring in the society and in Christian ties. We will trace justifying of the explicit stance the Church in it so, we will portray the genius of the woman emphasized in documents of John Paul II as well as his proposals briefly for the execution of tasks put by community of the Church for the woman in order next to go to kobntynuacji of this thought at Benedict XVI and his response to the ordination, bishop of women at the Anglican church. We will also analyse the issue of the statute of women at the Protestant church, as well as we will mention feminist demands. We will present the history of holy orders of women at the end to portray the reply of an Orthodox church to demands of aspirations to the priesthood by women briefly.

Biblijne obrazy nieba w późnej liryce Juliusza Słowackiego. Kilka uwag badawczych

Author(s): Monika Kulesza / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

This article is dedicated to the poetic images of heaven in the late poetry of Juliusz Słowacki. Until now, researchers used to relate these images and interpret them in the context of the “Genesis” philosophy of the poet. Meanwhile, it is worth noting that the late Słowacki’s lyrics, not intended for publication, show quite different pictures of heaven which seem to be similar to those in the Bible and standing somewhat in contradiction to the Genesis philosophy.

Eklezja siostrzana a realizm Kościoła partykularnego

Author(s): Jarosław Moskałyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

Every celebrations connected with baptism, including current rounds 1050 – of anniversary in Poland, should remind everyone baptized about their participation in the universal and endless value. Next membership in determined community, being real reflecting the baptismal nude, is supposed also to support tightening bonds between different options religious. Today it is possible to talk about the fact that in Poland since the certain time a completely different model already started prevailing of inside Catholic and inside Christian relations.

Sprawności moralne w wychowaniu wobec wyzwań współczesnej polityki

Author(s): Ewa Wnuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

The purpose of this study was to present the relationships between education in moral values and the objectives achieved by policy. The author discusses the concepts of politics and education adopted by Aristotle, St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Catherine of Siena. On that basis he analyzes how the improvement of virtues affects our daily life, choices, social life and political engagement. The four cardinal virtues in terms of St. Thomas Aquinas have been discussed. It has been attempted to explain their importance in achieving moral maturity. The author pointed out the importance of moral predispositions of those involved in power. It also refers to the current situation in schools with all educational programs and prospects for education of young people who as citizens are to find themselves in the modern world. On the basis of the analysis the qualities of a good citizen and a politician have been indicated. The nation’s welfare is based on the righteousness of a ruler.

Religijność jako kryterium jakości narzeczeństwa i małżeństwa

Author(s): Sławomir Bukalski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2016

The article deals with the issue of the religiousness of nupturients and married couple perceived as the criterion of the quality of the engagement period and marriage. The first part of the article presents the criteria of mature religiousness. Only such religiousness may be connected with shaping the overall quality of people’s life and the quality of living in marital relationship. The second part of the article relates to the theory of the quality of marital relationship by Graham Spanier and Robert Lewis. Their model seems to be the widest-ranging in terms of the meaning of the issue in question, namely the quality of marital relationship. The third part of the article presents the connection between religiousness and the overall quality of marriage with interpersonal communication and the understanding of love.

Meaning and function of the Sign of Jonah in Matthew 12:38-42 and 16:1-4

Author(s): Beate Kowalski / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2015

The article deals with particular texts that are not limited to the resurrection narratives in Matt 28. In what follows we will have a close look at Matthew’s understanding of Jonah’s sign. What did he mean with the sign of Jonah? Did Matthew understand it in terms of resurrection? And if so, did he follow examples of the past? Why did he mention the sign of Jonah in this particular context of his composition?

Mojżesz, Jozue i Amalekici. Nowe spojrzenie na Wj 17,8-16 w kontekście współczesnych badań nad powstaniem Pięcioksięgu

Author(s): Janusz Lemański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2015

The article tries to evaluate the contemporary proposal of reading Ex 17,8-16. The way of the presentation of a relation between Amalekites and Jhwh tells us that Amalekites are the model enemies of Israel. Moreover, the role of the rod of God, Moses, Aaron, Hur and Joshua let us think that the text had been developed when the traditions of Pentateuch and the historical books of the Old Testament were combined together.