Češi proti církvi

Author(s): Marek Šmíd / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1-2/2017

BALÍK, Stanislav – FASORA, Lukáš – HANUŠ, Jiří – VLHA, Marek: Český antiklerikalismus: Zdroje, témata a podoba českého antiklerikalismu v letech 1848–1938.(Historické myšlení, sv. 69.) Praha, Argo 2015, 500 stran, ISBN 978-80-257-1373-0. The authors view anti-clericalism as an important part of European modernization processes aimed at the church and its instituions. They monitor its character and transformations since the mid-1800s until the end of the first third of the 20th century in the Hapsburg Empire and the first Czechoslovak Republic, taking in to account differences and specific features in various social and ideological environments, in towns and in the country, and also in Czech compatriot communities in the United States. According to the reviewer, their monograph Czech Anti-Clericalism: Sources, Topics and Forms of Czech Anti-Clericalism from 1848 to 1938 permits perceiving the Czech anti-Catholic anti-clericalism in the European context as a multi-layer edphenomenon which had a significant impact on the society and politics of that period. Because of its comprehensive grasp of the topic, inspiring questions it asks, its broad selection of sources and publications it draws from, as well the compact explanations it provides, the book is definitely recommended to all who are interestedin the history of the Czech thinking and politics in the 19th and 20th centuries.

FORMULĂRI STILISTICE ÎN ARHITECTURA TIMIȘOAREI ȘI VÂRȘEȚULUI (SEC. XVIII-XX). STUDIU DE CAZ: PALATELE PRELAȚILOR ORTODOCȘI SÂRBI

Author(s): Mihaela Vlăsceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 7/2021

Being monuments endowed with ideological dimension, the Orthodox Bishopric Serbijan palaces from Vârșeț and Timișoara present interesting stylistical evolutions, from 18th century’s late Baroque to 20th Century Viennese Secession. Symbolizing the power of Orthodox Church rulers, these constructions adopted the Catholic Baroque style, crossed through the Romantic period with the rebirth of neoclassical values and ended in what was configured at the beginning of the 20th century as the closure with the academic dimension and the introduction of the Secession style. The hypothesis of the paper states the importance of European artistic values in defining identity, as the case of these two palaces with their evolution, an evolution that culminated in synthesis. Art patronage from this perspective has implications for the evolution, as such, the two monuments illustrate Serbian religious authority and its reaction to the modern art. In this case the palaces stand as hallmarks for the ecclesiastical architecture of the Banat, a focal point in the general phenomenon.

ЗАДУЖБИНЕ И ЗАДУЖБИНАРИ У СРПСКОЈ ПРАВОСЛАВНОЈ ЕПАРХИЈИ ТЕМИШВАРСКОЈ

Author(s): Sașa Iașin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 7/2021

Endowment as a possessed form of charity was very much present in the life of Serbian communities. Endowments are one of the best examples of an individual's love and respect for their nationality and for the spiritual and intellectual support of Serbian youth and intellectuals. The times that followed the Second World War diminished the public's interest in this type of charity, ie the fate of these funds became uncertain until they were extinguished. Today, when they are no more, the learned good deeds and the significance they had in life testify to them the most. Archival material, as well as other rich bibliography, provide a real opportunity to present the life of these endowments and their creators, as a phenomenon of exceptional importance in the Serbian people. Leaving their endowments to those who will come into the world after them, the endowments are permanently ugly. Conscious of their presumed role in a given time and space must not replace the work of those who, through self-preservation, love for the people and their neighbors and noble feelings, considered it our duty to publish their immortal deeds.

PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY ESKI ZAĞRA (STARA ZAGORA)

Author(s): Elmira Vasileva / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Protestant religious mission in nineteenth-century Eski Zağra was carried out by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, whose station in the town functioned between 1859 and 1877. The mission objective was spiritual reformation of the Bulgarians and the means used by the missionaries in the town included, together with preaching, educational and publication activities. Very important initiative was the organization of a girls’ school, which generated some interest among town people. But most of the missionaries’ efforts met opposition or at least indifference. Although the Americans did not achieve any considerable religious success, they had some wider cultural influence in nineteenth-century Eski Zağra.

The mosaic pavements in Philippopolis and Augusta Traiana from Constantine I till Theodosius I. A short review

Author(s): Ivo Topalilov / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The present article focuses on the development of the mosaic art between the time of Constantine I and Theodosius I in Thrace based on the examples provided by the two urban centres in the province: the provincial capital Philippopolis and Augusta Traiana. The mosaic pavements were used to embellish private as well as public buildings, secular as well as religious in the term of the Christian basilicas – either built ex novo or incorporated into the existing complexes. Many of the questions had already been discussed in the recently published Corpus der Spätantiken und früchristlichen Mosaiken Bulgariens: Wien (Pillinger, R., Lirsch, A., Popova, V. (Hrgs.) and therefore the present article is a further step into the study of the matter. The development of the mosaic art in both cities should be considered into the discourse ‘Christians – non – Christians’, as well as ‘Arians – Orthodox’, and some of them may be linked with specific historical events which is very rare in the Late antiquity. The event under question is the march of the new emperor Julian in 361/362 on his way from Naissus to Constantinople, who seems to have resided in the region for some time and pursued the policy of restoration of the old temples, cults and associations as well as the prestigious past of the empire. It seems that his religious policy made a huge impact on the life of some cities that he reached on his way to Constantinople such as Serdica and Philippopolis and the mosaic pavements in Philippopolis provide a clue for this. The imperial presence was a catalyst also for similar initiatives in other urban centres in the province of Thrace such as for example Augusta Traiana. They also reveal that the question of the Arianic nature of the Christian community in Philippopolis and Augusta Traiana is far more complex than previously thought and in fact, the Arianic communities were not homogenous

Hermeneutică biblică și umanism renascentist în traducerea comentată a Cărții lui Iov de Luis de León

Author(s): Mianda CIOBA / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

According to the constantly growing interest that current philological research shows in the work of the translator and biblical interpreter master Luis de León of the University of Salamanca numerous studies analyze how the option for literal reading of the sacred text is based on the technique of poetic paraphrasing and the alternative use of courtly love poetry language known as the “sweet new Italian style”. Such findings are especially valid for the way Luis de León translates and comments on the Song of Songs and on some of the Psalms. The same textual continuum between interpretation and translation (which the author postulates in various theoretical texts and which surprisingly anticipates essential ideas of modern interpretive theories, starting with Fr. Schleiermacher and continuing with H.-G. Gadamer and Paul Ricoeur), the same substantial interdependence between comprehension and explanation exists in the case of the annotated translation of the Book of Job that this paper examines. We intend to discuss the relationship between text and gloss, in order to emphasize the effectiveness of argumentative paraphrasing and amplification, relying on the principles of discourse grammar; the relationship between the above and the model of the thematic sermon, the main species of persuasive discourse at the end of the Middle Ages; finally, we intend to analyze the humanist-Christian dimension of the author’s position towards the intimate process of comprehending the sacred text, as a synthesis of epistemological rationalism and Neoplatonic visionary thinking.

Denumiri ale Sfintei Scripturi în „Hronograf den începutul lumii” (ms. 3517)

Author(s): Mioara Dragomir / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

The aim of this article is to highlight the nine ways of naming the Bible, as they appear in "Hronograf den începutul lumii" (Chronicle from the beginning of the world, Ms. no. 3517), a translation from Greek made, in my view (supported by a rich argumentation with many linguistic and philological elements) by Nicolae Milescu Spătarul. Since the translator, a great scholar and polyglot, is also a good connoisseur of religious matters, the text constitutes a valuable source for the study of the names of the sacred text, as they were used in the ancient Romanian culture.

Considerații lexicale pe marginea textului Liturghiilor. Analiză comparativă între Liturghierul lui Antim Ivireanul și cel de la Chișinău (1815)

Author(s): Maria-Lucreția Dumitraș / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

We propose in this study a comparative analysis of the old Romanian vocabulary from two editions of the Liturgikon, namely the Liturgikon of Antim Ivireanul (1713) and the Liturgikon of Chişinău (1815). The essential role of the Liturgikon of Antim in the realization of the Bessarabian text is indisputable. In addition to this role, we notice at the lexical level some elements that highlight the specificity of this Romanian text published under the domination of the Tsarist Empire. We analyze four categories of words: terms of Latin origin, of Slavic or Slavonic origin, of Greek Byzantine or Neo-Greek origin and terms formed within Romanian language.

Descrierea epidemiei din 2 Reg. 24 și 2 Paral. 21: între model și metaforă

Author(s): Ioan Ștefan Haplea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2021

Recent global epidemiological events have rephrased the intricate and sometimes strained connection between conduct and religious values. The biblical text refers to prominent instances of epidemics and recommends preventive and palliative measures. We have analysed the description of a contagious disease outbreak of massive scale, described in 2 Kings 24 and 2 Chron. 21. We have investigated the patterns of physical and medical causation implied by the text, the role of disease names, metaphors and models, and the relationship between the royal power and public health in biblical times. Finally, we conjectured on the effect that these texts, translated into Romanian during the 17th century (the 1688 Bible), might have had on the attitudes, perceptions and outcomes of pestilence outbreaks during early 18th century, in Romanian territories.

Putna Musical School and Tradition of Ukrainian-Belarusian Church Chant of the 16th–18th Centuries: Some Points of Interaction

Author(s): Yevgeniya Ignatenko / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The connection between the Moldavian and Ukrainian-Belarusian chant traditions of the 16th –18th centuries is not easy to materialize at the level of the chant repertoire. Firstly, the comparative analysis of chant repertoires is complicated by the use of different musical notations. Secondly, the Ukrainian-Belarusian chant repertoire, the roots of which go back to the chant tradition of the Old Rus, is almost 100% anonymous. In the 16th–17th centuries, new chants appeared in Ukrainian and Belarusian manuscripts, often with accompanying toponymic remarks indicating their foreign origin: Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian, Wallachian, and so on. The comparison of the same chant in different manuscripts reveals differences in the designation of its origin. The connections between the Putna and Manyava monasteries are outlined. The results of Elena Tončeva’s research based on the Manyava manuscripts are analyzed and considered in a broader context. To date, we have identified five Greek-language chants common to Moldavian and Ukrainian-Belarusian manuscripts. There are the Cherubic songs Οἱ τὰ Χερουβεὶμ of Ioannes Glykys, Manuel Chrysaphes and Anthimos Lavriotes; the Cherubic song of the Presanctified Gifts’ liturgy Νῦν αἱ Δυνάμεις of the monk Longin and Sunday Communion Αἰνεῖτε τὸν Κύριον of Joakeim Harsianites.

Acoperământul pentru Sfânta Masă de la Mănăstirea Putna (inv. 19). Istorie în fragmente

Author(s): Ieromonah Dosoftei Dijmărescu,Monah Timotei Tiron / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

The present paper analyzes a Holy Table cover from the patrimony of Putna Monastery. The item is thought to have been made of pieces of princely vestments from the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th. It is made of 65 fragments of different dimensions and three types of Italian brocades. The authors argue that at least some of the fragments of textile come from an older Holy Table cover, probably from the time of Stephen the Great. Two hypotheses are proposed for the moment of reshaping to its present form: either the consecration of the altar (1655) officiated after the monastery church was rebuilt during the reigns of Vasile Lupu and Gheorghe Ștefan, or sometime during the thorough renovation works made by Metropolitan Jacob of Putna (1755–1772).

„Cei Cinci martiri” în pictura murală din Moldova: notă despre contexte iconografice și subtexte devoționale

Author(s): Vlad Bedros / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2021

This short study surveys the iconography of the Five Martyrs of Sebasteia (the Five Companions) in Moldavian mural painting from around 1480 until around 1530. The iconographic choice is evaluated in the context of Middle and Late Byzantine parallels, stressing upon its connection with monastic devotion, due to the inclusion in the Horologion of two prayers attributed to Ss. Eustratius and Mardarius respectively. The funeral connotation of the Five Martyrs, already noted in Late Byzantine Balkan iconography (Treskavac, Konče) might explain their appearance at Rădăuți. Their popularity in monastic circles might account for their frequency in other programs, and especially their striking association with the great martyrs and Ss. Constantine and Helen on the eastern arch of the Pătrăuți Church naos. This selection surprisingly echoes the row of medallions on the western wall in the narthex of St. Andreas church in Treska. The association of St. Eustratius with a penitential prayer of the Compline, taken from his Passio and given here in an appendix (the corresponding fragment from the 15th-century Ms. 85 in the library of Putna monastery), bestows upon his iconic portrait an aural, mnemonic layer, presumably explored by the medieval viewer.

Маргарита Куюмджиева, Ликът на Бога. Изображенията на Света Троица в православното изкуство

Author(s): Georgi Gerov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 44/2022

Co to znaczy być „dobrym wilkiem”? O dyskursach ogrodu zoologicznego

Author(s): Katarzyna Szalewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 9/2022

In her article, Katarzyna Szalewska offers a reading of the idea of the zoo in the context of Michel Foucault’s concept of the spatialization of discourse. Lars Berge’s book A Good Wolf. The Tragedy in a Swedish Zoo was an inspiration for Szalewska’s reflection. Szalewska refers to the history of the zoo and places this facility against the history of ideas, especially the nineteenth-century concepts of economization, scientism, collections and taxonomy. She then considers the zoo in the context of visual practices, especially the role of the gaze in the dialectic of power and knowledge. She shows that the zoo, functioning as it does in relation to the political and hierarchizing view, will always remain the domain of the cultural and the anthropocentric. Szalewska also addresses the perception and role of zoos as modern Noah’s arcs in the Anthropocene era and the ethical dimension of the “socialization” of animals.

External Influences and Religious Paticularism in the Balkans: the “Bulgarian Case”

Author(s): Sonia Hinkova / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2021

The article examines some of the contemporary external factors and processes influencing religious identity of all Bulgarian citizens who profess Islam (referred to as Bulgarian Muslims in the text). It analyzes the degree of religiousness of the Muslims in Bulgaria, tracing out the major characteristics and leading tendencies of this community. The article studies the strategic potential and foreign policy possibilities by which Turkey is capable of building up a prestige and trust within the Muslim community in Bulgaria. It analyzes some specific Turkish policies for “export” of religiousness towards Muslims in Bulgaria.

Przynależność metropolitalna diecezji łuckiej w okresie nowożytnym

Author(s): Bogumił Szady / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

The article is a voice in a discussion among historians on the issue of the administrative affiliation of the Diocese of Łuck in the Modern Era. Drawing on the primary sources from the late Middle Ages and the modern period, we can find the roots of the complex formal-legal situation of the Lutsk diocese. Equally crucial are the various sources on the authority of the archbishops of Gniezno over the diocese of Lutsk. Since the 15th c. when the office of a Primate was established, the archbishops of Gniezno had also ruled over the Lviv ecclesiastical province (Pol. Metropolia) and since then it had been difficult to clearly state what powers the archbishop of Gniezno held over Lviv suffragan dioceses, particularly, which rights stemmed from the role of a Primate and which from the affiliation to the ecclesiastical province. Combining the two legal roles is best illustrated by the fact that the Gniezno Provincial Synods were tantamount with Primate and Country Synods, the decrees of which were implemented in both Gniezno and Lviv ecclesiastical provinces. Also, the court procedures since the beginning of the 16th c., granted the Primate a right to rule over the suffragan dioceses in the first instance. The author stands on a position that due to lack of Papal document granting the jurisdiction over Łuck diocese to Gniezno ecclesiastical province, it remained a Lviv’s suffragan diocese throughout the entire Modern Era.

В коя година патриарх Калист отговаря на въпроса на българските монаси? 1355 или 1361?

Author(s): Bistra Nikolova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2022

The second half of the 14th century marked events that intertwined the interests and actions of the Bulgarian and Constantinople Patriarchates in the field of interchurch relations in the East. Two of these events disrupted the good relationship between the two ecclesiastical institutes. The first was the recognition of the patriarchal title of the Serbian church head by the Bulgarian patriarch, the second was the intervention of the Bulgarian church in the Russian-Lithuanian church dispute in the middle of the 14th century. It is in the light of these events that the question of the date of Patriarch Kallist‘s letter to two unnamed Old Bulgarian monks is raised. When tracing the Russian-Lithuanian dispute over the dominant in the election of the metropolitan of Kyiv and all Russia and the location of his throne, the events related to the election of monk Theoctistus come to the fore. Constantinople refused to place Theoctistus on this throne. However, when he sought assistance from Tarnovo, he was elected Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Russia, and this happened before the summer of 1354. The event provoked the reaction of Patriarch Philoteus (1253-1355), who rejected it as illegal. The reason was that his ordination, carried out by the Tarnovo patriarch Theodosius, was in violation of the order established by the Eastern churches. This had a negative impact on Bulgarian-Byzantine church relations for a short period. In this case, Constantinople qualified as illegal the actions of the Patriarchate of Tarnovo. In the light of this incident, the article examines the reaction of Patriarch Callistus (1350–1353, 1355–1363) to the letter of two Bulgarian monks, from which it is clear that the Constantinople Patriarch questioned the complete independence of the Turnovo Patriarchate. In order to make the explanation of his reaction more thorough, evidence is used, which illustrates the personal, disapproving attitude of Callistus towards Theodosius of Turnovo. In the context of the events of the 1340s – 1350s, concerning the politics of the Church of Tarnovo and the reaction of Constantinople, expressed through the attitude of two of its church leaders, the article expresses the opinion that the letter of Callistus is from 1355, and not from 1361, a date deduced by codicological means.

Психосоциални производни от архитектурата – три теории

Author(s): Emil Yordanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2022

In the context of the theoretical uncertainty of the phenomenon of Architecture, two opposing positions are compared, after some similarities between them have been identified. One belongs to the author, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arch. Emil Yordanov, to which he dedicated a monograph. The idea is to clarify the phenomenon of Architecture by delving into the stages of its development, in parallel with the determining stages in the development of culture and mentality. Within this interaction, personal architectural professionalism is being cultivated. The other position – of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arch. Todor Tsigov, accepts Architecture as a myth, whose utilitarian and artistic sides are (respectively) real and similar, i. e. – qualitatively different manifestations of essence, that do not interact objectively: two autonomous objects in a common entity. The interaction with the real manifestations of essence turns out to be a ritual towards the similar, mythologising them as real. Out of this follows the suggestive potential of Architecture and a conclusion about the architectural nature of perceptions and the religious nature of the psyche. The comparison between the two theses reveals unusual aspects of the phenomenon Architecture – beyond the professional practice, with humanitarian and philosophical significance.

Retabulum z Łubowa w nurcie późnogotyckiej sztuki i pobożności z przełomu XV i XVI wieku na Pomorzu Zachodnim

Author(s): Angelika Grobelna-Sochaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2022

The altarpiece of Lubowo (Łubowo) appeared in the time of the last months of Second World War. In fact, a German officer deposed the parcel by the Pomeranian family. After the war, when the parcel was unpacked, the depositors discovered the late medieval triptych on. It has been conceded to the filial catholic church in Starowice and in 1975 placed in the parish church in Lubowo (Łubowo). The altarpiece has been restored in the years 1974–1975 and in the years 1994–1995 by the renovation ateliers in Gdansk (Gdańsk) and Szczecin. The retable has a central part with the figures of Mother of God with Child and two saints – James the Older and Antony Abbot. The two wings contain the quarters with figures of saint. The left wing contains the figures of saints John the Baptiste, Peter and Paul above and Barbara, Catharina and Dionisius below. The right wing contains the representations of two unidentified saint and saint John the Evangelist above and Margaretha, Dorothy and Laurent below. The message of this composition of figures consist on the Redemption represented in the figure of Madonna with Child, because the little Jesus bears the apple, symbol of sins and its redemption. The groups of figures represents the particular categories of Saints – apostles matyrs, virgins, confessors. The altarpiece has been created in the context of life of urban communities of Pomerania – the cities who managed the international commerce. The citizens needed a particular tool of visual communication, who proclaimed the Christian realities, Zofia Krzymuska-Fafius recognized the stylistic analogies which connect our altarpiece with different other realizations in the German areas. She founded similarities in the late gothic works of sculpture from Szczecin Dabie (Dąbie), Osnabrück, Bordesholm and Würzburg. But it is possible to compare our retable with different example of Pomeranian altarpiece from Stary Ludzick and Koszalin.

Kaplica biskupa Krzysztofa Andrzeja Jana Szembeka we Fromborku i jej dekoracja malarska z pierwszej połowy XVIII wieku

Author(s): Szymon Tracz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 21/2020

A chapel under the invocation of the Most Holy Saviour and St. Theodore the Martyr (Theodor of Amasea), known as Szembek Chapel was founded by the Bishop of Warmia, Krzysztof Andrzej Jan Szembek of Słupów (1680 – 1740), a bishop of Warmia in 1724 – 1740. The oratory is an example of a central dome structure. It was established as a reliquary chapel and a burial place for its founder. The central point of the chapel is the reliquary reredos,placed in the southern arcade in 1734. On the altar mensa there is a sarcophagus with visors and silver applications with the relics of St. Theodore of Amasea. It is accompanied by numerous relics of various saints and Agnus Dei of wax placed in black, wooden, glass reliquaries, richly decorated with trimmed silver applications. Their silver fittings and decorations were made in the years 1730 – 1743 by a goldsmith from Olsztyn – Jan Krzysztof Geese (†1761) and Samuel Grewe (1712 – 1750), a goldsmith from Królewiec. The entire interior of the chapel is covered with frescoes made around 1735 by Maciej Jan Meyer (Matthias Johann Meyer) from Lidzbark Warmiński. The artist decorated the pilasters, friezes and panelsof the chapel’s walls with forms of marbling and regency ornamentation. In the corners of the chapel there are four pairs of pilasters. For every pair, between the pilasters, there are medallions with busts of saints. Additionally, in the arcade above the entrance to the oratory, Meyer portrayed a monumental Vision of St. Theodore of Amasea. In the arches of the arcades, hepresented personifications of eight blessings, painted in the en grisaille technique. Finally, in the the dome of the chapel one can admire adoration of the Holy Trinity and the Holy Cross by the inhabitants of Heaven, led by the Assumed Virgin Mary. The painting decoration of Szembek Chapel, rich in ideological content, is an early example of Polish quadrature illusionist painting that draws abundantly from the Italian painting tradition inspired by Andrea Pozzo (1642 – 1709). Educated in Italy, Meyer, while composing the dome decorations, drew inspiration from frescoes from the years 1664 – 1665 by Pietro Berrettini da Cortona in the dome of Santa Maria in Valicella in Rome. In case of the arragmenet of the painted medallions with busts that can be found in the lower part of the chapel, Meyer was influenced bya solution used in the side axes of the main altar from the years 1699 – 1700 in the Church of the Holy Cross in Warsaw funded by Meyer’s patron, Bishop Teodor Potocki, a direct predecessor of Bishop Szembek of Warmia.