Crkva bosanska u XV. stoljeću

Author(s): Pejo Ćošković / Language(s): Bosnian

“One of the issues relating the Bosnian Church that deserves our special attention is that of its structure and role in public and political life of Bosnian state and society in the 15th century. This is the case not because it had not been written about sufficiently, or because answers to these issues in that era would have been different, but primarily because the original material from Dubrovnik was not sufficiently used as it has been the case with the known testimonies found in domestic sources. Today, these issues can be dealt with in a more comprehensive manner and our understanding could thus be closer to the understanding which the well informed Bosnian and Dubrovnik contemporaries had on the Bosnian Church and its krstjans (Christians). In our studies of the Bosnian Church, we have mainly relied upon their observations, with unavoidable comparisons and upgrade of original information and assertions that had emerged elsewhere since there were individuals interested in the conditions of medieval Bosnian state who have left valuable historiography in their findings. From their testimonies one can see that they were knowledgeable about the situation of the Church in Bosnia, one of whose key issues was related to the heretics of those times, i.e. krstjans and their followers who had played an important role in the public and political life of the country. This original material offers a solid basis upon which we have built our paper on the Bosnian Church, emphasizing in the same time that a lot of information still remains unknown.”

Zakład Pascala – argumentacja i działanie

Author(s): Marek Wójtowicz / Language(s): Polish

The central topic of the following monograph is, as the title itself might indicate, Pascal’s Wager. This argument, proposed in his “Pensees” (“Thoughts”), constitutes one of the most profound ideas of the French philosopher. It is, however, heavily contested and discussed up until this day. The contemporary reflection on the Wager touches upon not only the conventional philosophical and theological dimensions, but also the rarely noticed mathematical or decision-making aspects. The monograph presents a comprehensive background for Pascal’s argument, foregrounding it in the context of Pascal’s biography as well as his anthropological and religious views. Moreover, the monograph touches upon the most significant – usually extremely critical – comments on the Wager which have been formulated over the last 350 years. Research presented in the monograph focuses upon the contents of the 451st passage of “Pensees”. In this study, the “canonical” version of the Wager – usually considered to be the most faithful to Pascal’s intent by his commentators – becomes the subject of detailed and critical analysis. The discussion concerns the particular claims comprising Pascal’s argumentation, which are of varied and diverse character. The strictly philosophical inquiries are connected with philosophy of religion (particularly with the analysis of the stance advocating the lack of possibility of solving the problem of God’s existence or nonexistence) as well as ethics (numerous objections to the Wager are ethical in nature), while the theological inquiries focus on the possible outcomes of wagering whether or not God exists as well as the issue of faith. Moreover, a considerable part of the monograph is devoted to research concerning the mathematical, probabilistic side of Pascal’s argument as well as decision-making in uncertain conditions. The characteristic feature of the interpretation of Pascal’s Wager presented in the monograph is the focus on the last, usually completely disregarded, part of the argument. It discusses actions that – according to Pascal – should be undertaken by a person convinced of the validity of the assumption that God exists. This addendum significantly affects the totality of Pascal’s concept. This new interpretation of the Wager is analysed according to the validity of reasoning as well as the philosophical consequences. The later parts of the monograph discuss the extent of impact of Pascal’s argument, both in relation to philosophy and religion and outside of that relation. That impact remains incredibly varied. There have been numerous attempts at both undermining the Wager once and for all as well as perfecting its original argument in order to successfully refute the objections raised against it both in the past and nowadays. Moreover, numerous concepts openly draw from the argument proposed in “Pensees” in order to resolve various problems concerning decision-making with regard to bioethics, ecology, medicine, and psychotherapy.

Angolszász-magyar unitárius érintkezések a 19. században

Author(s): Sándor Kovács / Language(s): Hungarian

The theme of this thesis is the history of Anglo-Saxon and Hungarian Unitarian relations in the 19th century. For the last few decades scholarly research of Hungarian–English Unitarian connections has been almost completely neglected.The lack of academic interest could be explained, at least partly, by the insularity of both religious groups. The research material is scattered in the archives and libraries of Oxford, Manchester, and Kolozsvár. The author had the privilege of researching not just the libraries and archives of Kolozsvár (Transylvania), but also the Library of Harris Manchester College, Oxford, and the John Rylands Library, Manchester.The investigational method of the thesis could be labeled as late positivist, and I will agree with such a designation, although my thesis yields new evidence on the impact of Anglo-Saxon Unitarianism on Transylvanian theological thought and ecclesiastical-political life. I am aware that the rich field of English-Hungarian connections embodied in the two small religious denominations must be explored from other perspectives, too. As a Unitarian I might be prejudiced concerning the role this denomination played in 19th century society in England and Transylvania, but I am convinced that the results of my research are relevant to wider issues in the history of Anglo-Hungarian relations.During the preparation, I have read hundreds of pages of English and Hungarian correspondence, minutes, journals, and articles. As well as many Hungarian periodicals – including Keresztény Magvető (Christian (Seed-)Sower), Unitárius Élet (Unitarian Life), Unitárius Közlöny (Unitarian Bulletin) − I used the most important English and American Unitarian Journals: The Monthly Repository, The Christian Reformer, The Inquirer, The Christian Life, The Unitarian Herald, The Christian Register, The Christian Examiner and Theological Review, The Monthly Religious Magazine, The Unitarian Review, The Christian Inquirer, Old and New, Monthly Journal. I used a linear chronology in order to incorporate the overwhelming abundance of periodicals, miscellanies and minutes, as well as manuscripts in the thesis. This means that the backbone of the book is a historical chronology of the 19th century Transylvanian Unitarian Church which is fleshed out by the series of events proceeding from English-Hungarian connections..The content of the book is composed of three major parts. The first is entitled “The evolution of Hungarian–English–American Unitarian Relations from 1821 to 1848.”In this, I present a key document, a printed Latin text, sent to Kolozsvár from the Unitarian Fund on 30 April 1821 under the title Unitariorum in Anglia etc., and investigate how it traced the course of English–Hungarian Unitarian affairs. The detailed analysis of the Latin document and the reply written by the Transylvanian church throws new light on the history of the early relations between the churches, and the role of Bishop John Körmöczi. This enlightened cleric was the facilitator of these newly established connections, and he was the first translator into Hungarian of some parts of Theophilus Lindsey’s An Historical View of the State of the Unitarian Doctrine and Worship from the Reformation to our Own Times.Also in this chapter, I scrutinize John Bowring’s translations of Poetry of the Magyars, and investigate how, through his Unitarian acquaintances, he gleaned genuine information about Hungarian poetry and affairs. I point to the importance of Bowring’s denominational ties in presenting his very first translations, which appeared in a Unitarian periodical.The second chapter, under the title “English Unitarians in Transylvania, Hungarian Unitarians in England 1849-1869”, describes the consolidation of English–Hungarian relations, through the life and work of John Paget. In this section, I also present the first English visitors to Transylvania and their task as ambassadors of the Unitarian faith.The third, and longest chapter bears the title “English-American-Hungarian relations from 1870 to 1905”. It takes into account the lives of John Fretwell and John Kovács, an alumnus of Manchester New College, as two important figures in the third part of the 19th century. Through an examination of Fretwell’s life and career, new light is thrown on the translation of some of Jókai’s novels, and their reception in England.Under the title The English Conversation Club of Kolozsvár, I describe how English language, culture and politics were present in the heart of Transylvania. Through the history of the English Club, I cover the history of English-American-Hungarian Unitarian relations, too. I also describe the endeavours of Kovacs, the former Manchester New College student, and other alumni in spreading English culture and customs in Transylvania.The outcome of research. Conclusions1. The Latin document’s view of the opinions, history and institutions of the Unitarians of Great Britain should be considered the most important tract sent to Transylvania in the 19th century. There is no other theological, historical or literary work whose translation was circulated as widely as the above mentioned Brevis Expositio. At least 124 Hungarian copies were made available, and it is probable that the chief goal of the Transylvanian Unitarian elite was the development of a feasible strategy for co-operation with the English Unitarians. The examination of the reply proves that the Transylvanian Unitarian Church officially adopted and canonized the mythical account of the origins and identity of the Church put forward by János Tőzsér Kénosi and István Fosztó Uzoni, the authors of the Unitario-Ecclesistica Historia Transylvanica. Written in Latin in the last third of the eighteenth century, this work was used by the Unitarians of Transylvania to justify the very existence of their community.2. The role of John Körmöczi in establishing the new English–Hungarian connections must be re-evaluated. It is due to Körmöczi’s diligence that the Hungarian Unitarian elite had some knowledge of English Unitarianism before receiving the Brevis Expositio. Körmöczi’s translations of Planck and Wendeborn were in fact the transposition of Lindsey’s work. A printed Latin confession of the Transylvania Unitarians, found in the British Library, throws new light on Körmöczi’s efforts to clarify the dogmatic stands of the Transylvanian Unitarian Church. On the last sheet of the printed confession there is a handwritten letter addressed by Körmöczi to the English Unitarians. This could be considered as a first official reply from Transylvania.3. Sir John Bowring’s letter addressed to Körmöczi and the Transylvanian Unitarians proves once more the role of the Unitarian societies in literary matters.4. Sándor Bölöni Farkas was the first Hungarian Unitarian who travelled in Great Britain and North America. His reputation was widely recognized and acknowledged by his biographers, but they all neglected his role as an accredited diplomat of the Transylvanian Unitarian Church. Re-analyzing his reports as well as the minute records of the BFUA, I am convinced that Bölöni may have been financially supported by his friend and traveling companion, but he was spiritually and intellectually supported by the greater Unitarian community. 5. Similar things could be said about John Paget, one of the chief figures of Anglo-Hungarian relations. In my thesis I focus on his activity as a member of the Hungarian Unitarian Consistory, giving new data with regard to the establishment of the Hungarian Scholarship at Manchester New College.6. One subdivision of the thesis scrutinizes Louis Kossuth’s political activity and the use of his English Unitarian connections for purely political purposes. I point to the Kossuth articles found in the Inquirer as one explanation of the Unitarian propaganda.7. John Fretwell and Jókai Mór’s literary relationship was neglected by the biographers of Jókai. One Jókai novel was written about Transylvanian Unitarians and is entitled God is One. Reading Fretwell’s correspondence and articles I propose a new approach to the genesis of Jókai’s novel, and its English and American reception. It was Fretwell, who convinced the Hungarian novelist to take on the subject of Unitarians, and he is credited with translating abstracts of Jókai’s Unitarian novel into English as early as 1877. The translation and publication of Jókai’s novel Slinging-Stones in Edward Hale’s periodical, the Old and New, are also examined.8. The longest chapter of the thesis examines the role of the English Conversation Club of Kolozsvár in spreading English language, culture and customs in 19th century Transylvania. The history of the English Conversation Club was previously entirely unknown; this thesis is the first to reveal the significance of the Club and its visitors to intellectual life in 19th century Transylvania.Conclusions:• As a direct result of Anglo-Hungarian-American relations, the frozen theological thought of Transylvanian Unitarians, which was based on Szentábrahámi’s chief work, Summa Theologiae… (1787), started to melt. This stemmed from the availability of the translations of William Ellery Channing’s tracts. Step-by-step, the very dogmatic Transylvanian Unitarian theology embraced a more liberal, Christian humanist attitude.• Inspired by the English and American Unitarian periodicals, Bishop John Kriza founded in 1861 the very first Hungarian theological journal entitled Christian Seed-sower. This journal was, from its first issue, the chief organ of 19th century liberal theology, presenting such topics as the latest results of biblical criticism, the theory of Darwin about evolution, etc.• Following the pattern of English Unitarian Societies, George Boros founded the Francis David Society for propagation of Unitarianism, in 1885. The Society edited a monthly bulletin, held regular meetings and did much for the improvement of education and morals.• In the second part of the 19th century, Transylvanian Unitarianism re-discovered its founder, Francis David, and a process of rehabilitation took place, in which English Unitarian historians manifested much interest. The romantic view of Unitarian origins and identity helped English and American Unitarians to discover their forgotten roots.Due to the financial aid of English and American Unitarians, a successful Hungarian mission was conducted and many congregations were organized outside of Transylvania proper, the most important being the First Unitarian Church of Budapest.

TUMAČENJE DRAGULJA POSLANIČKE MUDROSTI – IV – SKIDANJE DUVAKA S NEVJESTA BOŽANSKIH OBJAVA NA UZVIŠENIM STOLICAMA MOZAIČKE MUDROSTI

Author(s): Abdulah-efendija Bošnjak / Language(s): Bosnian

Tumači Ibn ‘Arabijeva djela Fusus Al-Hikam su ustanovili sadržinsku povezanost između mudrosti izražene u ‘Isaovom (a.s.) logosu i one koja je izložena u Sulejmanovom (a.s.) logosu. Ona prva je uzlazeća, uzvisujuća ili uzvišena mudrost, a ova potonja je ‘spuštajuća’, silazeća mudrost. U onoj prvoj oni, također, nastoje prepoznavati naročitu ‘poslaničku’ ulogu, dok u ovoj potonjoj raspoznaju ulogu ili značenje ‘hilafetske’ vlasti ovaploćene u liku poslanika Sulejmana (a.s.). Još jedna zajednička nit postoji između ove dvije mudrosti, a ona se ogleda u činjenici da su obje iziskane ili su rezultat molitvenog zaziva koji je, u ime ‘Isaa (a.s.), učinila njegova majka, hazreti Merjema koja se, čak, u molitvi svojoj zavjetovala Bogu da će Njemu, i samo Njemu posvetiti ono što je u utrobi njenoj, dok je onaj molitveni zaziv u slučaju ove potonje mudrosti ozbiljio sam Sulejman (a.s.), iščući od Boga poseban dar kraljevstva/nebeske baštine kakvu Bog nikome prije njega nije dao, a poslije njega samo Poslaniku islama (a.s.), ali ovaj takvu vrstu baštine nije htio javno objelodaniti zbog Sulejmanove (a.s.) molbe da takva baština ne bude darovana nikome poslije njega.

Načela morala u Kur’anu

Author(s): Ajatollah Abdullah Dževadi Amoli / Language(s): Bosnian

Između svjetonazora i etike postoje međusobni utjecaji i sprege. Naime, s jedne strane, etika (znanost o moralu), poput logike, prirodoslovlja i matematike, spada u partikularne znanosti i pod okriljem je “opće znanosti” – svjetonazora, jer ta znanost dokazuje svoj predmet (a to su duša i njene moći),3 kao što dio njih (tj. neke moći duše) dokazuju i prirodne nauke, a s druge strane, etika, također, donosi sudove i o svjetonazoru u smislu da se u etici dokazuje da je monoteistički svjetonazor dobar budući da je okrenut ka duhu, pohvalnim djelima i savršenstvu duše, a ateistički svjetonazor loš, štetan i nosi negativne posljedice po dušu.

BIBLIJOM I KUR’ANOM DO JEDNOGA BOGA STVORITELJA

Author(s): Marko P. Đurić / Language(s): Bosnian

This book is based on the pursuit of true interreligious dialogue. At a time when radical and extreme ideas tend to tensions and conflicts between religions and different religious denominations, but also schools of thought in general, it is extremely important to emphasize the need for unity and harmony among people, especially the heirs of religious traditions. God Almighty teaches us that in relation to others we always keep in mind the value and dignity of man as such, without abandoning the principles of humanity as love of man and justice. This simple message of all messengers of the Word of God throughout history, to our great regret, has been the subject of forgery by their opponents, but also by the alleged promoters of the faith. To try to remove the veils of stupidity, negligence and ignorance, and to turn to the true effort to understand man, and then to understand what God has told him. Respect for man, nature and the divine laws that govern it, will allow us to get to know each other better and be more friends, to give up mutual tension and conflict. In this we can be helped by relying on a common religious tradition, that of Abraham / Ibrahim. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are the three arms of a sacred religious tradition based on the belief in One God, the Eternal, the Almighty, the Omniscient, the Creator of the World, the Righteous, the Good, the Omnipresent, the Holy Being. God in our common tradition transcends space and time, and forever remains incomprehensible to His creatures. And, again, he is equally the Director and Manager of the World.

Kritičko izdanje djela Svjetiljka srcima (Serāğ al-qolūb) autora Qattāna Ġaznawīja

Author(s): Namir Karahalilović / Language(s): Bosnian,Persian

The Hearts’ Lantern is one of the oldest and most important didactic prose works dealing with matters of religion and ethics written in the Persian tongue.In Persia itself, but also outside it (mostly on the Indian subcontinent, in Turkey and in the Balkans, and especially in Bosnia-Herzegovina), for centuries it was known and circlated via manuscripts. After the invention of the printing-press, it was at various times published in Iran and Afghanistan. However, none of those editions fulfil even the basic and necessary conditions for presenting a text to a scholarly audience, nor even to an ordinary cultured reader; namely, none of those printed editions made use of the most relevant primary manuscript sources. Even if we bear in mind that the fate of the autograph is still unclear, the repeated lack of proper philological preparation for publication was a serious methodological flaw which meant that The Hearts’ Lantern was mostly published in versions which for the most part do not correspond to its original form.This lack of scholarly editions, as well as the fact that the identity of the author is unknown, contributed to a marginalisation of this work, as it came to be classed as a popular work, and even as a common pamphlet, meant for a wide, and popular, readership. Such unfavourable development was helped along by several centuries-worth of ideological manipulations of the text wreaked by irresponsible scribes. Irresponsible or badly educated scribes were also responsible for two further misfortunes that plagued this work: probably convinced of the infallibility of their own linguistic ear and literary and aesthetic sense, whilst copying they would allow themselves to make changes and interventions in the text, shortening it or lengthening as they saw fit; and, secondly, incompetent scribes who were not well versed in the classical Persian, altered the classical prose style of the text to make it closer to the Persian language of their own time, which meant that the prose of The Hearts’ Lantern, over the long stretch of time in which it was circulated through manuscripts, lost many of its original linguistic and stylistic features, and with them its quality and value.In such circumstances, the value and the significance of this work was known only to specialist researchers, and this only based on the most relevant manuscript sources. Thus the preparation of the variorum edition presented itself as the main stepping stone towards the proper reception of the work, as well as its critical reassessment within both the Persian literary tradition and the wider Oriental andIslamic literary and cultural context.

KALIGRAFIJA I ISLAMSKA KULTURA

Author(s): Annemarie Schimmel / Language(s): Bosnian

Kada sam 1979. godine zamoljena da održim predavanja na Kevorkian Lectures Foundation u akademskoj 1981–82. godini, zadana tema bila je kaligrafija. S golemom radošću sam prihvatila temu, zamišljajući kako bih mogla, kroz četiri predavanja, govoriti o raznovrsnim kaligrafskim stilovima i o razvitku arapskog pisma u njegovim različitim formama, od ranog kufskog, do modernog kaligrafskog slikanja. Otkrila sam, međutim, kako je, unatoč brojnim najnovijim izdanjima o islamskoj kaligrafiji, od kojih najveći broj njih odlikuje pretjeran broj slika, malo toga napisano o stanju kaligrafije ili njenom prakticiranju. Bio je prisutan vidan nedostatak izvješća o religijskom značaju kaligrafije unutar muslimanske kulture, o temi koja je tako bliska mome zanimanju za izučavanjem sufizma. Nadalje, prepuštanje arapskih i perzijskih pjesnika igrama riječi i zagonetki, zasnovanim na kaligrafskoj terminologiji, kod zapadnjačkih istraživača više je izazivalo prijezir nego poštovanje, a o užitku u tome da i ne govorimo, tako da mi se činilo kako i ovo pitanje zaslužuje posebno razmatranje.

SPOZNAJA, PRVA VRIJEDNOST ISLAMA - prilog spoznajnoj teoriji u islamu -

Author(s): Rešid Hafizović / Language(s): Bosnian

Pokrečući pero svoje mudrosti u ciku zore kao i u zenitu svetopovijesnog dana, Bog nam je najprije usmjerio pozornost na spoznaju kao prvu vrijednost, jer prvi ajet objave u njenom kur’anskom punoljetstvu, koji je spustio na srce pečatnom Poslaniku islama (a. s.), bijaše baš onaj koji je darom spoznaje najavio ime Gospodara pera. Isti dar je ponudio i našem praocu, prvom čovjekui prvom poslaničkom liku od ljudske vrste, Ademu (a. s.), kada mu jeposlao Džibrili Emina sa tri dara da izabere jedan od njih prije negolinapusti blaženi život u Džennetu: dar intelekta / spoznaja, dar vjere /vrlina i dar stida / moral. Noseći u sebi intuitivni predujam prvostvorene prirode pečatnog Poslanika islama (a. s.), koja iznutra opečaćuje idealnu, iskonsku narav svakog stvorenja, Adem (a. s.) je izabrao istidar koji će na zasvođu svete povijesti islamskog monoteizma biti u punini dan i pečatnom Poslaniku islama (a. s.), glasonoši koji je kao sveopća milost poslan svim civilizacijama i univerzumima. U sjeni tog dara, u neposrednoj njegovoj prisutnosti ostala su i dva druga, to jeste dar vjere i dar stida čiju vrijednost u punini može pokazati samo svjetlost spoznaje.

Islamska filozofija u Iranu - XVII i XVIII stoljeće

Author(s): Henry Corbin / Language(s): Bosnian

Islamska filozofija u Iranu sedamnaestog i osamnaestog stoljeća predstavlja istinsko razdoblje duhovnoga punoljetstva iranskog islamskog fi lozofi rajućeg genija. To je ono vrijeme u povijesti muslimanskoga mislećeg genija koje je u sebi smirilo najbolja sazvučja i interpretativne gene najčistije forme duhovnoga islama, mislećeg genija čija nesvakidašnja umiješnost fi lozofi rajućeg oblikovanja svjetova je istodobno i u podjednakoj mjeri posvjedočena unutar fi lozofi rajuće muslimanske teologije, teološki produbljene i ozračene muslimanske fi lozofi je i hijeratički i gnostički oduhovljene, nadahnute i snagom osobnog i živog duhovnog iskustva “domišljene” muslimanske teozofije – ‘irfana.

Sfântul Ierarh Antim Ivireanul-ctitor de cultură și spiritualitate românească

Author(s): / Language(s): Romanian

Poszukiwania teologiczno-filozoficzno-kulturowe

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The articles included in the book deal with current problems, e.g. the drama of refugees and the need for an interreligious dialogue (between Christians and Muslims). Each article confirms the thesis that "a search for God is fundamental for a culture to be complete".

Polski homo religiosus. Doświadczenie religijne w relacjach potocznych

Author(s): Emilia Zimnica-Kuzioła / Language(s): English,Polish

The aim of my thesis is an attempt to present the Polish homo religiosus, a man who experiences “religious acts and states,” whose main characteristic is a conviction that the transcendent is real.My research sample comprises Christians of varied social and demographic features. They represent different environments, age categories and occupations. My analyses are of a “spotlight” nature, I am throwing light in a specific direction. I was looking for religious people in various milieus,people who were willing to divulge fragments of their “subjective reality,” share the intimate sphere of their own inner world. I wanted to see the characteristics of the groups I singled out all the more clearly, therefore in every one of them I was focusing on slightly different problems. Still, all the addressed issues fall within the wide sphere of religious experience.

Biskup Józef Gawlina jako opiekun Polaków na emigracji

Author(s): Damian Bednarski / Language(s): Polish

In this monograph the author aims to depict the role of bishop Józef Gawlina as a spiritual leader of Polish emigrants after the Second World War. Bishop Gawlina, who came from the diocese of Katowice, was a pre-war Field Bishop of the Polish Army. He accompanied Polish soldiers outside Poland during the Second World War. After 1945, he remained abroad and when living in Rome he coordinated the life of Polish Catholics, who for different reasons lived outside of their home country. The Pope Pius XII nominated him Protector of Polish Emigrants, a role he served for fifteen years (from 1949 to 1964). Relying on publicly available sources as well as on information which has not yet been widely known, found in Polish and foreign archives, the author explains and specifies the scope of the Church jurisdiction of this hierarch in the consecutive years of his service, and presents his contribution to the pastoral work with emigrants, highlighting that he formed its specific character. Bishop Gawlina’s major achievement was that he developed the structures of pastoral care for Polish emigrants after World War II. Therefore, a big part of the monograph is dedicated to this aspect of his ministry: establishing centres of the Polish Catholic Mission, appointing their rectors and coordinating their work. Setting the time frame presented in the thesis was dictated by the papal decisions and Church decrees, which several times extended and specified the scope of bishop Gawlina’s mission. In this thesis, the author aims to present, as fully as possible, the activity of bishop Gawlina in the field of pastoral care for Poles living abroad. A serious challenge was to document the consecutive stages of the extension of his jurisdiction, which originally covered only Polish soldiers on the territory of Poland and during the peak period it concerned Poles living in many countries on different continents. This was the situation when bishop Gawlina was appointed an ordinary of the Polish Catholics who were leaving Russia. Later, he was appointed an ordinary of Poles in Germany and Austria. The situation changed a bit after 1949, when he became the protector of emigration. For the sake of accuracy, it is worth mentioning that in this capacity he did not have the jurisdiction the ordinaries had. Nevertheless, Gawlina felt his responsibility for the whole clergy and all lay Catholics who maintained their Polish identity while living abroad. He fulfilled these duties with deep commitment until the very last moment of his life. The author refers to bishop Gawlina as “the protector of Poles living abroad”, claiming that it is the most suitable title to describe the mission entrusted to him. The Latin word protector is translated as “a person who shelters, a defender, a carer”. This term was used in the decree assigning responsibility for Polish emigration to Gawlina. The author used analytic-synthetic method in his research. The thesis is divided into five chapters according to the problems. The source documents were found in several archival institutions in Poland and abroad, which were connected with bishop Gawlina’s ministry. Among references, it is especially worth to mention Diaries, which bishop Gawlina wrote during almost the entire time of his ministry. The author found valuable materials in the Archives of the Central Emigration Pastoral Centre in Rome, the Pontifical Institute of Ecclesiastical Studies in Rome, Archives of the Polish Catholic Mission in England and Wales, the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum in London, Archives of the Archdiocese of Katowice, Archives of the Archdiocese of Warsaw, Archives of the Institute of National Remembrance in Warsaw, and Archives of the Polish Catholic Mission in France. Supplement of the thesis confirms great commitment of bishop Gawlina and it includes tables with the list of visited countries, the list of the Polish Catholic Missions and their rectors, the lists of hierarchs whom bishop Gawlina met during his ministry and the list of his published addresses. The monograph includes also several dozen reference documents from various archives showing the ministry of the bishop of Polish emigrants. The thesis is the first attempt to present comprehensively the role of archbishop Józef Gawlina in organizing the structures of the pastoral care for Poles living abroad and forming the model of pastoral work of the Polish clergy among emigrants after the Second World War.

Akt pamięci. Tradycja akatystowa w kontekście form pamięci

Author(s): Aleksandra Jakóbczyk-Gola / Language(s): Polish

The book identifies complex characteristic features of the media tradition of Akathists, based on the example of the text of the Akathist Hymn to the Mother of God and its performances as part of worship. An analysis of the complex functions fulfilled by the Akathist in serving the aims of remembering – often characterized by heterogeneity, accomplished in different ways and playing different roles. The Akathist Hymn to the Mother of God with its accompanying icon was one of the fundamental elements of Orthodox worship, influential also outside the Orthodox Church, e.g., in Polish territories.

Wykłady o Bogoczłowieczeństwie

Author(s): Włodzimierz Sołowjow / Language(s): Polish

The publication contains the jottings from public lectures on the history of religion, which were delivered by “the first professional” Russian philosopher, known as “Russian Plato”. He effectively synthesised opposing 19thcentury traditions of Russian social thought, connecting them to all significant European philosophical doctrines. Sołowjow demonstrated the history of humankind as a process of God’s self-fulfilment.

"Я не враг церкви, а еë друг и уверенный православный": церковная проблематика в публицистике Николая Лескова

Author(s): Marta Łukaszewicz / Language(s): Russian

The book contains analysis of the way of presenting issues essential for the life of the Orthodox Church in the 19th-century Russia in Nikolai Leskov’s journalistic works. Writer’s literary output is discussed in its historical and social context, against the background of contemporary press discussions. It reveals a bond between his spiritual quest, the emerging modern religiosity and changes taking place in the Church. It also allows to highlight similarities and differences between Leskov and his contemporaries and to trace the evolution of the writer’s views.

Zostać księdzem? Drogi powołania we współczesnej Polsce

Author(s): Marta Tomaszewska / Language(s): Polish

An innovative sociological approach to priestly vocations in Polish Catholic Church. The analysis of interviews with young priests and seminarians shows how young men experience their vocation. The book makes the readers understand what vocation is, how the internal change takes place and how young seminarians see their future, when they resign from individual qualities in favour of higher reality.

Старозаветни лица и събития в средновековната стенна живопис по българските земи (IX – XIV в.) (= Кирило-Методиевски студии. Кн. 12)

Author(s): Lilyana Mavrodinova / Language(s): Bulgarian

A study of the Old Testament subjects and personalities depicted in the mediaeval murals in today's Bulgarian lands. The development is followed up of the invested in them inner sense of the Old Jewish and Early Christian emphasis on God's might, omnipotence, on the new Christian symbolism reflected in the liturgical rite – the typological link between the two Testaments: the Old as the "Entrance" to the New and respectively, the Old Testament subjects and prophecies as the prefigurations of the basic events of the New Testament: the coming of the Messiah, i. e. the incarnation of God-the-Word, the Eucharistic sacrifice – symbol of the redemption of the sins by the Saviour and the Last judgement. The first part of the article is dedicated to the scenes from the Old Testament on the walls of mediaeval churches. By Byzantine masters are painted the earliest murals in "The SS Archangels" in Kastoria. As an example of official Byzantine typology are examined those in "St. Sophia" in Ohrid, commissioned by the Byzantine archbishop Leo in the 11th c.; in the Bachkovo ossuary, as well as the Bulgarian monuments: the "SS Forty Martyrs of Sebaste" in Turnovo, the "Archangel Michael" chapel in the monastery of the same name at Ivanovo, the chapel in Hrelju's Tower at Rila Monastery, the churches "St. Dimiter" in Patalenitsa, in Lyutibrod, in Zemen, "St. Marina" near Karlukovo, etc. In the second part are considered the images of prophets carrying scrolls withe the texts of their prophecies for the principal events in the New Testament. The inscriptions have been made out and specified on the scrolls of most of the prophets in the church of Zemen, the church "St. Peter" in Berende and the layers of the 12th and the 14th centuries in the "St. George" old church in Sofia, the majority of which had so far not been deciphered.

Kur’ân Dilinde Yemin Üslûbu

Author(s): Mehmet ÇALIŞKAN / Language(s): Turkish

In this study, in particular, the subject of what qasams mean in the integrity of the Qur’ān is discussed in the context of the Surah.In the introduction of the fourpart study, the subject was examined in terms of scope and method. The first chapter focused on the sameness and difference of concepts such as qasam, oath and hilf within the conceptual framework. In the linguistic framework, the letters used for Qasam are explained; the oath with him (muqsamūn bih) and the answer to the oath (muqsamūn alayh). Again, in the first chapter “zahir” and “muzmar” were explained from the types of vows. In the second part of the study, the Qasam tradition in Arabic language and culture in the pre-Islamic period was examined. Among the subjects of the oath in ignorance are Allah, the Kaaba, idols, time and many natural beings. In the pre-Islamic period, poets, wizards, oracles, along with expressions of vows to obtain material benefits, said mysterious words that made people believe and turn to themselves. In particular, oracles left their oaths in mystery because they expressed what was sworn with them according to their beliefs and cultures but did not say the answer. In the third chapter, the forms of qasam in the Mekkī-Madanī Mekkī and Madanī surahs were compared, and in this context, it was found that the qasams in the Mekkī surahs are an example of open vows in general. In this chapter, it is also stated that Allah swears by his person and adjectives, as well as by oath to both observant and exchange beings. In this context, it has also been determined that the qasams in Madanī surahs constitute an example of closed oaths. It is certain that the oaths constitute an introduction to the answer to the oath, as well as noting that the matters that are sworn with it are important for people. Because vows are only completed and understood by their answers. An unanswered oath turns into an action that is unclear why it was sworn. In the third chapter, there are also related examples of those who are sworn in the Qur’ān in the style of “qath and those who constitute answers to the oath. In addition, examples of vows in Qur’ānic stories are also discussed in this section. In the fourth chapter the possible causes, goals, consequences of the bowl, and the oath of Allah were thinned, and in this chapter, the fiqh dimension of the bowl was also pointed out. Those who believe that Allah Most High will not swear by beings have suggested that this cannot be considered for Allah, since the oath aims to glorify only those who are sworn. Allah's oath to beings is to draw attention to the benefit and harm of the beings who are sworn. In addition, it means that Allah swears to different beings and swears to him over those beings. Because those who say that there is the word “Rab” at the beginning of the objects swore understood the oath to fig as “by the Rab of Tin”. As a result, it was concluded that the oath was a means of linguistic communication and interaction to inculcate trust and trust between people and societies from the beginning of its history. In the period of ignorance, people swore an oath to anything they considered sacred, while in the Islamic period it was requested that the oath be made only to Allah. During the Islamic period, provisions on oaths were made, they were asked not to swear unless necessary, and Muslims were not welcome to swear unnecessarily. In this context, a false oath was considered a great sin.