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-Nero-Kiállítás Trierben -Nero Exhibition in Trier -Beszámoló Az Ókortudományi Társaság 2016-2017. Évi Tevékenységéről -The report of the Ancient Society from 2016 to 2017. Yearly Activity -Beszámoló a 2016-2017. Tanévi Ábel Jenő Országos Latin Tanulmányi Versenyről -The report: 2016-2017. Jenő Ábel Tanévi National Latin Study Competition
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The cult of Silvanus on the limes of Upper Moesia. The subject of the research is the cult of Silvanus in the Danube limes area in the Roman province of Upper Moesia. It has been analyzed eight votive inscriptions of which are preserved only four, and one votive relief related to the cult of this deity. The aim of the research is to elucidate the relationship between Silvanus and agricultural-pastoral world, its indigenous or Italic character and identity of the cult followers. In this work is also stressed the significance of the impact from the neighboring provinces in shaping of the cult, especially from the Lower Pannonia.
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The study discusses and presents the archaeological phenomena of burial practices observed in the graves of the Early Avar Age cemetery of Szegvár-Oromdűlő. Besides orientation, these are the three types of differently formed graves, the stumped variant of fractional animal burials, the spatial separation of the deceased and the accompanying animal remains, and the custom of interring pottery and bone-in meat (lamb rump bone) into graves. It analyses these important but so far not thoroughly exploited groups of sources in regard of the 6th–7th century burials of a larger geographical unit, the Trans-Tisa (Tiszántúl) region, since the population of this region can be better characterized by their funerary practices than their tangible cultural heritage. In addition, it refers to the presence or absence of these characteristics in the burials of a smaller area within the investigated region – the territory bordered by the Körös, Tisza and Maros Rivers – dating to the second half of the Avar Age, and through this, to their continuity. It delineates the grave goods of female and male burials which represent the inheritance of the first generation among the graves of the Trans-Tisa region. Their common feature is their different provenance. Thus there are grave goods with Eastern European, steppe connections, grave goods of Byzantine taste or origin, as well as grave goods of local, Gepidic provenance among them. Communities of the Trans-Tisa region in the 6th–7th century Carpathian Basin are characterized by a chain of significant archaeological phenomena of burial customs exclusively attributed to them, which were commonly spread within a certain area and continuously practiced for generations. Based on these features, the population that settled here can be well outlined in respect of origin, traditions and cultural affiliation. In the author’s opinion it can be presumed by the sparse reports of Byzantine sources that this region was occupied and inhabited by a population referred to as Kutrigurs by contemporary sources and steppe people led by them.
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Since the 1960’s two approaches mainly based on ethnical and social differences have been applied in the course of the analysis of the 10th–11th century cemeteries of the Carpathian Basin. However, the social classification of certain cemeteries is problematic. The division considered applicable to the entire 10th–11th century settlement area (tribal and clan aristocracy – middle class – commoners) does not stand its ground anymore; the cemeteries known today cannot be interpreted as their direct archaeological projections. Families or larger communities of equal status or the same social group could have been greatly different regarding their appearance, inheritance, wealth, agricultural practices, and thus their archaeological appearance. The division of sites on ethnical grounds is a similar issue. The new approach focuses on the duration of the cemeteries’ usage, and in connection with this, the number of their graves. I illustrate this with a settlement historical image outlined by the review of the find material of the Tisza–Maros–Körös interfluve. I observed 133 sites in this region which were mostly fractional, ranging from a few graves to dozens of burials. Taking all these aspects into consideration, hereunder I only have an opportunity to briefly outline a picture, according to which the cemeteries of this region are arranged in six larger blocks. Their characteristics are partly different from each-other.
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The first known representation of Artemis from Ephesus in Dacia was recovered in the spring of 2006, the small bronze statuette being part of one of the biggest private, archaeological collections looted from various Roman sites. In this article, the authors present the iconographic features of the statuette, the religious significance of the object and through the modern story of the artefact will reflect on the biography of ancient objects once used in religious contexts.
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In this paper I prove that the 20-30 cm long, tapered iron sticks frequently occurring in Pannonia in the 4th century were not pin-beaters but manual distaffs used in spinning. Due to climate change the water level of Lake Balaton increased in the late imperial period. For the protection of lakeside settlements and plough-lands Emperor Galerius opened the Sió Canal, by which, however, he could only prevent the further rise of the water level. The monumental theory assuming a significant expansion of agricultural lands and a continuous exportation of grain surpluses does not stand up.
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Relations between the Roman and the early Chinese Empires have been considerably popular fields of research, however, principally from a trade-oriented point of view. Contextualising Roman-related glass finds unearthed in the People’s Republic of China provides a more complex nexus. Transparent glass vessels carry multiple testimonia of cultural impacts and interactions, leading towards a stereotyped and utopian perception of the Imperium Romanum. This paper focuses on the complexity of such inter-imperial connections through contextualising the most significant Roman-interpreted glass finds in China. Furthermore, by a detailed and critical examination of Roman-related transparent glass vessels, it also aims to highlight problems of earlier identifications and interpretations. In addition, a precise recollection of the existing data not only allows to catalogue these various glass objects, but also helps to insert these glass artefacts into the Roman glass typology system.
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The sigillata of Rheinzabern are overrepresented among ceramic types in Pannonia at almost every archaeological site. Until today, from the excavated 266 sites, we know more than 15 thousand published Rheinzabern sigillata. At certain cases, this strikingly high ratio is a result caused by the creation of the given forts or settlements after 180 AD. At settlements that were supposedly abandoned already at the beginning of the 3rd century, the number of such ceramics is lower. The legionary fortress that provided most of the known Rheine goods is Vindobona, while the highest number of material concerning canabae was published from Aquincum. Among the urban communities, the quantity provided by the municipium of Brigetio holds the first place, while the utmost number of Rheinish ceramics among the villas was published from Baláca. At native settlements the quantity of imported samian is relatively low, as their inhabitants lacked the financial opportunities and also the needs for imported goods. At the sanctuary areas, almost three quarters of the material of Pfaffenberg in Carnuntum consists of sigillata of Rheinzabern, while in the Isis sanctuary in Savaria, this ratio is only 7,2 %. This type of sigillata is relatively rarely found in graves – we have 50 occurrences so far. Dishes intended for everyday usage of dwellers of towns and villas were also sigillata in many cases, while at settlements with native traditions they preferred bowls with reliefs. Sigillata of Rheinzabern emerged in Pannonia already in the Antonine age, but at this time yet they were underrepresented in the presence of the sigillata of Lezoux. The greatest amount of Rheinzabern was transported into the province in the middle production section of the manufactory, i.e., between 180 and 230, in the age of the Severan conjuncture. Material dated to the middle third of the 3rd century in Pannonia is insignificant (2 %), which can be attributed to the stagnation of trade relations, and to the inner and outer political situation of the Empire.
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This paper deals with the finding history and composition of the Avarian graves from Szentendre (County Pest, Hungary) based on literary data and new archival records. These records are in the legacy of the famous Hungarian archaeologist Flóris Rómer. They allow the reconstruction of the composition and the situation of the graves, which were found in 1871 on the ground of a brick factory. In the study drawings and notes of Flóris Rómer about finds and graves from Szentendre are published. They are important sources of the Avarian graves from the early Avarian age and the autor gives an evaluation on they in the study.
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Review of: Láng Orsolya–Nagy Alexandra–Vámos Péter "The Aquincum Macellum. Researches in the area of the macellum in the Aquincum Civil Town (1882–1965)."; Applying new methods for old excavation materials. Aquincum Nostrum I. ISSN: 1217–3592, 3. Budapest History Museum. Budapest, 2014. ISBN: 978–615–5341–17–5. 198 pages with 42 figures and 44 tables by: Ágota Ferencz-Mátéfi
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The rituals carried out on the occasion of the establishment of a new Roman city prove the fact that there was a prescribed regulation. The location, orientation, as well as the scenography, translates into facts gestures and human processions with sacred character; these are the expression of a symbolic geography of religious type. The erection of sacred buildings in Colonia Sarmizegetusa was carried out during the reign of Trajan (its founder) and Severus Alexander. For the following period (Maximinus–Aurelianus), the archaeological evidence suggests the fact that the emphasis was not placed on constructing new religious buildings, but on restoring the already existing ones. The expression of religious piety persisted, and one can make reference again to the archaeological evidence, more particular to shrines, and statues. This context proves the fact that the religious life continued its cycle. However, in AD 235, at the latest, Sarmizegetusa witnessed the construction of the most numerous temples. It is noteworthy to mention that this construction boom coincides with the period when Sarmizegetusa is granted the title of Metropolis.
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The Ceramics Collection in the Museum of Ethnography contains around 2300 faience objects, of which 60 are classical Haban vessels and at least 1500 are Late Haban pieces. There are examples of transition between Haban style periods and exceptions that make this collection unique, compared to other collections of Haban objects. The largest collection in Hungary of Late Haban objects is also found here. The study presents the most interesting pieces, how the larger groups entered the collection, and the different object groups. It describes 45 archaeological finds unearthed on the sites of three Haban settlements, that provide valuable information on the technique used to make them. Based on the ornamentations on a Haban product from 1732 we can date and identify two types from Nagylévárd (now Veľké Leváre, Slovakia): one with coloured painting and the other one with blue ornamentation on a white ground). The study calls for a debate on ceramics history to clarify questions related to both Haban and lead-glazed pottery produced in a micro-region by the German-speaking people living in the mining towns in the first half of the 18th century. Late Haban ware was popular throughout the entire territory of Hungary in the 18th to 19th centuries. Examples have been found in almost all micro-regions.
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There are above 1933 Megalithic Iron Age sites across south India; they include burial sites, habitation sites, habitation cum burial sites, Iron Age painting sites, isolated iron smelting localities near a habitation or burial. With the approach of economic archeology and sociotechnic perspective analyzing ceramics, metallurgy, burial monument (builder) and subsistent evidence (considering them as industries) that are found in the Megalithic burials as grave furnishers (The Material Archives Preserved in the Burial Monuments) from the background of Labour, Production and Industry that has economic imprints can be discussed on whether the Megalithic folks were nomadic, semi-settled or settled. This paper is an attempt to make a rough computation on the quantity of output that this culture might have in micro or in macro scale. This helps in understanding two aspects; one: whether they were nomadic, semisettled or settled at one location; two: diffusion versus indigenous development.
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The boat imprint unearthed at the site of the Benedictine abbey from Bizere (Frumuşeni, Romania) is a unique discovery for two reasons: its preservation as a negative imprint, due to its reuse for preparing mortar, and its dating back to the 12th century, based on the context of its discovery. It has been identified as a logboat, due to the absence of any technical details specific for plank boats, and now stands as the only vessel of this type with known dating for the territory of Romania. The article also enquires into the wider historical context of the discovery, thus bringing forth the archival data available with regard to medieval inland navigation.
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The paper is a short summary of the main archaeological outcomes of an interdisciplinary project in a section of the Drava river crossing the territory of Somogy county, in Hungary. One of the study areas is the vicinity of Berzence where medieval settlement patterns, land use and economy have been reconstructed on the basis of historical sources and an archaeological field survey. A comprehensive review of architectural history and material culture of the Ottoman Period stronghold in Barcs was the other area under investigation. Research there was based on written sources and the archaeological assemblage recovered from the palisaded fort. Zooarchaeological research at this site revealed some significant culture historical aspects of this stronghold. Underwater archaeological investigations carried out in the Drava river itself and aerial exploration of the study areas also supplied valuable archaeological results.
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This paper deals the Iron Age metalworks found in South Transdanubia, southern part of the Great Plain and in the Srem area. The objects are known from hoards (Szárazd-Regöly, Čurog, Hrtkovci, Židovar), inhumation and cremation burials. The gold and silver jewellery (masked gold beads, wheel shaped gold amulets, crescent decorated gold beads, silver ornaments, crossbow silver fibulae), bronze astragalos belts, bronze rings, amber beads show the influence of Illyrian-Thracian workshops in the Northern Balkan. The objects can be dated to 4th–3rd centuries B.C.
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In 2008, the fragment of an iron belt plate was found in a La Tène period pit during topographic investigations at the Báta–Öreghegy site (Tolna county). The specimen is a representative of the so-called Laminci type, the distribution of which ranged from Novo mesto in Slovenia to Karaburma in Serbia in the 1st century BC. This territory belonged to the Scordiscus tribe in this period. The find from South Transdanubia is outside this zone yet several cultural phenomena in the region suggest contacts with the Balkan, more exactly Illyro-Pannonian ethnic contacts, which already existed in the early Iron Age and intensified in the La Tène period.
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In his paper the author examines the written and epigraphic sources on Caracalla’s visit to Pannonia. Despite the earlier hypothesizes the visit must bed dated to the autumn of 213 because the emperor stayed at the end of December in Nicomedia. As the Alamannic war ended only in September and his route to the East Caracalla could spend a very short time in Pannonia, i. e. he travelled only through the province that is why the written sources hardly mentions this visit. Most of the inscriptions mentioning the emperor from this period has nothing to with this visit. Based on a Greek inscription from Ephesus the emperor had to stop only in Sirmium most probably because of the Dacian problems. He had no time to visit Dacia either. A Barbarian attack into Pannonia under his reign must be ruled out.
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