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Локализация комплекса из урочища Гашун-Уста (Ставропольская губерния, 1890 г.) и выделение золотоордынских владений в Центральном Предкавказье

Author(s): Vitaly A. Babenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article analyzes materials of the Kumo-Manych expedition, 1860—1861, that allow you to specify the localization of the Gashun-Usta stow on the territory of the Stavropol Governorate. In 1890, the expedition found a belt garniture and a belt-bowl, dated by Mengu-Timur’s time.The Gashun-Usta stow is localized in the vicinity of the Basanta village, Arzgirsky district, Stavropol region in the basin of the Chogray river (North-Eastern slopes of the Stavropol Upland), known for its numerous burials of the Golden Horde. It was the area for summer and winter pastures of the medieval nomads, and it can be associated with G. de Rubruk’s accounts on Bеrke’s encampments.

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Находки половецких каменных изваяний как источник по изучению географии половецких кочевий степного Прикубанья

Author(s): Yuriy V. Zelenskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author reviews places where Polovtsian stone sculptures were found on the territory of the Kuban steppe and Eastern Trans-Kuban. First statues were delivered to the Museum in the late nineteenth century, and are still delivered nowadays. Before the revolution, there was no regular reporting about original locations of such finds. In 1950s — early 21st century, statues were brought from villages located on the territory of the Central steppe area in the middle Kuban area and Eastern Trans-Kuban. Finds of the Polovtsian stone sculptures are a valuable source on the geography of the Polovtsian nomadic camps in the Kuban basin.

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Адыгская керамика из археологических памятников XIII—XV веков в фондах Государственного музея Востока

Author(s): Ludmila M. Noskova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article discusses a small collection of ceramics of 13th—15th centuries from the excavations of the Caucasian archaeological expedition of the State Museum of Oriental Art in Adygea and on the Eastern Black sea coast of the Caucasus. Most of the pottery comes from the Shendjiy kurgan cemetery (Adygea) and Kabardinka kurgan cemetery (near Gelendzhik). Several vessels were found on the banks of the Krasnodar water reservoir, where late medieval funerary sites are situated. The material divides into two groups: one originates from the left bank of the Kuban river, and the other one from the Black Sea region. Vessels come in different forms, mostly jugs and mugs. All the vessels are made of red clay, which is typical for Adygea ceramics of the Golden Horde time made with the help of potter’s wheel of slow rotation. Most of the jars in the second group have a rim in the shape of oenochoe, with spout on the side or opposite the handle, which is a feature of vessels from the Black Sea region, never found on the left bank of the Kuban River. At the same time, jugs with tubular spout — an imitation of metal jugs — appear among the ceramic finds. In general, ceramic forms represented in the collections of the Museum of the Oriental Art complement the main types of vessels, common in the North-Western Caucasus in the 14th—15th centuries.

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Medieval Glazed Pottery: Archaeological Evidence from Rural Greece

Author(s): Effie F. Athanassopoulos / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The study of medieval and post-medieval pottery in Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean has attracted significant interest in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to outline the main trends in the medieval countryside based on the evidence of archaeological regional surveys in central and southern Greece. These projects have established that glazed pottery circulated widely in the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The availability of substantial bodies of ceramic material from rural areas allows us to address questions of production and consumption patterns over time. It is well documented that in southern Greece the quantity of glazed wares increased dramatically after the late 11th century. This increase most likely indicates changes in the organization as well as the technology of glazed pottery production.This paper also includes a case study from the region of Nemea, in southern Greece. The Nemea Valley Archaeological Project (NVAP), an intensive regional survey undertaken in the 1980s, has established that glazed pottery is widely distributed in the Nemea valley and the surrounding area. NVAP also identified a medieval pottery workshop, which, most likely, produced glazed pottery. In addition, the excavations of the Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea, have recovered large amounts of well-preserved medieval pottery, including diagnostic glazed wares.

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Импортная византийская сграффито керамика из средневековых поселений в Болгарском Причерноморье

Author(s): Marija Manolova-Vojkova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The paper makes an overview of the imported Byzantine sgraffito pottery distributed in the towns along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast from the end of the 11th — 12th century until the end of the 14th century. These are the following types: “Fine sgraffito ware”, “Painted fine sgraffito”, “Incised sgraffito” “Champlevé ware” and “Elaborate incised ware”. Forms of vessels, specific decoration and designs are described. Their chronology is based on analogies with similar finds from Byzantine territories.

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Stone-Paste Ceramics from Tarnovgrad — the Capital of the Second Bulgarian Kingdom

Author(s): Kalin Chakarov,Dejan Rabovjanov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study if focused on pieces of the so called stone-paste (Qashan) ceramics, found during archaeological excavations on the two citadels in the capital of the Second Bulgarian kingdom. Most of the findings are shards that come from the Southern part of Trapezitsa. There is also a restored bowl found at area 14 at Tsarvets. Their context is dated to the 13th—14th century. Not numerous artifacts of this kind, among the ceramic assemblage in this context, as stone-paste ware, Celadon ware and Western majolica ware, show that import of decorated luxory ceramic wares to the Bulgarian capital was limited.The examples of stone-paste wares presented here were made at important production centres of the Golden Horde ion the Lower Volga region and at the workshops of Mamluk Egypt. These evidences of distant trade connections are exotic exceptions among the art ware ceramic assemblage of medieval Tarnovo.

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Парадная керамика из раскопок Азака

Author(s): Svetlana A. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author examines the set of imported ceremonial ceramics from the digs in the Golden Horde Azak. He publishes 14th — 15th century materials from the collection of Azov Museum and recent digs and distinguishes fourteen groups of ceremonial vessels from Azak, depending on their origin and manufacturing techniques. Thus, by origin, there are Chinese, Iranian, Middle Asian, Azerbaijani, Syrian, Byzantine, Spanish and Italian vessels, as well as ceramics from the Golden Horde cities of the Lower Volga region, which produced imitations of some types of imported vessels. The materials are systematized by their technological, functional and morphological features and supplied with description of their ornamentation motifs. The author traces changes in the set of ceremonial vessels along the history of Azak.

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Ближневосточная поливная керамика рубежа X—XI и XI вв. в памятниках Среднего Поволжья

Author(s): Svetlana I. Valiulina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This article analyzes the Middle Eastern artistic ceramics of the turn of the 10th—11th centuries and 11th century from the Volga Bulgaria sites. Among the antiquities found in Eastern Europe, these items represent a rare and unique category of eastern imports. For a more complete characteristics and reliable attribution, chemical composition of the glaze and the clay base was determined by means of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mineral composition of the ceramic base of most impressive artifacts was identified by the X-ray phase analysis. As a result, the origin and dating of the Mesopotamian luster-painted tableware and Iranian vessels of the 11th century of “Sari” type was determined. The emergence of the imported Middle Eastern art works in the Middle Volga Region, in my opinion, is one of the evidences of the initial stage of Volga Bulgarian urban culture formation during the 11th century.

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Поливная керамика средневекового города Шамкир

Author(s): Tarix Meyrut Dostiyev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

This article focuses on the red-clay glazed ceramics of medieval Shamkir city, the ruins of which are located in the western region of the Republic of Azerbaijan, on the left bank of the river Shamkirchay. Wheel-made glazed ceramics of Shamkir is manufactured from well-prepared high quality levigated clay and is evenly baked. Main decoration techniques applied on glazed ceramics in 8th — 10th centuries were the color of baked shard, engobe, manganese and copper oxyde and glaze. Painting with engobe colors prevailed. The second stage in the development of artistic ceramics of Shamkir, encompassing 11th — beginning of the 13th century, was characterized by some innovations in decoration technology. The products that were decorated with engraving, the reserved technique, manganese and white painted engobe coating, engraving on manganese paintings, polychrome products under the glaze were widely used. The decor is dominated by geometric patterns, rarer plant, epigraphic and figurative motifs. Widespread rise of pottery production which began in the 9th century continuously evolved and reached its apogee in the 12th century.

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Глазури причерноморских средневековых посудных майолик: химический состав по данным спектрального анализа

Author(s): Vladimir Yu. Koval / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Investigatios of 52 glazes samples (40 of them are examples of Byzantine-Black Sea origin) by X-ray microprobe technique allowed to make conclusions about the difference of the Byzantine (and its successor on North Black Sea Coast and the Golden Horde traditions) composition from the West-Mediterranean (Spanish-Italian), in particular for the 15th century. One of the results of these investigations is the discovery of the downward trend rate of lead oxide in the Byzantine and Black Sea glazes during the 12th—15th centuries, refuting earlier formulated hypotheses about the growth of the share of lead materials in “Chersonesus” glaze recipe. The author also notes the lack of reliable data on glazed pottery production in medieval Cherson.

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Поливная керамика Миздахкана

Author(s): Omar-Sharif Kdirniazob / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author discusses glazed ceramics of the medieval town of Mizdakhkan. The site is situated in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The archaeological digs conducted on the hillfort in 1985—2015 yielded a vast collection of ceramic materials. Glazed ceramics of Mizdakhkan demonstrates a variety of manufacturing technologies, forms, use, ornamentation and color of glaze. By these criteria, it can be classified into types and subtypes. Among them, the red-clay and Qashan ceramics of the Golden Horde time prevail. There is also imported celadon, minai and luster items. This paper discusses just the most typical samples of glazed ceramics of 13th—14th centuries. The forms and ornamental patterns of glazed items mainly suggest local manufacturing; however, they find analogies on the Golden Horde sites in different regions: in cities of the Lower Volga region, North Caucasus, Crimea and Dniester region (Old Orhei).

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Китайский фарфор с русских памятников Среднего Прииртышья XVII — первой половины XVIII вв.

Author(s): Philip S. Tataurov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The process of accession of Western Siberia to the Russian state had begun in the end of the 16th century. Russian pioneers were looking for opportunities and ways of communication, both with natives, and with the population of the territories, adjacent to Western Siberia because of the conditions of the new cultural environment and constant military danger. This enabled commercial relations and cultural exchange. Among all range of imported goods the significant place was taken by the things which emphasized the social status and welfare of their owners. Chinese porcelain which was widely spread in the region despite its high price can serve a good example of such prestigious things. It was imported into the territory of Central Irtysh region tduring the mid 17th — first half of the 18th centuries, which can be confirmed by materials of archaeological research.

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Баптистерии раннесредневекового византийского Херсона: некоторые итоги изучения

Author(s): Serghei B. Sorochan / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The typology of baptisteries of Byzantine Cherson of 6th—9th centuries is studied in the article. By the middle of the 7th century, each region of the city had its own temple with a baptistery, and their total number could reach nine. The overwhelming number of baptismal fonts were of small size and depth, and were intended for the baptismal rite, mainly over small children. Such baptisteries did not need any catechumens or hrismarions. In four cases the ponds of small fonts were raised above the floor and attached to the wall, but there were also fonts built in level with the floor, for the baptism of adults. The ponds were cut down in the rock, wrought from solid stone or built from plinth with the cement. They were shaped as a circle, polyhedron, semicircle, rectangle, or a three-conchal cross. There are finds of portable, mobile marble fonts. Baptisteries of Cherson can be divided into two groups: built as a detached building or as a part of a temple (the latter are most numerous). Among them, there are a few processional, “enfilade” baptisteries and more numerous single-chamber baptisteries. Arranged most often in the southern part of the temple, they had access to the altar. In addition, among them there were baptisteries of pure type and baptistery-martyria (at the Western basilica, “temple with the ark” no. 19 and in baptistery no. 24 at the Great Basilica). They reveal a noticeable influence of the Christian East.

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Молдавская монета на территории средневековой Таврики (краткий обзор)

Author(s): Nikolai A. Alexeenko,Lilia V. Dergaciova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article addresses new finds of Moldovan coins minted in the 14th —15th c., recently discovered in the suburbs of Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. Most notable among them is a copper coin of Alexander I, with a countermark of the Genoese Caffa.The increasing number of finds of Moldovan coins in the numismatic discoveries on the Crimean peninsula, highlights the question about contacts between the local population and that of Moldovan Principality, but also, though, perhaps, less obviously, disclose the role of the Moldovan currency in the local monetary circulation, which took place not only in the last phase of existence of Italian lands in the second and third quarter of the 15th century, until their conquest by the Ottoman Empire in 1475, but also in the earlier period, since the end of the 14th century.

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Новый тип древнерусского княжеского знака

Author(s): Serge V. Beletsky / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Another Old Russian sealing mark was found in 2019. On its obverse, there is an image of a bident, and a two-line inscription СВѦ on its reverse, carved in the stamping mold, without allowing for the print. The token on this sealing mark belongs to an earlier unknown type. It was owned by one of Vladimir Monomach’s descendants. Rarity of tokens similar to the discussed one suggests that owners of tokens from this group could make up a small and probably early extinct branch of Rurik family. The bident on the discussed sealing mark could be owned by Svyatopolk († after 1192), one of Mstislav the Great’s grandsons and Vladimir Mstislavich’s son.

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Золотоордынское городище Конские Воды по письменным источникам, картографическим материалам и археологическим данным

Author(s): Mikhail V. Elnikov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The Konskie Vody hillfort, located on the “northern section” of the Crimean Ulus, was identified on the basis of the data from the “Kniga Bolshomu Chertezhu” (“Book of Great Sketch”). Written sources and cartographic material of the 17th — early 20th centuries allow localizing the site at the intersection of important communication routes, indicate the degree of its destruction and provide additional data on the location of the city’s facilities. Archeological data testify to the syncretism of the material culture of the site, manifesting it in the elements of town planning.

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Керамический комплекс как проявление культурного единства оседлого населения европейской части Золотой Орды. Краткий обзор. Общее и частности

Author(s): Andrei Nikolaevich Maslovskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Fragments of ceramics are most numerous groups of finds on the settlements of Golden Horde. Despite the large number of publications, it still seems to be underexplored. It is true, first of all, for the generalizing researches. The article reviews most common and specific features of the Golden Horde ceramics. Its core included vessels produced by archaic method of band pasting, further levelled on potter’s wheel and partially profiled. Specificities of production of such ceramics date back to the traditions of pottery of the early Middle Ages which existed on the territory of Saltovo-Mayatskaya culture. That’s why we suggest to name this technique a post-Saltov pottery tradition. Besides, the Golden Horde towns welcomed potters who were newcomers in the Eastern Europe and used more advanced technologies. Considerable part of their products consisted of glazed vessels which are one of the most salient features of ceramic complex of the Golden Horde. These vessels were of different origins. Along with these groups, there were other locally spread traditions of pottery. Uniformity of ceramic complex most comprehensively characterizes cultural unity of the majority of settled population of the Golden Horde.

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Золотые и серебряные браслеты XIII—XIV вв. из Булгарской области Золотой Орды: систематизация, атрибуция и датировка

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article explores one of the product categories that are widespread in the Golden Horde — lamellar bracelets of gold and silver. Special attention is paid to bracelets with the image of the animal mask on the endings. These bracelets are called lionheads or “Bulgarian type” bracelets. The author comes to the conclusion that the mask on these bracelets does not mean a lion or a tiger, but is a generic image-symbol that developed in Central Asia in the 11th—12th centuries. It combines the features of the image of a lion, dragon and tiger. This symbol was perceived as a talisman. The author systematized the finds of precious metal bracelets, examining more than 50 artifacts from the collections of museums in Tatarstan. Artifacts from the collections of the State Hermitage and the State Historical Museum were also attracted. According to the author, a part of these products was imported, and a part was made in Bulgar following the specimens from Iran and other areas of the Golden Horde. They were most common in the second half of the 14th century. The author describes systematic features for dating these bracelets.

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Бронзовое зеркало золотоордынского времени из окрестностей села Тея на левобережье Нижнего Днестра

Author(s): Sergey A. Fidelski,Mikhail M. Choref / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Metal mirrors of the Golden Horde time were massive material and were widely distributed as items of everyday life and cult. Bronze wares with Arabic well-wishing inscription using Naskh script of handwriting deserve specific attention among the many types of mirrors. They were mainly distributed on the territory of the Golden Horde from the Volga to the Dniester. The specified type of finds includes a fragment of a bronze mirror found in the Teia village (Grigoriopol district) on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. As the analysis has shown, the bronze mirror from Teia is the most Western similar item on the territory of the Golden Horde. The analogies from the burial and settlement sites of the Dnieper-Volga interfluve show that the Teia mirror is one of the late replicas and can be dated no later than the middle of the 14th century. A comprehensive study of such bronze mirrors allows us to solve problems associated with the determination of narrower dates and centers of their production.

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Золотоордынский погребальный комплекс с зеркалом с изображением сфинксов на Нижнем Днестре

Author(s): Maksym V. Kvitnytskyi,Nicolai P. Telnov,Sergey D. Lysenko,Sergey N. Razumov,Vitalii S. Sinika / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In 2018, the Dniester archaeological expedition of the Pridnestrovian State University studied a group of nomadic burials of the Golden Horde time near Glinoe village, Slobodzeya district, on the left bank of the Lower Dniester. One complex stands out, from which the finds of a bronze mirror with the image of two mythical creatures (sphinxes) and an earring in the form of a question mark originate. Both finds are extraordinary among the nomadic antiquities of the Golden Horde time. Analogies to the mirror with the image of Sphinxes were not previously known in the North-Western Black Sea region. An earring in the form of a question mark is a new type of such items, demonstrating the evolution of jewelry with appearance of such innovations as tacking dead bandlets for inserts. The date of the burial was determined within the second half of the 14th — the beginning of the 15th century. The peculiarities of the burial rite make it possible to attribute the complex to representatives of the ruling nomadic group. A study of the dynamics of historical processes that took place in the region during the period of the Golden Horde domination suggests that the grave belonged to a representative of a group of nomads from the suite of Lord Khadjibey.

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