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К вопросу о границе между ранним и поздним горизонтами золотоордынского слоя Болгарского городища

Author(s): Vyacheslav S. Baranov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The peculiarities of the Golden-Horde bedding of the Bolgar hillfort in the 10th — 15th centuries are analyzed. It is proposed to consider the 1340s as the boundary between the early and the late horizons of the Golden-Horde stratum, when the administrative and financial reforms of the first decades of the 14th century resulted in further integration of the Bolgar Ulus territory in the economic system of the Golden Horde.

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К вопросу о социально-исторической топографии Великого Болгара в XIII—XIV вв.

Author(s): Djamil G. Muhametshin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The city of Bolgar (Bolgar) has been known since the 10th century. In the 10th — first third of 13th cc. it was the largest city of the Volga Bulgaria, and in the 13th — first third of 15th cc. it became the center of the Golden Horde Bolgar Ulus. On the basis of written sources, materials of numismatics and epigraphics, it is established that the name of the city of Bolgar corresponds to the Bolgar hillfort. Despite transfer of the capital of the Bolgar Ulus to Kazan in the last quarter of the 14th — early 15th cc., Bolgar was a big city and minted its own coins.

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Булгарский улус Золотой Орды: историческая география

Author(s): Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The development dynamics of archaeological monuments (hillforts, unfortified settlements and necropolises) of the Golden Horde period in the Volga Bulgaria territory is analyzed. The history of historical geography studies of the Golden-Horde Bolgar Ulus is examined. The archaeological research of the area revealed not less than 330 settlements, both fortified and unfortified. These data made it possible to determine the territory of the Bolgar Ulus, the topography of individual sites, and the historical context of their emergence and development. Particular attention is given to the necropolises of the nomads who had inhabited the Bolgar Ulus. The necropolises and the permanent settlements founded by this population helped to define the territory of their residence. A hypothesis of administrative division of the Bolgar Ulus territory in the period from the Mongol conquest and prior to the early 15th century is considered. It is argued that there had been a few administrative areas centered on major cities — Bolgar, Juketau, and Kazan. Besides, there had been a special territory inhabited by the nomadic population.

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Дельта Волги в XIII веке (по материалам Самосдельского городища и новых памятников, выявленных в дельте)

Author(s): Dmitry V. Vasiliev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The author characterizes sites of the Volga estuary, related to the Saqsin domain in the 13th century. The devastation of towns and villages during the Mongol invasion and the rise of the Caspian Sea water level resulted in population redistribution: the outflow of the estuary area inhabitants to its northern regions adjacent to the first capital of the Golden Horde. The period was marked by caravan trade development, which resulted in the rise of the Moshaik settlement that was located by the Volga estuary crossing.

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К характеристике пространственной организации системы расселения в правобережье Самарского Поволжья в золотоордынский период

Author(s): Anna F. Kochkina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The sites of the right bank of the Samara Volga region including the Samarskaya Luka (Bend) of the Volga River and the Usa River watershed constitute a special group of the Golden-Horde period sites of the Middle Volga region. An analysis of the sites topography in the context of geographical features of the area in question allowed defining its territorial structure. On the basis of settlements location features, a zonal model of regionalization is proposed. In the territory of the district, two micro-districts are distinguished: 1) the Usinsk micro-district, 2) a micro-district inside the Samara Bend. Each of them is characterized by an appropriate reference framework of settlement, which is associated with the peculiarities of functioning and settling. In the first case, the settlement occupies the dominant position (the Muranka settlement site), while the second district is characterized by the presence of several key points with the linear interconnection system (Mezhdurechensky hillfort, Malaya Ryazan 2 and Lbische — Novyi Put’ settlements, etc.).

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К вопросу о хронологии Укека и памятников его округи

Author(s): Dmitry A. Kubankin / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Written sources, numismatic finds and the stratigraphy of the site are employed to retrace the chronology of Ukek. Stages associated with the ruling khans are revealed. Principal changes in the city development are demonstrated. The chronology of the urban center is compared with the data on the adjacent settlements. The intensive development of Ukek and individual sites in its vicinity in 1260-1270s, alongside with its growing administrative influence during the rule of Tokhta, a substantial increase of the city area and that of the number of settlement monuments in the Uzbek and Jani Beg periods are specified. An assumption is made as to the devastation of Ukek and some of the adjacent areas during the last years of Abdullah’s rule and its subsequent decay in the 1370s. A brief recovery during the rule of Tokhtamysh, as well as a practically total absence of any materials related to the periods following Tamerlane’s invasion in 1395 are noted.

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О наименовании некоторых городов на караванном пути Хорезм — Сарай в конце XIII — начале XIV вв.

Author(s): Roman Yu. Reva / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Based on the comparison of recently discovered numismatic facts with the Arabic manuscript text of al-’Umari and Kazakh legends recorded in the 19th century, the names of two towns have been established — Uichik and Qutlughkent, which were located on the caravan route from Urgenj to Saray. Uichik is localized in the vicinity of modern Atyrau (Republic of Kazakhstan). “Qutlughkent” could possibly be the early name of the city of Saraijuk. A misinterpretation by V.G. Tiesenhausen in the Russian translation of al-’Umari’s text has been corrected.

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К исторической топографии Нижнего и Верхнего Джулатов золотоордынского времени (историографические аспекты)

Author(s): Sergey N. Savenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The report is devoted to consideration of the 5 stages (from the 18th century to the present) in the history of the study of Lower and Upper Djulat, the Golden Horde cities in the central part of the Northern Caucasus, located in the middle course of the Terek River, with a primary emphasis on their historic topography. The features of the source base accumulation, including archaeological materials, are discussed. At all stages, the researchers have commented on the extent, importance and chronological development peculiarities of the Djulat cities. The most extensive data on the historical topography is provided in the monographs by V.A. Kuznetsov (2003, 2014), E. D. Zilivinskaya and I. M. Chechenov (2015). Alongside with the specification of the settlements dimensions and structural elements, stratigraphy determination, characteristics clarification, and dating of the objects (mosques, temples, fortification elements, welfare facilities, burials, private burial vaults, etc.), there still remain unsolved problems related to the basis and historical circumstances of the emergence of major Golden Horde settlements on the Lower and Upper Djulats. The internal structure of these cities, the dynamics of their territorial expansion and development at various historical stages in the mid-13th — early 15th centuries require further research.

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Animals for Food in the Golden Horde City of Old Orhei (Republic of Moldova): Topography and Archaeozoological Data

Author(s): Luminiţa Bejenaru,Ludmila Bacumenco-Pîrnău / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The archaeological level of the Golden Horde period is analyzed, and this assemblage is compared to the level of the 15th—17th centuries in order to account for a diachronical variability of food resources of animal origin on the Old Orhei site.The study of medieval Old Orhei is mainly focused on the diversity of food resources as reflected by the archaeozoological analysis. Previous archaeozoological studies on the medieval period in Old Orhei discussed aspects related to animal species identified on the site and the proportion of wild and domestic species. The consumers of animal products especially differed by their ethnic belonging. Thus, in the period of Mongol (the Golden Horde) occupation, the main domestic species used in alimentation were the sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus), the cattle (Bos taurus) and the horse (Equus caballus), while later — after Mongol retreat, the livestock of the local economy was mainly represented by the cattle (Bos taurus) and the pig (Sus domesticus).The hunting records a very low rate (0.24% NISP) during the Golden Horde period; the low occurrence frequency of wild animals’ remains in this cultural level is quite surprising, since the documents of the time contain information emphasizing that the Mongols used to greatly rely on hunting, which was practiced for different purposes: to compensate a food shortage, to secure furs and hides, to keep fit for future battles, etc.

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Историческая география Генуэзской Газарии 1275—1475 гг.

Author(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In the second half of the 14th century, the property of the Genoese Republic in the Crimea covered the whole of the Crimean coastal line and was named the Genoese Gazaria. The historical geography of the various administrative units of the Genoese Gazaria is considered: rural district of Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo Consulates, domains on the Southern Coast of Crimea, and on Kerch and Tarkhankut Peninsulas. Results of historical topography studies of four fortified Genoese cities — Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo — are provided.

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Крымский контекст золотоордынской архитектуры в научных трудах современных исследователей

Author(s): Vladimir P. Kirilko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The chronological scope of the study encompasses the years 1946-2016. The period is characterized by a gradual revival of interest in the Golden Horde sites present in the region and consolidation of th this field of studies. In 1978, archaeological excavations were resumed, alongside with a purposeful architectural study of construction remains of individual structures and selective publication of results. Besides sporadic publications on the architecture of the Crimea, where the Golden Horde component was usually fragmentarily treated on the basis of outdated and often erroneous information, there also appear works of generalizing character, where this component, despite the differing degree of elaboration, is already present as an integral part of the building culture of the Ulus of Jochi as a whole. The majority of field research materials have not been involved in scientific circulation, the access to them being restricted for experts. A significant event of the period was the publication of the monograph “Architecture of the Golden Horde. Part I. Cult architecture” (Zilivinskaya 2014), which provides a clear understanding as regards the current state of the topic elaboration.

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Топография гончарного производства Азака

Author(s): Svetlana A. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article offers data on pottery production topography, based on the results of archaeological excavations of the Golden Horde city of Azak in 1961—2015. The material studied made it possible to single out several pottery production districts located in the north-eastern, south-western, central and south-eastern parts of the city; to establish their approximate borders and preliminary dating, as well as to reveal location peculiarities of the workshops that had belonged to 1st and 2nd group potters, who differed according to technological production level and their genetic origins.

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Северо-Восточное Приазовье и среднее течение Северского Донца в XIII—XIV вв. (влияние природно-географического фактора на заселение территории)

Author(s): Eduard E. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

A study of the Golden Horde sites in Donbass territory revealed that they had been formed in close connection with the natural and geographical situation in some parts of the region. The steppe region used to serve as the nomadic pastoralism domain. In the middle reaches of the Seversky Donets River, peopled by sedentary population since ancient times, large settlements had been established which served as trade, craft, and administrative centers.

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Топография городских могильников золотоордынского Азака и их влияние на общегородскую планировку

Author(s): Andrei Nikolaevich Maslovskiy / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Excavations of Azak are held in every district of the city. That’s why now it is possible to study some questions of planigraphy of big city of the Golden Horde. The paper contains information about 38 discovered burial sites of 13th—14th cc. Short data about these sites origin is also given. Mapping of the objects shows certain logic in their location. Burial sites appear nearly at the same time. Each of two arc-like burial zones appears as a result of an administrative policy, which ordered to place graves outside from the habitable districts. But soon sites of an earlier period became surrounded by residential estates. The second arc-like zone of burials appeared as a result of this process.

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Военная организация кочевников Крыма в XII—XIV веках

Author(s): Victor N. Chkhaidze / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The report presents differentiate according to the degree of arms 49 male burials kochevnikov medieval (12th—14th centuries), which were identified in 56 cemeteries in the Crimea. Based on the analysis of materials, three groups of military burials of nomads: 1. Heavily armed cavalry with metal protective arms and a full set of weapons and melee; 2. Cavalry without defensive arms, or with a non-metallic armor, also with a full set of chopping weapons and ranged weapons; 3. Light cavalry armed only with bows and arrows, swords rarely. The picture presented of the military organization of the Polovtsian society in Crimea, which existed until the inclusion in the composition of the Polovtsian troops of the Golden Horde.

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Новые данные по исторической географии золотоордынских поселений Нижнего Подонья и Северо-Восточного Приазовья

Author(s): Nikita I. Iudin,Alexander P. Minaev / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The authors present new data, obtained by collecting stray finds and their fixation with the GPS device, as well as by means of trial excavations, which allows clarifying the boundaries of the Lower Don and North-Eastern Azov region settlements and raising the question about their either urban or rural status. A classification of the examined sites into three major categories — small cities, large and small rural settlements — is proposed. The main criterion is the dimension of the area occupied by the latter, while the finds attesting to the predominance of certain types of economic activity are also taken into account.

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Список печатных работ М. Б. Щукина

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

Ad memoriam M. B. Shchukin

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Хроника жизни «Хронографа»

Author(s): / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

(Proceedings of the archaeological seminarium founded by M. B. Shchukin)

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О центрах власти у славян: днестровские клады VII века

Author(s): Michel Kazanski / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article treats a small group of hoards in the Dniester basin, in the territory of the Prague culture, correlated with the Sclavines of the 5th — 7th centuries. These are the findings in Krylos, Zalesye, Velykyi Kuchuriv. Apparently, they mark a center of power, corresponding to the area of dense Slavic settlement. Byzantinization of the chiefs’ elite is evidenced for the Balkan Slavs in the 7th century. The hoards in the Dniester basin also demonstrate a strong Byzantine influence on the material culture of the Slavic chiefs’ elites.

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Фибула как инсигния в западноевропейском костюме

Author(s): Natalia V. Zhilina / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

In Byzantium, brooches lost the meaning of insignia because of other regalia in development and of a rational design of clothing. But in Western Europe, the status role of large fibula remained during the developed Middle Ages. This is evidenced by all kinds of sources: written, graphic, material. Large, expensive, luxuriously ornamented brooches had the value of insignia.In preserving of the role of central brooches as status ones, one can see the striking feature of the ceremonial dress of the rulers and the higher social stratum of Western Europe. But here the brooches shared the fate of this jewelry category: they transit from the function of fastening to the decorative role and transmit their decorative form to large buttons.

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